Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Developments in Psychopharmacology ((CDPS,volume 6))

Abstract

Drug-induced tardive dyskinesia, which occurs in the course of long-term administration of psychotropic drugs, especially neuroleptics, and persists for years even after drug removal, began to be reported in the late 1950s. Since then, more than 100 investigations on this subject have been described. And it is estimated that 10 to 30 percent of long-term hospitalized psychiatric patients in Europe and North America exhibit tardive dyskinesia, whereas 5 to 20 percent of patients exhibit this syndrome in Japan. These findings suggest that the manifestation of tardive dyskinesia will become a serious problem in the investigation of psychotropic drug treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. (ACNP—FDA) American College of Neuropsychopharmacology—Food and Drug Administration Task Force (1973). Neurological syndromes associated with antipsychotic drug use. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 28: 463–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Allen, R.E., and Stimmel, G.L. (1977). Neuroleptic dosage, duration, and tardive dyskinesia. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 38: 385–387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ayd, F.J., Jr. (1976a). On the reversibility of tardive dyskinesia. Int. Drug Ther. Newsletter. 11: 9: 35–36.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ayd, F.J., Jr. (1976b). Sodium valproate therapy for tardive dyskinesia. Int. Drug Ther. Newsletter. 12: 8, 9: 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ayd, F J., Jr. (1972). Treatment of persistent dyskinesia. Int. Drug Ther. Newsletter. 7: 3: 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ayd, F.J., Jr. (1967). Persistent dyskinesia: A neurological complication of major tranquilizers. Med. Sci. 18: 32–40.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bockenheimer, S., and Lucius, G. (1976). Zur Therapie mit Dimethylaminoethanol (Deanol) bei neuroleptika-induzierten extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkrank. 222: 69–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bourgeois, M. (1977). Les dyskinesies tardives des neuroléptiques. Enguête chez 3,140 malades d’hôpital psychiatrique. L’Encéphale. 3: 299–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brandon, S., McClelland, H.A., and Protheroe, C. (1971). A study of facial dyskinesia in a mental hospital population. Brit. J. Psychiat. 118: 171–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Casey, D.E. (1977). Deanol in the management of involuntary movement disorders: A review. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 38: 12: 2: 7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Casey, D.E., and Denney, D. (1977). Original investigations: Pharmacological characterization of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol. 54: 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Casey, D.E., and Denney, D. (1975). Deanol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiat. 132: 864–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chadwick, D., Reynolds, E.H., and Marsden, C.D. (1976). Anticonvulsant-induced dyskinesias: A comparison with dyskinesia induced by neuroleptics. J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiat. 39: 1210–1218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cole, J.O. (1975). Tardive dyskinesia—Legal and therapeutic aspects, in Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the IX Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychophar- macologicum, Paris, 7–12 July, 1974. J.R. Boissier, H. Hippius, and P. Pichot, eds. Excerpta Medica American Elsevier, New York. pp. 365–371.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Crane, G.E. (1977). The prevention of tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiat. 134: 756 - 758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Crane, G.E. (1975). Tardive dyskinesia: A review, in Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the IX Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum, Paris, 7–12 July, 1974. J.R. Boissier, H. Hippius, and P. Pichot, eds. Excerpta Medica American Elsevier, New York, pp. 346–354.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Crane, G.E. (1973). Persistent dyskinesia. Brit. J Psychiat. 122: 395–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Crane, G.E. (1972). Pseudoparkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Arch. Neurol 27: 426–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Crane, G.E. (1968a). Tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with major neuroleptics: A review of the literature. Am. J. Psychiat. Supp. 124: 8: 40–54.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Crane, G.E. (1968b). Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients treated with psychotropic drugs. Aggressologie. 9: 209–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Crane, G.E., and Chase, C. (1970). High doses of trifluperazine and tradive dyskinesia. Arch. Neurol 22: 176–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Crane, G.E., and Paulson, G. (1967). Involuntary movements in a sample of chronic mental patients and their relation to the treatment with neuroleptics. Int. J. Neuropsychiat. 3: 286–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Curran, J.P. (1973). Tardive dyskinesia: Side effect or not ? Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 406–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Curzon, G. (1968). The biochemistry of dyskinesia. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 10: 323–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Davis, K.L., Hollister, L.E., Barchas, J.D., and Berger, P.A. (1976). Cholnie in tardive dyskinesia and Huntington’s disease. Life Sci. 19: 1507–1516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Degwitz, R., and Winzel, W. (1967). Persistent extrapyramidal side effects after long-term application of neuroleptics, in Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 5. H. Brill et al., eds. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 608–615.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Degwitz, R., Binsack, K.F., Herkert, H., Luxemburger, O., and Winzel, W. (1967). Zum Problem der persistierenden extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen nach langfristiger Anwendung von Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt. 38: 170–174.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Degwitz, R., Winzel, W., Binsack, K.F., Herkert, H., and Luxemburger, H. (1966). Zum Problem der terminalen extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen an Hand von 1,600 langfristig mit Neuroleptika Behandelten. Arzneimittelforsch. 16: 276–278.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Demars, J.C.A. (1966). Neuromuscular effects of long-term phenothiazine medication, ECT, and leucotomy. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 143: 73–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Denber, H.C.B., Bente, D., and Rajjotte, P. (1962). Comparative analysis of the action of butyrylperazine of Manhattan State Hospital and the University Psychiatric Clinic at Erlangen. Am. J. Psychiat. 119: 203–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. De Silva, and Juang, C.Y. (1975). Deanol in tardive dyskinesia. Brit. Med. J. 3: 466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Donion, P.T., and Stenson, R.L. (1976). Neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Dis. Ner. Sys. 37: 629–635.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dynes, J.B. (1970). Oral dyskinesia, occurrence, and treatment. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 31: 854–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Eckman, F. (1968). Zur Problematik von Dauerschaden nach neuroleptischer Langzeitbehandlung der Gegenwart, 107: 316–323.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Edwards, H. (1970). The significance of brain damage in persistent oral dyskinesia. Brit. J. Psychiat. 116: 271–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ettinger, M., and Curran, J.P. (1970). Liver disease and phenothiazines. Minn. Med. 53: 731–736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ey, H., and Rappard, P. (1956). Les réactions d’intolérance vis-à-vis de la chlorpromazine. L’Encéphale. 45: 790–796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fann, W.E., and Lake, C.R. (1974). On the coexistence of Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 35: 324–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fann, W.E., Davis, J.M., and Janowsky, D.S. (1972). The prevalence of tardive dyskinesias in mental hospital patients. Dis. Nerv. Sys. 33: 182–186.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fann, W.E., Stafford, J.R., Malone, R.L., Frost, J.D., and Richman, B.W. (1977). Clinical research techniques in tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiat. 134: 759–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Faurbye, A., Rasch, P.J., Petersen, P.B., Brandborg, G., and Pakkenberg, H. (1964). Neurological symptoms in pharmacotherapy of psychoses. Act Psychiat. Scand. 40: 10–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gardos, G., Cole, J.O., and La Brie, R. (1977). The assessment of tardive dyskinesia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 34: 1206–1212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gardos, G., Sokal, N., Cole, J.O., and Sniffin, C. (In press). Eye color and tardive dyskinesia.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gerlach, J. (1977). The relationship between Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiat. 134: 781–784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gerlach, J., and Thorsen, K. (1976). The movement pattern of oral dyskinesia in relation to anticholinergic and antidopaminergic treatment. Int. Pharmacopsychiat. 11: 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gerlach, J., Rye, T., and Kristijasen, P. (1978). Effect of beclofen on tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol 56: 145–151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Greenblatt, D.L., Stotsky, B.A., and Di Mascio, A. (1968). Phenothiazine-induced dyskinesias in nursing home. J. Am. Geriat. Soc. 16: 27–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Haddenbrock, S. (1966). Zur Wirkungsweise und zur Frage zentralorganischer Spätschäden der neuroleptischen Dauerbehandlung. Nervenarzt. 37: 199–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Heinrich, K., Weckner, I., and Bender, H.J. (1968). Späte extrapyramidale Hyperkinesen bei neuroleptischer Langzeit-therapie. Pharmacopsychiat. Neuro Psychopharmacol. 1: 169–195.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hippius, V.H., and Lange, J. (1970). Zur Problematik der späten extrapyramidalen Hyperkinesen nach langfristiger neuroleptischer Therapie. Arzneimittel Forsch. 20: 888–890.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hoff, H., and Hoffman, G. (1967). Das persistierende extrapyramidale Syndrom bei neuroleptika Therapie. Wiener Med. Wochen. 117: 14–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hunter, R., Blackwood, W., Smith, M.C., and Cumings, J.N. (1968). Neuropathological findings in three cases of persistent dyskinesia following phenothiazine medication. J. Neurolog. Sci. 7: 263–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hunter, R., Earl, C.J., and Thornicroft, S. (1964). An apparent irreversible syndrome of abnormal jnovements following phenothiazine medication. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 57: 758–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Itoh, H. (1977). A cross-national clinical investigation on drug-induced tardive dyskinesia. Annual Meeting of the Chinese Neuropsychiatry Association, Taipei, Nov. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Itoh, H., and Yagi, G. (1977). Reversibility of tardive dyskinesia—a follow-up study and film presentation. Symposium on Tardive Dyskinesia, VI World Congress of Psychiatry, Honolulu, Aug. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Itoh, H., and Yagi, G. (1976). Movies on tardive dyskinesia. Symposium on Tardive Dyskinesia. Sponsored by Hennepin County Psychiatric Society, and Minnesota Psychiatric Society, Minneapolis, June 30.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Itoh, H., Miura, S., and Yagi, G. (1976a). A method for explaining dyskinetic movements. A film presentation. Psychopharmacolog. Bull. 12: 3–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Itoh, H., Miura, S., Yagi, G., et al. (1971). Irreversible dyskinesia associated with long-term usage of psychotropic drugs. Ann. Rep. Pharmacopsychiat. Res. Found. 3: 190–195.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Itoh, H., Yagi, G., Ogita, K., Ohtsuka, N., and Miura, S. (1976b). On the reversibility of tardive dyskinesia—a follow-up study and a film presentation. X Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum, Quebec, July 4–9.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Itoh, H., Yagi, G., Ogita, K., and Miura, S. (1973). Irreversible dyskinesia after long-term psychopharmacotherapy. Nippon-Ijishinpoh. 2582: 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Karasuyama, N., Fujii, K., and Takahashi, R. (1972). Tardive dyskinesia. Clin. Neurol. 12: 678.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Kazamatsuri, H. (1971). Tardive dyskinesia—Studies in foreign countries. Seishin Igaku. 13: 840–855.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kazamatsuri, H., Chien, C.P., and Cole, J.O. (1973a). Long-term treatment of tardive dyskinesia with haloperiodol and tetrabenazine. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 479–482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kazamatsuri, H., Chien, C.P., and Cole, J.O. (1972a). Therapeutic approaches to tardive dyskinesia, a review of the literature. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 27: 491–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kazamatsuri, H., Chien, C.P., and Cole, J.O. (1972b). Treatment of tardive dyskinesia (I), (II), (III). Arch. Gen. Psych. 27:95–99, 100–103, 824–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Kazamatsuri, H., Matsushita, M., and Takemura, M. (1973b). Clinical studies on tardive dyskinesia (1)—Prevalence and classification. Ann. Rep. Pharmacother. Res. Found. 5: 201–204.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kennedy, P.F., Hershon, H.I., and Mc Guire, R.J. (1971). Extrapyramidal disorders after prolonged phenothiazine therapy, ßrit. J. Psychiat. 118: 509–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kinoshita, J., Sakai, H., Takeuchi, T., and Moriguchi, Y. (1973). Clinical aspect of tardive dyskinesia—especially on the dystonic type. Ann. Rep. Pharmacother. Res. Found. 5: 205–211.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Klawans, H.L., Jr. (1973a). The pharmacology of extrapyramidal movement disorders.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Monograph in Neural Sciences. Vol. 2. S. Karger, Basel. Klawans, H.L., Jr. (1973b). The pharmacology of tardive dyskinesias. Am. J. Psychiat. 130: 82–86.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Klawans, H.L., Jr., and Rubovits, R. (1975). The pharmacology of tardive dyskinesia and some animal models, in Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the IX Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum, Paris, 7–12 July, 1974. J.R. Boissier, H. Hippius, and R. Pichot, ecjs. Excerpta Medica American Elsevier Publishing Company, New York. pp. 355–364.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Korsgaard, S. (1976). Baclofen (Lioresal) in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 54: 17–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lehman, H.F., Ban, T.A., and Saxena, B.M. (1970). A survey of extrapyramidal manifestations in the inpatient population of a psychiatric hospital. Laval Méd. 41: 909–916.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Moline, R.A. (1975). Atypical tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiat. 132: 534–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. National Institute of Mental Health, Psychopharmacology Research Branch (1975). Development of a dyskinetic movement scale. ECDEU Intercom. 4: 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ogita, K., Yagi, G., Itoh, H., Miura, S., and Lambert, P. (1975). Comparative analysis of persistent dyskinesia of long-term usage with neuroleptics in France and in Japan. Fol. Psychiat. Neurolog. Jap. 29: 315–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Otani, Y., Takase, K., So, Y., et al. (1974). Tardive dyskinesia. Psychiat. Neurolog. Jap. 76: 310–311.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Parks, J.D. (1976). Clinical aspects of tardive dyskinesia, in Biochemistry and Neurology. H.F. Bradford and C.D. Marsden, eds. Academic Press, London, pp. 47–55.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Paulson, G.W. (1968). An evaluation of the permanence of tardive dyskinesia. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 29: 692–694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pryce, I.J., and Edwards, H. (1976). Persistent oral dyskinesia in female mental hospital patients. Brit. J. Psychiat. 134: 84–87.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Quitkin, F., Rifkin, A., Gochfeld, L., and Klein, F. (1977). Tardive dyskinesia: Are first signs reversible ? Am. J. Psychiat. 134: 84–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Rasmussen, S., and Kristensen, M. (1977). Choreoathetosis during phenytoin treatment. Acta Med. Scand. 201: 239–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Roxburgh, P.A. (1977). Treatment of persistent phenothiazine-induced oral dyskinesia. Brit. J. Psychiat. 116: 277–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Sakai, H., Kinoshita, J., and Inose, T. (1972). Tradive dyskinesia: Studies on its clinical survey and postmortem examination of a case. Ann. Rep. Pharmacopsychiat. Res. Found. 4: 221–229.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Schiele, B.C. (1976). Prevention of tardive dyskinesia. Symposium on Tardive Dyskinesia. Sponsored by Hennepin County Psychiatric Society and Minnesota Psychiatric Society, Minneapolis June 30.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Schönecker, M. (1956). Ein eigentumliches Syndrom im oralen Bereich bei Megaphen Applikation. Nervenarzt. 28: 35–36.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Seeman, P., Staiman, A., Lee, T., and Chu-Wong, M. (1974). The membrane actions of tranquilizers in relation to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia, in The Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Drugs. I.S. Forrest, C.J. Carr, and E. Usdin, eds. Raven Press, New York. pp. 137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sied, H., and Müller, H.F. (1967). Choreiform movements as side effects of phenothiazine medication in geriatric patients. J. Am. Geriat. Soc. 15: 517–522.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sigwald, J., Bouttier, D., Raymondeaud, C., and Piot, C. (1959). Quatre cas de dyskinésie facio-bucco-linguo-masticatrice à évolution prolongée secondaire à un traitment par les neuroléptiques. Rev. Neurologique. 10: 751–755.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Simpson, G.M., and Kline, N.S. (1976). Tardive dyskinesia: Manifestation, incidence, etiology and treatment, in The Basal Ganglia. M.D. Yahr, ed. Raven Press, New York, pp. 427–432.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Simpson, G.M., Lee, J.H., and Shrivastava, R.K. (1978). Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol. 56: 75–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stafford, J.R., and Fann, W.E. (1977). Deanol acetamidobenzoate (deaner) in tardive dyskinesia. Dis. Ner. Sys. 381: 12: 2: 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Tamminga, C.A., Smith, R.C., Ericksen, S.E., Chang, S., and Davis, J.M. (1977). Cholinergic influences in tardive dyskinesia. Am. J. Psychiat. 134: 769–774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tarsy, D., and Baldessarini, R.J. (1976). The tardive dyskinesia syndrome, in Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. I. H.L. Klawans, ed. Raven Press, New York. pp. 29–61.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Tuason, V. (1976). Natural history of tardive dyskinesia. Symposium on Tardive Dyskinesia. Sponsored by Hennepin County Psychiatric Society, Minneapolis, June 30.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Turunen, S. and Achté, K.A. (1967). The bucco-linguo-masticatory syndrome as a side effect of neuroleptics therapy. Psychiat. Quart. 41: 268–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tzavellas, O., Metzel, E., and Umbach, W. (1967). Uber die Wirksamkeit von a-methyldopa bei Hyperkinesen. Deutsche Med. Wochen. 92: 1065–1071.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Uhrbrand, L., and Faurbye, A. (1960). Reversible and irreversible dyskinesia after treatment with perphenazine, chlorpromazine, reserpine, and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychophar- macologia. 1: 408–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Villeneuve, A. (1977). Therapeutic trials in tardive dyskinesia. VI World Congress of Psychiatry, Honolulu, Aug. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Villeneuve, A. (1970). The rabbit syndrome. A peculiar extrapyramidal reaction. Canad. Psychiat. Assn. J. 17: 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Villenueve, A., and Boszormenyi, A. (1970). Treatment of drug-induced dyskinesias. Lancet. Feb. 14: 353–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Villenueve, A., La Vallee, J.C., and Lemieux, L.H. (1969). Dyskinésie tardive post- neuroléptique. Laval. Med. 40: 832–837.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wertheimer, J. (1968). Syndrome extrapyramidaux permanents consécutifs à l’administration prolongée de neuroléptiques. Schweizer Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 95: 120–173.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Yagi, G., Ogita, K., Ohtsuka, H., Itoh, H., and Miura, S. (1976). Persistent dyskinesia after long-term treatment with neuroleptics in Japan. Its present status and clinical problems. Keio J. Med. 25: 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Spectrum Publications, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Itoh, H. (1981). Drug-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia. In: Essman, W.B., Valzelli, L. (eds) Current Developments in Psychopharmacology. Current Developments in Psychopharmacology, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8123-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-8123-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-011-8125-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-8123-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics