Skip to main content

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi — Identification, Taxonomic Criteria, Classification, Controversies and Terminology

  • Chapter
Techniques in Mycorrhizal Studies

Abstract

Taxonomy of any group of plants is an important aspect for a botanist. During the last two decades systematics of VAM/AM fungi has gained significance because of their role in soil fertility, nutrient uptake and biocontrol of plant diseases. Many of the fungi have not yet been cultured axenically which also includes VAM/AM fungi. Therefore their identification depends on specimens directly isolated from soil on the maximum observable characters. Of the total of about 164 VAM/AM fungi known 111 are known from India.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abbot, L.K. and Robson, A.D. 1982. Infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33: 1049–1059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Aldwell, F.E.B., Hall, J.R. and Smith, J.M.B. 1983. Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to identify endomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 15: 377–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Allen, M.F. 1991. The Ecology of Mycorrhizae. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 184 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Almeida, R.T. 1989. Scientific naines in the Endogonales, Zygomycotina. Mycotaxon, 36: 147–159.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Almeida, R.T. and Schenck, N.C. 1990. A revision of the genus Sclerocystis ( Glomaceae, Glomales). Mycologia, 82: 703–714.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Anonymous, 1997. Classification of Glomales. Updated on 19 Dec. 1997. INVAM’S home page.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Berch, S.M. 1986. Endogonaceae-taxonomy, specificity, fossil record, phylogeny. Fronter’s in Applied Microbiology, 2: 161–188.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bonfante-Fasolo, P. 1984. Anatomy and morphology of VA mycorrhizae. In: “VA Mycorrhiza” (eds. Powell, C.L. and Bagyaraj, D.J.) CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, USApp. 5–33.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brundrett, M and Kendrick B. 1990. The roots and mycorrhizas of herbaceous woodland plants. II Structural aspects of morphology. New Phytologist, 114: 469–479.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Daft, M.J. and Nicolson, T.H. 1974. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants colonizing coal wastes in Scotland. New Phytologist, 73: 1129–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dangeard, P.A. 1900. LeRhizophagus populinus Dangeard. Le Botaniste, 7: 285–287.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Frank, A.B. 1885. Uber die auf Wurzel–symbiose beruhende Ern hrung gewisser Baume duroh unterirdische Pilze. Berichte Des Deutschen Botanischem Gersellschaft, 3: 128–145.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gerdemann, J.W. 1975. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza In: “The Development and Function of Roots” (eds. Torrey, J.G. and Clarkson, D.T.). Academic Press, London, pp. 575–591.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gerdemann, J.W. and Trappe, J.M. 1974. The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycological Memoir no. 5. New York Botanical Garden and the Mycol. Soc. of America. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hall, I.R 1983. A summary of the features of endogonaceous taxa. Technical Report No. 8. (3rd ed.) Inermay Agriculture Research Centre, New Zealand, 33p.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hall, I.R. 1984. Taxonomy of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: “Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae” (eds. Powell, C.L. and Bagyaraj, D.J. ). CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 57–94.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hepper, C.M. 1987. Gel electrophoresis for identification of VAM fungi. In: “Mycorrhizae in the Next Decade: Practical Applications and Research Priorities” (eds. Sylvia, D.M., Hung, L. and Grahm, J.H. ). IFAS Gainesville, Florida, USA, pp. 308–310.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Jabaji-Hare, S. 1988. Lipids and fatty acid profiles of some vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; contribution to taxonomy. Mycologia, 80: 620–629.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kough, J., Malajezuk, N. and Linderman, R.G. 1983. Use of indirect immunofluorescent techniques to study the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus epigeaum and other Glomus species. New Phytologist, 94: 57–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mehrotra, V.S. 1997. Problems associated with morphological taxonomy of AM fungi. Mycorrhiza News, 9: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Morton, J.B. 1988. Taxonomy of VA mycorrhizal fungi: classification, nomenclature, and identification. Mycotaxon, 32: 267–324.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Morton, J.B. 1989. Mycorrhizal Fungi Slide Set: Morphological Characters Important in Identifying Endomycorrhizal Fungi in the Zygomycetes. AudioVisual-Electronic Publication 2. Agricultural and Forestry Exper. Station. West Virginia University, Morgantown.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Morton, J.B. 1990a. Evolutionary relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonaceae. Mycologia, 82: 192–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Morton, J.B. 1990b. Species and clones of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes): their role in macro-and microevolutionary processes. Mycotaxon, 37: 493–515.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Morton, J.B. and Benney, G.L. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): New order, Glomales, Two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae with amendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37: 471–481.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Morton, J.B., Bentivenga, S.P. 1994. Levels of diversity in Endomycorrhiza (Glomales, Zygomycetes) and their role in defining taxonomic and non-taxonomic groups. Plant and Soil, 159: 47–59.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Mosse, B. 1953. Fructifications associated with mycorrhizal strawberry roots. Nature, 171: 974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mosse, B. and Bowen, G.D. 1968. The distribution of Endogone spores in some Australian and New Zeland soils and in experimental field soils at Rothamsted. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 51: 485–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mukerji, K.G. 1996. Taxonomy of endomycorrhizal fungi. In: “Advances in Botany” (eds. Mukerji, K.G., Mathur, B., Chamola, B.P. and Chitralekha, P. ). APH Publication Corporation, New Delhi, India. pp. 213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Perotto, S., Malavasi, F. and Butcher, G.W. 1992. Use of monoclonal antibodies to study Mycorrhiza: Present applications and perspectives. In: “Methods in Microbiology” Vol. 24. (eds. Norris, J.R., Read, D.J. and Vanna, A.K.) Academic Press, London. pp. 221–248.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Peyronel, B. 1924. Specie de Endogone protructria di micorize endotrofiche. Bolletins mensile della R. Stazione di Patologia Vegetals Roma, 5: 73–75.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ravolaanirina, E. 1990. L. Endomycorrhization VA des Plantes ligneuses (Vigne, Pommier et Poirion) Micropropagees: techniques dinoculation analyse de la morphogenese racinaisse et approaches biochemique et immunologique. Thesis Universite de Bourgogne, France. pp. 1–131.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rosendahl, S. 1989. Comparison of spore cluster forming Glomus species (Endogonaceae) based on morphological characterstics and isozyme banding patterns. Opera Botanica, 100: 215–223.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rosendahl, S. and Sen, R. 1992. Isozyme analysis of mycorrhizal fungi and their Mycorrhiza. In: “Methods in Microbiology” Vol. 24. (eds. Norris, J.R., Read, D.J. and Varna, A.K.) Academic Press, London pp. 169–194.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Schenck, N.C. and Perez, Y. 1987. Manual for Identification of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi. 1453 Fifield Hall Univ., Florida, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Schenck, N.C. and Perez, Y. 1990. Manual for the Identification of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi. Synergistic Publ., Gainesville, Florida, USA. pp. 286.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sen, R. and Hepper, C.M. 1986. Characterization of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spp.) by selective enzyme staining following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 18: 2934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Simon, L., Lalonde, M. and Bruns, T.D. 1992. Specific amplification of 185 fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 58: 291–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Smith, S.E. 1994. Discoveries, discussions and directions in mycorrhizal research. In: “Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology” (eds. Varma, A. and Hock, B. ), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 124.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Taxter, R. 1922. A revision of the Endogonaceae. Proceedings American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 57: 291–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Trappe, J.M. and Schenck, N.C. 1982. Taxonomy of fungi forming endomycorrhizae. A vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Endogonales). In: “Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research” (ed. Schenck, N.C. ). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul Minnesota, USA, pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Walker, C. 1983. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae: spore wall characteristics in species descriptions. Mycotaxon, 18: 443–455.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Walker, C. 1987. Current concepts in the taxonomy of Endogonaceae. In: Mycorrhizae in the Next Decade. Practical Applications and Research Priorities (eds. Sylvia, D.M., Hang, L.I. and Graham, J.H.). Proc. 7t` NACOM, Florida, pp. 300–302.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Walker, C. 1991. Scutellispora is Scutellospora. Mycotaxon, XL:141–143.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Walker, C. 1995. AM or VAM: What’s in a word ? In: “Mycorrhiza Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology” (eds. Vanna, A. and Hock, B. ). Springer Verlag, Bexlin, pp. 25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wright, S.F., Morton, J.B. and Sworouk, J.E. 1987. Identification ofavesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by use of monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Applied Environmental Microbiology, 53: 2222 2225.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manoharachary, C., Kunwar, I.K., Mukerji, K.G. (2002). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi — Identification, Taxonomic Criteria, Classification, Controversies and Terminology. In: Mukerji, K.G., Manoharachary, C., Chamola, B.P. (eds) Techniques in Mycorrhizal Studies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5985-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3209-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics