3-Amino-2H-azirines, equivalents of α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids in the synthesis of heterocycles and peptides

Abstract

The easily available 2,2-disubstituted 3-amino-2H-azirines 1 react with a variety of acidic compounds, e.g. NH-acidic heterocycles, to give novel heterocycles containing α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids. These reactions proceed via formation of an intermediate aziridine, which is rearranged to a bicyclic zwitterion. This zwitterion is the key intermediate in all reactions proceeding via cleavage of the C=N bond of 1. The reaction of 1 with carboxylic acids leads to the formation of diamides, e.g. acyl-amino isobutyramides. The general character of this reaction has been demonstrated in particular with amino acids and oligopeptides. Together with the selective hydrolysis of the C-terminal amide group, this reaction sequence (‘Azirinel Oxazolone-Method’) represents a new and efficient strategy for the synthesis of peptides with α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids.

The scope of the ‘Azirine/Oxazolone-Method’ for the synthesis of linear and cyclic peptides and depsipeptides is demonstrated by the synthesis of segments of the peptaibols Alamethicin F-30 and Trichotoxin A-50 as well as of model peptides, used for studies of the influence of α,α-disubstitution on the conformation of the peptide. Via an analogous approach, the synthesis of cyclo[Gly-Phe(2Me)-Aib-Aib-Gly] is achieved by the pentafluorophenol/DCC cyclization of H-Gly-Phe(2Me)-Aib-Aib-Gly-OH. In the case of cyclic depsipeptides, the linear precursors can be cyclized directly by treatment with HCl-gas in a non-nucleophilic solvent (‘Direct Amide Cyclization’).