Abstract
On May 12, 1941 a young German named Konrad Zuse presented his latest development to a small, select group of people. Unnoticed by the public, the student of civil engineering at Berlin’s Technical University had succeeded in making his dream a reality. It was called the “Z3,” the world’s first functioning programmable calculator, and it marked the start of a new era. The operational target that Zuse accomplished was to replace the dull necessity of manual calculations with a machine. The mechanical contraption, made of 40,000 components and 2,500 telephone relays, was able to save 64 numbers in its memory and execute basic arithmetic operations (Konrad Zuse Internet Archive 2001).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Behrendt, S. 1998. Innovationen zur Nachhaltigkeit. Ökologische Aspekte der Informations-und Kommunikationstechniken. Frankfurt/Main: Springer.
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAA). 1997. Erhebung der Belastungssituation beim Recycling von Elektronikschrott. Dortmund.
Bundesministerium für Umwelt (BMU). 2001. Gesetzgebung Altgeräte. http://www.bmu.de /sachthemen/abfallwirtschaft/bmu-stadt/elektro/detail/alt_gesetz.htm (23 October 2002).
Bundesratsdrucksache 638/98 (in German).
Commission of the European Communities. 2000a. Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and the Council on restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. 2000/0159(COD), COM 2000 347 provisional, Brussels.
—. 2000b. Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and the Council on waste electrical and electronic equipment. 2000/0158(COD), COM 2000 347 provisional, Brussels.
Donicht, Ch. and U. Selent. 1996. Das neue Abfallgesetz. Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung (IÖW) Berlin.
Dworak, Th. and M. Kuhndt. 2000. Return of used IT products, reuse, recycling. Policy paper of the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy.
Ebeling, A. 1996. Abgeschreddert. Das Elend mit dem Computerschrott. In c’t (4): 124–129.
Environmental Health Centre (EHC). 1998. Electronic Product Recovery and Recycling Conference. Summary Report.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1998. WasteWise update: Extended product responsibility. http://www.epa.gov /wastewise (20 March 2003).
—. 2000. WasteWise update: Electronics reuse and recycling. http://www.epa.gov ./wastewise(20 March.2003).
European Information Technology Observatory (EITO). 2002. European Information Technology Observatory 2002. Frankfurt/Main.
Europäische Kommission. 1996. Gemeinschaftsrecht im Bereich des Umweltschutzes — Abfall (Vol. 6). Brussels.
Geo Magazin. 2000. Grüner Punkt für grü nes Gewissen. Geo Magazin, Juli 2000. http://www.geo.de/GEO/wissenschaft_natur/oekologie/2000_06_GEO_07_gruener_punkt/?SDSID=- (10 April 2003).
Grote, A. 1999. Kreisläufer. Die Elektronikschrott-Verordnung kommt nicht Voran. In c’t (8): 90–94.
Japan Times Online. 2003. Post offices to aid in recycling PCs. Japan Times Online, 8 April. http://www.japantimes.com /cgi-bin/getartcile.pl5?nb20030408a9.htm (10 April 2003).
Konrad Zuse Internet Archive. 2001. http://www.zib.de/zuse/English_Version/index.html (01 April 2003).
Kuehr, R. 1996a. Tokyos Müllmanagement in Zeiten zunehmender Raumnot. In Japan 1995/96, ed. Manfred Pohl, 56–71. Hamburg.
—. 1996b. Dreamland of waste. Tokyo’s waste-management in times of land shortage. In Global environment change: Human and policy dimensions (Oxford) 6(2): 173–175.
Kunig, Ph. et al. 2003. Kreislaufwirtschafts-und Abfallgesetz. München: Beck.
Nikkei Net Interactive. 2003. Business glossary: Environment. http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/TNKS/TNKSHM/glossary/env_02.html (10 April 2003).
Patton-Hulce, V. 1995. Environment and the law. A dictionary. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Robèrt, K.-H. et al. 2002. Strategic sustainable development. Selection, design and synergies of applied tools. Journal of Cleaner Production 10(3): 197–214.
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD). 2003. Koalitionsvertrag—Erneuerung, Gerechtigkeit, Nachhaltigkeit. http://www.spd.de/servlet/PB/show/1023294/Koalitionsvertrag.pdf (01 April 2003).
Thomsen, S. 1997. Produktverantwortung: Rechtliche Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Kreislaufwirtschaft. Nomos. Baden-Baden.
Umweltbundesamt (UBA). 1996. Stand der Entsorgung von elektrischen und elektronischen Kleingeräten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Nr. 96/61. Berlin.
Welker, A. et al. 1996. Waste from electrical and electronic equipment: Producer responsibility: A view of initiatives in the EC. European Law Review (12): 341–344.
Wuppertal Institute. 2000. http://www.wupperinst.org /energie/werkstatt/i-net.htm (07 December 2001).
ZVEI. 2000. Entsorgung von Elektro-und Elektronikaltgeräten. Fakten und Argumente.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuehr, R. (2003). Managing PCS Through Policy: Review and Ways to Extend Lifespan. In: Kuehr, R., Williams, E. (eds) Computers and the Environment: Understanding and Managing their Impacts. Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0033-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0033-8_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1680-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0033-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive