Abstract
The term nature is known to everybody, but the concept of nature is hard to define. Many different words for it are to be found in the languages of the Far East, such as Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. The English word nature is derived from the Latin natura, which means “birth,” “origin,” “natural constitution or quality of a thing,” and that in turn is derived from the verb nasci, to be born. Nature in common English use has fundamental meanings, as follows:
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(l)
the essential character of a thing; quality or qualities that make something what it is; essence;
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(2)
inborn characteristics; innate disposition; inherent tendencies of a person;
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(3)
kind; sort; type; as when we say “things of that nature.”
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Notes
Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, fifth printing ( New York: Simon and Schuster, 1945 ), p. 204.
Manyó-shli,vols. 4; 6. Genchi Kato, Shinto no Shtikyo Hattenshiteki Kenkyú (Tokyo Chubunkan, 1935), pp. 38 f.
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P. Cf. Yaichi Haga, Kokuminsei Júron (Ten Lectures on the National Character) (Tokyo: Fuzambo, 1907), pp. 91ff.
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Ibid., p. 44.
Ibid., p. 56.
Ibid., p. 33.
Ibid., p. 60.
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The ideogram Tien is derived from the letter Ta by adding a line on the top. Ta is a hieroglyph which originally meant man. Therefore, one may imagine that this ideogram T’ien indicates the sky which is above man.
YoshioTakeuchi, ShinaShisöshi, (Tokyo:Iwanami Press, 1936),p..
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Frederic Spiegelberg, Zen, Rocks, and Waters ( New York: Random House, 1961 ), p. 19.
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Ibid., p. 377.
Ibid., p. 366.
Hakuju Ui, A Study of Japanese Tendai Buddhism,translated by Kansei Tamura, Philosophical Studies of Japan. The Japanese National Commission for UNESCO, vol. I, p. 69.
Shobo Genzo, Uji, The Soto Approach to Zen, translated by Reiho Masunaga ( Tokyo: Layman Buddhist Society Press, 1958 ), pp. 82–83.
Ibid., pp. 88–89.
Sfim. khya-K-arikh 3.
E. Gilson, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages ( New York: Random House, 1955 ). pp. 115–16.
Richard Garbe, pp. 47 f.
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The Tun-wu-ju-tao-men-lun, 86.
The Hsin-hsin-ming.
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The Cheng-tao-ko.
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Ibid., XI (Taisho,LI, p. 284 b). so)
Ibid., SVII (Taisho,LI. p. 337 a). sl)
Kojiro Yoshikawa, Chinese Classics and View of Life ( in Japanese: Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1947 ), p. 28.
Hajime Nakamura, Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples ( Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1964 ), p. 350.
Yokyoku, Oyashiro (A Noll Song entitled “The Great Shrine”).
Hajime Nakamura, pp. 350–351.
A.S. Geden, p. 233 a.
M.R. Kale’ Meghadata,p. 13.
Ibid., p. 14.
Hakuju Ui, Bukkyo Hanron,(In Japanese, An Outline of Buddhism; Tokyo’ Iwanami Press, 1948), vol. II. p. 337.
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A.S. Geden, Studies in the Religions of the East,pp. 406 f.
Frederick Copieston, A History of Philosophy,vol. 4, p. 233.
De Bary et al., Sources of Chinese Tradition,p. 831.
Shobo Genzo,Gyoji (De Bary et al, Sources of Japanese Tradition,p. 243–45).
Sources of Japanese Tradition,compiled by Ryasaku Tsunoda, William Theodore de Bary, and Donald Keene (Columbia University Press, 1858), 579.
De Bary, Sources of Japanese Tradition,p. 74.
Ibid., p. 584.
In the latter part of the Tannisho.
Kenryo Kanamatsu: Naturalness ( Los Angeles: The White Path Society, 1956 ), p. 33.
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Nakamura, H. (1999). Ideas of Nature in East Asian Lands. In: Buttimer, A., Wallin, L. (eds) Nature and Identity in Cross-Cultural Perspective. The GeoJournal Library, vol 48. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2392-3_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2392-3_2
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