Abstract
This author does not believe, as a rule, in the adequacy of such designation of theoretical conceptions of international law as for instance: Italian, or French, or German, etc. Unless a theory is proclaimed to be a national theory of a country, or all the writers in a country are of one and the same opinion in a field, it seems inadequate, from the scholarly point of view, to tie up a theory with the name of a particular nation. It is inadequate because such a terminology tends to cover with one name various and often divergent concepts and beliefs.
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References
Cf. H. B. Jacobini, A Study of the Philosophy of International Law as Seen in Works of Latin American Writers, The Hague 1954, pp. 139–141.
Roberto Ago rightly points out that “...discussions are falsified because different authors make use of the same term but give it different meanings, or on the other hand, because they use different terms to mean the same thing”; cf. his “Positive Law and International Law,” AJIL, 1957, p. 692.
Cf. Lenin’s, State and Revolution, and Engels’, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State; cf. John N. Hazard, Soviet Legal Philosophy, texts with an introduction, Cambridge, Mass. 1951, pp. 7 and 9.
Questions of Leninism, 11th Russian ed., Moscow, p. 108.
Soviet Legal Philosophy, op. cit., p. 280.
Vyshinsky, The Law of the Soviet Union, New York 1948, p. 50; cf. also his violent criticism of his former colleagues, Stuchka and Pashukanis, the “traitors,” ibidem in his article “Fundamental Tasks of Soviet Law,” pp. 303 ff. Ibidem p. 336 the text of the 1938 definition of Law by the Moscow Institute of Law of the Academy of Sciences, containing the above mentioned elements. Cf. also: J. N. Hazard, “Pashukanis Is No Traitor,” AJIL, 1957, pp. 385 fl.
In his Article, published in the Bolshevik, Moscow, September 1937. Cf. Soviet Legal Philosophy, p. 294.
This is the statement by S. A. Golunski (for a short time Judge at the International Court of Justice) and M. S. Strogovitch; cf. Soviet Legal Philosophy, pp. 385, 386.
Stalin, “Problems of Marxism in Linguistics,” Moscow 1950; also in English edition. English text also in J. H. Meisel and E. S. Kozera, Materials for the Study of the Soviet System, Ann Arbor 1950, pp. 462, 463.
Cf. in this field: Rudolf Schlesinger, Soviet Legal Theory, London 1945;
W. W. Kulski, The Soviet Regime, Syracuse, N.Y. 1954;
R. N. Carew Hunt, Marxism, Past and Present, New York 1954;
Hans Kelsen, The Communist Theory of Law, New York 1955.
René David — John Hazard, Le Droit Soviétique, Paris 1954. Cf. T. I. René David, “Les données fondamentales du droit soviétique.” pp. 169, 170; valuable bibliography in t. II, in which John N. Hazard publishes an instructive study about “Le droit et l’évolution de la société dans l’URSS.”
The Rôle of the Court under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat, Moscow 1936, p. 331. See translation in excerpts in the Collection of Documents, published by the International Commission of Jurists, The Hague, Netherlands, 1955, p. 118.
Viestnik Moskowskovo Universitieta, November 1950; translation ibidem, p. 119.
“The Administration of Criminal Justice as a Political Tool of the Party and of the Soviet Government,” in Viestnik Moskowskovo Universitieta, Moscow, November 1950, transi. ibidem, p. 113; cf. also René David, op. cit., about the “Socialist legality,” p. 116 ff., and the “Class justice,” p. 183 ff.
Cf. Dr. Vladimir Growski, The Essence of a Totalitarian State of the Soviet Type, Washington 1955; cf. also Józef Gwóídi, The Function of Law in a People’s Democracy, Washington 1955. See Chapter II of the Collection of documents, The Hague 1955, op. cit., pp. 142–181.
Advisory Opinion, December 4, 1935, Danzig Legislative Decrees, PCIJ, Series A/B, No. 65, pp. 52–53, 1935.
Sections 1, 6, 16 of the Code; see Dr. Vladimir Growski, Law and Courts behind the Iron Curtain, Part III, Washington 1955, p. 17.
Joseph Stalin, “A Report Delivered at the Extraordinary Eighth Congress of Soviets of the USSR, Moscow, November 25, 1936,” text in Stalin’s Problems of Leninism, 11th ed., Moscow 1954, pp. 699 ff. and also in special pamphlets in foreign languages. Further explanation from the Soviet authoritative point of view, in Andrej Y. Vyshinsky, The Law of the Soviet Union,New York 1948, pp. 123 ff.
Cf. the remarks of Carew Hunt, op. cit., p. 153 ff.
Cf. Vyshinsky, The Law of the Soviet Union, op. cit., pp. 155 fl.
Hans Kelsen, op. cit., p. 193, in an analysis of the Marxian publications which seek to create a Marxian theory of law, arrives at the conclusion that: “The attempt to develop a theory of law on the basis of Marx’s economic interpretation of society has completely failed.”
Cf. for this, and connected matters; M. St. Korowicz, “Soviet Conception of Law and Protection of Human Rights,” in Studies of the Polish Juridical Association in the USA, New York 1956, pp. 27–50.
Cf. Collection of Documents, The Hague, op. cit., pp. 55–74, on the “Restriction on or elimination of free elections.”
The Law of the Soviet Union, op. cit., p. 168.
Advisory Opinion, May 16, 1925, Polish Postal Service in Danzig, PCIJ, Series B., No. 11, p. 39.
Zarys prawa miedzynarodowego (Outline of International Law), a Collective study under the editorship of Marian Muszkat, Warsaw, Vol. I, 1955, Vol. II, 1956. Quotation from Vol. I, p. 10.
Cf. especially: T. A. Taracouzio, The Soviet Union and International Law, New York 1935;
No Lapenna, Conceptions Soviétiques de Droit International, Paris 1954;
Jean-Yves Calvez, Droit International et Souveraineté en URSS, Paris 1953, and the above quoted books by Hunt, Kelsen, Schlesinger, John N. Hazard, René David.
Only some characteristic fragments are quoted here. Those theses are still valid in their contents for the present Soviet doctrine. Cf. Sovietskoje Gosudarstwo i Pravo (Soviet State and Law), Moscow 1938, No. 5, pp. 119 ff.
Serge B. Krylov, “Les Notions Principales du Droit des Gens,” Hague Rec., Vol. 70, 1947, p. 407 ff., cf. pp. 420–430, 446 448.
Cf. Material, k’Istorii O.O.N., Moscow, 1949 (Materials for the History of the United Nations). We will touch below upon his other writings in that sense.
Eugene A. Korovin, “The Second World War and International Law,” AJIL, Vol. 40, p. 745.
Textbook of International Law under the editorship of W. N. Durdieniewski and S. B. Krylov, 1947:
Miezdunarodnoje Pravo; Polish edition, Warszawa 1950:
Podrecznik Prawa Miedzynarodowego, from which it will be quoted here. The textbook has been published under the auspices of the Institute of Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; cf. p. 8.
Ibidem, p. 128. A special importance must be attached to that textbook, since almost all outstanding Soviet publicists constituted the team of authors of this collective work; they are: Durdieniewski, W. E. Hrabar, F. I. Kozevnikov, S. B. Krylov, N. N. Lubimow, I. S. Pierietierskij, D. B. Levin; the manuscript of N. P. Kolczanovskij (t 1940) has also been taken advantage of. Two of the authors were (Krylov) or are (Kozevnikov) Judges at the International Court of Justice.
A.J. Vyshinsky, Member of the Academy of the USSR, Voprosy Miezdunarodnovo Prava i Miezdunarodnoj Politiki, Moscow 1949 (Problems of International Law and Politics); Polish edition, Warszawa, 1951, from which it is quoted here; cf. p. 657.
The same conception of international law, and of its basic elements is contained in the Diplomatic Vocabulary, Diplomaticeskij Slovar, edited by Vyshinsky, Moscow 1950; cf. t. II, p. 124.
Sovietskoje Gosudarstwo i Miezdunarodnoje Pravo, 1917–1947, Moscow 1948, p. 3 (Soviet State and International Law).
Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, April 11, 1949; ICJ Reports, pp. 174 ff.
U. N. Gen. Assembly, Doc. AICN. 4/SR. 29, p. 8.
Mezdunarodnoje Pravo, edited by Korovin, Moscow 1951, pp. 158, 159 (International Law).
Cf. W. W. Kulski, “Soviet Comments on International Law and Relations,” AJIL, Vol. 49, 1955, pp. 518 ff.
Kozevnikov, Polish text of his Article in Nowe Drogi (New Ways), Warsaw, 1951.
Cf. Taracouzio, op. cit., pp. 46, 47, also Durdieniewski and Krylov, Textbook, op. cit., p. 129.
Cf. Writings referred to above; also Mintauta Chakste, “Soviet Concepts of the State, International Law and Sovereignty,” AIL, Vol. 43, 1949, pp. 21 ff.
“Princip suviereniteta v Soviete Bezopastnosti” (The Principle of Sovereignty in the Security Council), in Sovieckoje Gosudarstwo i Pravo, No. 3, 1946, p. 30.
Pravda, May 3, 1947; excerpts in translation in Chakste, op. cit., p. 31.
Durdieniewski and Krylov, op. cit., pp. 129, 131, 134, 138–140.
Princip Suaierienitieta y Sooieckom i Miezdunarodnom Praaie, Moscow 1947, p. 6. (The Principle of Sovereignty in Soviet and International Law.)
D. Levin, “The Problem of the Essence and the Role of the Principle of Sovereignty,” in Sovietskoje Gosudarstwo i Provo, Moscow 1949, No. 6; translation in the Polish Panstwo i Prawo, Warsaw 1949, No. 11, pp. 21 ff. Quotations below from that translation.
Voprosy Miezdunarodnovo Prava, op. cit., Polish edition, Warsaw 1951, quotations from that edition, Cf. pp. 362 f.
In the Polish monthly review Panstwo i Prawo, now under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences; cf. No. 12 (December), 1950, pp. 4, 5.
Molotov, External Policy of the Government of the USSR, Moscow 1946, p. 6. (Wniesznaja Politika Pravitielstwa ZSRR).
Cf. U. S. Senate, Doc. No. 85, August 1, 1955: Soviet Political Treaties and Violations. Foreword by Senator J. O. Eastland; see pp. III—VI, and 1–50.
“Subjects of Law, Sovereignty and Non-Interference in International Law,” in Sovieckoje Gosudarstwo i Provo, Moscow 1955, No. 2, pp. 77–80; cf. Kulski, op. cit., AWL, Vol. 49, 1955, pp. 525, 526, where excerpts in Kulski’s translation can be found.
Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit Inte rn ational, No. 43, 1950, Vol. I, pp. 5 ff.; pp. 3335: Réponse de M. S. Krylov, La Haye, le 5 décembre 1949.
Cf. Litwinoff’s declaration in that sense, in 1922, in Sohn’s collection, 1950, p. 1046.
United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 85, 1951, No. 1146; the Convention with its 15 annexes entered into force on December 7, 1948 (Annex 5 on July 4, 1947 as from the date of signature); it was not registered with the U.N. by the government of Poland until April 9, 1951.
Cf. New York Times, February 11, 1954; text of the draft.
Khrushchev’s speech at the twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR, February 14, 1956; cf. N. T. T., February 15, 1956: “Khrushchev Mentions Coexistence Principles.”
Pekin, December 25, 1955; cf. Zbidr Dokumentdw Polskiego Instytutu Spraw Miedzynarodowych, Warsaw 1955, No. 12, p. 2532 (Collection of Documents of the Polish Institute of International Affairs).
Delhi, December 11, 1955; ibidem, p. 2592.
London, April 26, 1956; ibid., No. 4, 1956, p. 499.
Moscow, April 4, 1956; ibid., p. 546.
Warsaw, June 9, 1956; ibid., p. 810.
Damascus, June 25, 1956; ibid., No. 6, 1956, p. 884.
Beirut, June 28, 1956; ibid., p. 886.
Moscow, June 23, 1956; ibid., p. 898.
Delhi, January 1927; ibid., No. 1, 1957, p. 145.
Kabul, January 1957; ibid., p. 149.
Katmandu, January 29, 1957; ibid., p. 151.
Warsaw, January 16, 1957; ibid., p. 7.
January 18, 1957; N.T.T., January 19, 1957.
January 17, 1957; N.Y.T., January 18, 1957.
February 12, 1957; N.T.T., February 13, 1957.
September 16, 1957, Belgrade; N.Y.T., September 17, 1957.
Quoted by Senator J. O. Eastland, in Foreword to Soviet Political Treaties and Violations, 1955, op. cit., p. IV; also The Real Soviet Russia, Yale University Press, p. 71.
Athens, June 30, 1956; Collection of Documents, Warsaw, op. cit., No. 6, 1956, p. 891.
Cf. N.Y.T., October 20–23, 1956.
English text in A.J.I.L., 1958, pp. 221 ff.; analogous Agreements with the German Democratic Republic (March 12, 1957) and the Hungarian People’s Republic (May 27, 1957), ibidem, pp. 210 ff. and pp. 215 ff.
Cf. here: Titus Komarnicki, “L’Intervention en Droit International Moderne,” RGDIP, Paris 1957, No. 4 and in offprints, especially pp. 19–30.
Cf. Titus Komarnicki, “The Satellite State — A Modem Case of Intervention,” in Studies of the Polish Juridical Association in the USA (Dr. Zygmunt Nagórski, ed.), New York, 1956, pp. 13–26; A. J. M. van Dal, “Aspects of Coexistence,” ibidem, pp. 97–106.
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Korowicz, M.S. (1959). Soviet Conception of Sovereignty and International Law. In: Introduction to International Law. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9226-2_5
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