Abstract
During the last two decades, gamma-ray astronomy has developed into a quantitative science, with accurate flux measurements from several sources. The Crab pulsar emits 6.17 x 10-4 E-2.2 photons cm-2 s-1 MeV-1 from 50 KeV to 5 GeV. This corresponds to about 2 x 1035 erg s-1 in each of two decades of energy. The Vela pulsar emits 3.6 x 10-4 E-1.6 photons cm-2 s-1 MeV-1 at energies 1 to 30 MeV. The luminosity of gamma rays between 10 MeV and 1 GeV is about 2 x 1034 erg/s. For the Crab nebula, the gamma ray flux is 3 x 10-3 E-2.3 photons cm-2 s-1 MeV-1 from 1 KeV to 3 GeV. The flux of the 26Al line of 1.81 MeV (if assumed to be an extended source) is (4 ± 0.4) Ñ 10-4 photons cm-2 s-1 rad-1. The e+ annihilation line in the Galactic plane is (1.6 ± 0.3) x 10-3 photons cm-1 s-1 rad-1 on which a variable flux of < 1 x 10-3 cm-1 s-1 from the Galactic center is superimposed at certain times. Theoretical models of the sources and observations relate gamma-ray astrophysics to pulsars, neutron stars, black holes, and interstellar clouds, supernovae and supernova remnants. The processes of nucleosynthesis in supernovae and novae, and pair production near black holes yield gammaray lines. Gamma-ray observations are also related to particle acceleration processes at pulsars, neutron stars, supernova remnants, and near black holes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albernhe, F., et al. (1981) Astron. Astrophys. 94, 214.
Antonucci, R.R. and Miller, J.S. (1985) Ap. J. 297, 621.
Arnett, W.D. (1978) in “Gamma Ray Spectroscopy in Astrophysics”, eds. T.L. Cline and R. Ramaty, NASA T.M. 79619, p. 310.
Baker, R.E. et al. (1981) 17th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Paris), 1, 222.
Bignami, G.F., Caraveo, P.A. and Lamb, R.C. (1983) Ap. J. (Letters) 272, L9.
Bignami, G.F., Caraveo, P.A. and Paul, J.A. (1988),Nature 310, 464.
Bignami, G.F., and Hermsen, W. (1983) Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 21, 67.
Bignami, G.F. et al. (1981) Astron. Astrophys. 93, 71.
Bloemen, H., (1989) Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27, 469.
Bloemen, H. and Dogiel, V.A. (1990) Astron. Astrophys. to be publ.
Buccheri, R., et al. (1983) Astron. Astrophys. 128, 245.
Bussard, R.W., Ramaty, R., and Drachman, R.J. (1979) Ap. J. 228, 928.
Bussard, R.W., Burrows, A. and The, L.S. (1989) in “Proc. Gamma Ray Observatory Science Workshop”, ed. W.N. Johnson, p.4-300.
Butler, R.C. et al. (1981) 17th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Paris), 1, 226.
Cameron, A.G.W. (1973) in “Explosive Nucleosynthesis”, eds. D.N. Schramm, and W.D. Arnett, University of Texas, Austin, p.3.
Chan, K.W. and Lingenfelter, R.E. (1987) Proc. 20th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow) 1, 164.
Clark, G., Garmire, G., and Kraushaar, W. (1968) Ap. J. Lett. 153, L203.
Clayton, D.D. (1971)Nature 234, 291.
Clayton, D.D. (1973) in “Explosive Nucleosynthesis”, eds. D.N. Schramm and W.D. Arnett, Univ. Texas, Austin, p. 264.
Clayton, D.D. (1982), in “Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics”, eds. CA. Barnes, D.D. Clayton, and D.N. Schramm, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Clayton, D.D. (1984) Ap. J. 188, 155.
Clayton, D.D., Colgate, S.A. and Fishman, G.J. (1969) Ap.J. 155, 75.
Derdeyn, S.M., et al. (1972) Nuclear Inst. and Meth. 98, 557.
Drissen, L., Lemontagne, R., Moffat, A.F.S., Bastien, P. and Sequin, M. (1986) Ap. J. 304, 188.
Elvis, M. and Lawrence, A. (1988) Ap. J. 331, 161.
Epstein, R.I. (1989) in “Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos and Related Astrophysics”, eds. M.M. Shapiro and J.P. Wefel, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, p. 381.
Fichtel, CE., et al. (1975) Ap. J. 198, 163.
Forrest, D. (1982) The Galactic Center, eds, G.R. Riegler and R.D. Blandford, AIP New York, p. 160.
Gehrels, N., Candey, R. M. and Matteson, J. L., (1990) in “Astrophysics from the Moon”, eds. M. J. Mumma and H. J. Smith, AIP, New York.
Gehreis, N., Leventhal, M. and MacCallum, C.J. (1987) Ap. J. 322, 215.
Gehrels, N., Leventhal, M. and MacCallum, C.J. (1988) in “Nuclear Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Sources”, AIP Conf. Proc. 170, eds. N. Gehreis, and G. H. Share, New York, p. 87.
Graser, U., and Schonfelder, V. (1982) Ap. J. 263, 677.
Grsser, U., and Schonfelder, V. (1983) Ap. J. 273, 681.
Grindlay, J.E., Helmken, H.F., Hanbury Brown, R., Davis, J. and Allen, L.R. (1975) Ap. J. (Letters) 197, L9.
Halpern, J.H. and Tytler, D. (1988) Ap.J. 330, 201.
Harris, M.J. (1988), private communication.
Harnden, F.R., et al. (1979) Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 11, 424.
Haymes, R.C., et al. (1975) Ap. J. 201, 593.
Hermsen, W., et al. (1983) Space Science Reviews 36, 61.
Hermsen, W., et al. (1977)Nature 269, 494.
Hermsen, W. and Spoelstra, T.A. (1990) Proc. 21st Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide) 1, 208.
Higdon, J.C. (1987) 20th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow) 1, 160.
Hurley, K. (1989) in “Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos and Related Astrophysics”, ed. M.M. Shapiro and J. P. Wefel, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, p. 337.
Johnson, W.N., III, Harnden, F.R., Jr., and Haymes, R.C. (1972) Ap. J. 172, L1.
Johnson, W.M., III, and Haymes, R.C. (1973) Ap. J. 184, 103.
Kanbach, G. et al. (1980) Astron. Astrophys. 90, 163.
Klebesadel, R.W., Strong, I.B. and Olson, R.A. (1973) Ap.J. (Letters) 182, L85.
Kniffen, D.A., Fichtel, C.E. and Hartman, R.C. (1983) Proc. 13th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Bangalore) 1, 165.
Knight, F.K. (1981) Ph.D. Dissertation, UCSD-SP-18-13.
Knight, F.K., et al. (1982) Ap. J. 260, 553.
Kundt, W., and Krotschenk, E. (1980) Astron. and Astrophys. 83, 1.
Large, M.I., Vaughan, A.E., and Mills, B.Y. (1968) Nature, 220, 340.
Leising, M.D. (1988) in “Nuclear Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Sources”, AIP Conf. Proceedings 170, eds. N. Gehrels, and G. S. Share, New York, p. 130.
Leising, M.D. and Clayton, D.D. (1987) Ap. J. 323, 159.
Leising, M.D. and Share, G.H. (1990) 21st Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide), Australia, 2, 178.
Leventhal, M., MacCallum, C.J., and Stang, P.D. (1978) Ap. J. Lett. 225, L11.
Leventhal, M., et al. (1980) Ap. J. 240, 338.
Leventhal, M., et al. (1982) Ap. J. Lett. 260, L1.
Leventhal, M., et al. (1986) Ap. J. 302, 459.
Leventhal, M., et al. (1989)Nature 339, 36.
Li Ti Pei, and Wolfendale, A.W. (1981) Astron. Astrophysics 103, 19.
Liang, E.P. (1989) in “Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos and Related Astrophysics,” eds. M.M. Shapiro and J.P. Wefel, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, p. 73.
Lichti, G.G., et al. (1980) Adv. Space Explor. 1, 49.
Lingenfelter, R.E., and Ramaty, R. (1967) in “High Energy Nuclear Reactions in Astrophysics”, ed. B.S.P. Shen, W.A. Benjamin; New York, p. 99.
MacCallum, C.J., and Leventhal, M. (1985) Proc. 19th Inter. Cosmic Ray Conf. 1, 213.
Mahoney, W.A., et al. (1984) Ap. J. 286, 578.
Manchester, R.N., and Taylor, J.H. (1977) Pulsars, W.H. Freeman, Publisher, San Francisco.
Masnou, J.L. et al. (1981) Proc. 17th International Cosmic Ray Conf. (Paris) 1, 177.
Matz, S.M., Share, G.H. and Chupp, E.L. (1988) in “Nuclear Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Sources”, AIP Conf. Proc. 170, eds. N. Gehrels and G.H. Share, New York, p. 51.
Monier, R. and Halpern, J.P., (1987) Ap. J. (Letters) 315, L17.
Morfill, G.E., and Meyer, P. (1981) 17th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Paris) 9, 56.
Murphy, R.J. (1989) in “Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos and Related Astrophysics”, eds. M.M. Shapiro and J.P. Wefel, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, p. 289.
O’Neill, T.J., et al. (1987) Proc. 20th Inter. Cosmic Ray Conf. 1, 206.
O’Neill, T.J., Turner, O.T., Zych, A.D. and White, R.S., (1987), 20th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow) 1, 206.
Ozel, M.E. and Mayer-Hasselwander, H. (1984) Inter. Workshop on “Data Analysis in Astronomy,” Erice, Italy.
Ozel, M.E. (1988) Timing Neutron Stars, H. Ogelman and Heuvel (eds.), Kluwer Scientific Publications.
Paciesas, W.S., et al. (1982) Ap. J. Lett. 260, L7.
Pacini, F. and Ruderman, M. (1974)Nature 251, 399.
Perotti, F. et al. (1979)Nature 282, 484.
Pravdo, S.H., and Serlemitsos, D.J. (1981) Ap. J. 246, 484.
Pravdo, S.H., et al. (1976) Ap. J. Lett. 208, L67.
Ramaty, R. Kozlovsky, B. and Lingenfelter, R.E. (1979) Ap. J. Suppl. 40, 487.
Riegler, G.R., et al. (1981) Ap. J. Lett. 248, L13.
Riegler, G.R., et al. (1985) Ap. J. Lett. 294, L13.
Sacco, B., et al. (1990) Ap. J. Lett. 349, L21.
Scarsi, L. (1989) in “Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos, and Related Astrophysics”, eds. M.M. Shapiro and J. P. Wefel, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, p.1.
Share, G.H., et al. (1985) Ap. J. Lett. 292, L61.
Share, G.H., et al. (1988) Ap. J. 326, 717.
Silberberg, R., Leising, M.D. and Murphy, R.J. (1989) in “Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos and Related Astrophysics”, eds. M.M. Shapiro and J.P. Wefel, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, p. 289.
Silberberg, R. and Murphy, R.J. (1990) 21st Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide), 1, 162.
Silberberg, R. and Shapiro, M.M. (1990) 20th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide) 1, 158.
Strickman, M.S., Johnson, W.N., and Kurfess, J.D. (1979) Ap. J. Lett. 230, L15.
Sweeney, W.E., et al. (1987) Proc. 20th Inter. Cosmic Ray Conf. 1, 103.
Thompson, D.J., Fichtel, C.E., Hartman, R.C., Kniffen, D.A. and Lamb, R.C. (1977) Ap.J. 213, 252.
Thompson, D.J., et al. (1977) Astron. Astrophys. 127, 220.
Tueller, J., et al. (1984) Ap. J. 279, 177.
Turner, O.T., et al. (1984)Nature 310, 214.
von Ballmoos, P., Diehl, R. and Schonfelder, V. (1987) Ap. J. 312, 134.
Wallace, P.T., et al. (1977)Nature 266, 692.
White, R.S., et al. (1980)Nature 284, 608.
White, R.S., et al. (1983) A Plan for Long Duration Scientific Ballooning, Long Duration Balloon Flight Study Committee.
White, R.S., et al. (1985) Ap. J. Lett. 299, L23.
Wills, R.D., et al. (1982)Nature 296, 723.
Woosley, S. and Taam, R. (1976)Nature 263, 101.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
White, R.S., Silberberg, R. (1991). Gamma Ray Astrophysics at Energies up to 10 GeV. In: Shapiro, M.M., Silberberg, R., Wefel, J.P. (eds) Cosmic Rays, Supernovae and the Interstellar Medium. NATO ASI Series, vol 337. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3158-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3158-2_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5392-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3158-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive