Abstract
Protection may be defined as intervention by government in markets for internationally traded goods and services in order to provide an artificial competitive advantage to a domestic industry vis-à-vis foreign competition. This type of governmental intervention is part of what is generally known as commercial policy. It generates price discrimination between goods and services of domestic origin and those produced abroad. This definition can be applied equally to protection of home industries against competition from imports, and to measures that enable domestically produced goods to be sold more favorably abroad in competition with foreign goods or services. The usual means of aiding the sale of home-produced goods in foreign markets is to subsidize their production or export.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baldwin, R. E. 1976. The Political Economy of U.S. Trade Policy. The Bulletin, Bulletin 1976 - 4. Center for the Study of Financial Institutions, Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University.
Baldwin, R. E. 1978. “The Economics of the Gatt.” In P. Oppenheimer, ed., Issues in International Economics, pp. 82–93. Stocksfield: Oriel Press.
Barry, J. R. J. 1981. “International Political Economy: Problems and Issues-Part I.” Review of International Studies 1 (March), pp. 245–260.
Bergsten, C. F., O. Keohane, and J. S. Nye, Jr. 1975. “International Economics and International Politics: A Framework for Analysis.” In C. F. Bergsten and L. B. Krause, eds., World Politics and International Economics, pp. 3–36. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Bhagwati, J. N., ed. 1974. Illegal Transactions in International Trade. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Bhagwati, J. N., and B. Hansen. 1973. “A Theoretical Analysis of Smuggling.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (May), pp. 172–187.
Brock, W. A., and S. P. Magee, 1978. “The Economics of Special Interest Politics: The Case of the Tariff.” American Economic Review 68 (May), pp. 246–250.
Brock, W. A., and S. P. Magee. 1980. “Tariff Formation in a Democracy.” In J. Black and B. Hindley, eds., Current Issues in Commercial Policy and Diplomacy, pp. 1–9. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.
Brock, W. A., and S. P. Magee. 1980. “A Model of Politics, Tariffs and Rent- Seeking in General Equilibrium.” Paper presented at the International Economic Association, Sixth World Congress of Economists, Mexico City, August 7, 1980.
Casson, M. C. 1982. “Transaction Costs and the Theory of Multinational Enterprise.” In A. M. Rugman, ed., New Theories of Multinational Enterprise, pp. 24–43. London: Croom Helm, 1982.
Caves, R. E. 1976. “Economic Models of Political Choice: Canada’s Tariff Structure.” Canadian Journal of Economics 9 (May), pp. 278–300.
Connolly, M. 1970. “Public Goods, Externalities, and International Relations.” Journal of Political Economy 78 (March/April), pp. 279–290.
Corden, M. W. 1974. Trade Policy and Economic Welfare. London: Oxford University Press.
Drucker, P. F. 1977. “The Rise of Production Sharing.” Wall Street Journal, March 15, p. 22.
Findley, R., and S. Wellisz. 1982. “Endogenous Tariffs, The Political Economy of Trade Restrictions and Welfare.” In J. N. Bhagwati, ed., Import Competition and Response, pp. 223–243. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Finger, J. M., H. K. Hall, and D. R. Nelson. 1982. “The Political Economy of Administered Protection.” American Economic Review 72 (June), pp. 452–466.
Glismann, H. H., and F. D. Weiss. 1980. On the Political Economy of Protection in Germany. World Bank Staff Working Paper 427. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Gordon, R. A. 1976. “Rigor and Relevance in a Changing International Setting.” American Economic Review 66 (March), pp. 1–14.
Gray, H. P. 1985. “North-South Trade: An Impasse in Policy Formulation.” European Journal of Political Economy 1 (3), pp. 325–341.
Gray, H. P., T. A. Pugel, and I. Walter. 1982. Employment, Trade and North- South Cooperation: United States Country Study. WEB Working Paper. Geneva: International Labor Office.
Gray, H. P., and I. Walter. 1983. “Investment-Related Trade Distortions in Petrochemicals.” Journal of World Trade Law 17 (July/August), pp. 283–307.
Grubel, H. G. 1971. “Effective Tariff Protection: A Non-Specialist Introduction to the Theory, Policy Implications and Controversies.” In H. G. Grubel and H. G. Johnson, eds., Effective Tariff Protection, pp. 1–15. Geneva: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Graduate Institute of International Studies, 1971.
Hadley, E. M. 1982. “Is the US-Japan Trade Imbalance a Problem?” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 1 (March), pp. 35–36.
Hager, Wolfgang. 1982. “North-South Trade and Socio-Economic Autonomy: A Peace Formula.” Trade and Development VN CT AD Review (Winter), pp. 119–128.
Helleiner, G. K. 1977. “The Political Economy of Canada’s Tariff Structure: An Alternative Model.” Canadian Journal of Economics 10 (May), pp. 318–326.
Hufbauer, G. C. 1983. “Subsidy Issues after the Tokyo Round.” In W. R. Cline, ed., Trade Policy in the 1980s, pp. 327–361. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1983.
Johnson, H. G. 1960. “The Cost of Protection and the Scientific Tariff.” Journal of Political Economy 68 (August), pp. 327–345.
Johnson, H. G. 1965. “An Economic Theory of Protectionism, Tariff Bargaining, and the Formation of Customs Unions.” Journal of Political Economy 73 (June), pp. 256–283.
Kemp, M. C. 1976. “Smuggling and Optimal Commercial Policy.” Journal of Public Economics 5 (April—May), pp. 381–384.
Keohane, R. O., and J. S. Nye. 1973. “World Politics and the International System.” In C. F. Bergsten, ed., The Future of the International Economic Order: An Agenda for Research, pp. 115–179. Lexington, MA: Heath, 1973.
Kindleberger, C. P. 1951. “Group Behavior and International Trade.” Journal of Political Economy 59 (February), pp. 30–47. Reprinted in C. P. Kindleberger, Economic Response: Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance, and Growth, pp. 19-38. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Kreinin, M. E. 1970. “On the Equivalence of Tariffs and Quotas.” Kyklos 23, pp. 75–79.
Krueger, A. O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64 (June), pp. 291–303.
Leibenstein, H. 1978. “On the Basic Proposition of X-Efficiency Theory.” American Economic Review 68 (May), pp. 328–332.
Meade, J. E. 1955. Trade and Welfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Messerlin, P. A. 1981. “The Political Economy of Protectionism: The Bureaucratic Case.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 117, pp. 469–496.
Michalski, W. 1983. “The Need for Positive Adjustment Policies in the 1980s.” Inter economics 8 (January/February), pp. 42–48.
Mill, J. S. 1909. Principles of Political Economy. London: Longmans, Green.
Moxon, R. W. 1984. “Export Platform Foreign Investments in the Asia-Pacific Region.” In R. W. Moxon, T. W. Roehl, and J. F. Truitt, eds., International Business Strategies in the Asia-Pacific Region. Greenwich, CT: J AI Press, 1984.
Murray, T. 1977. Trade Preferences for Developing Countries. London: Macmillan Press.
OECD. 1979. The Impact of the Newly Industrializing Countries. Paris: OECD.
Pincus, J. J. 1962. Sharing the Costs of Military Alliance and International Economic Aid. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Pugel, T. A., and I. Walter. 1985. “U.S. Corporate Interests and the Political Economy of Trade Policy.” Review of Economics and Statistics 67 (August), pp. 465–473.
Pugel, T. A., and I. Walter. 1985. “U.S. Corporate Interests and the Political Economy of Trade Policy.” Review of Economics and Statistics 67 (August), pp. 465–473.
Riedel, J. 1977. “Tariff Concession in the Kennedy Round and the Structure of Protection in West Germany, An Econometric Assessment.” Journal of International Economics 1 (May), pp. 133–143. Russett, B. M., ed. 1968. Economic Theories of International Politics. Chicago: Markham.
Schultze, C. L. 1983. “Industrial Policy: A Solution in Search of a Problem.” California Management Review 25 (Summer), pp. 5–15.
Tullock, G. 1967. “The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft.” Western Economic Journal 5 (June), pp. 224–232.
Walter, I. 1969. “Nontariff Barriers and the Free-Trade Area Option.” Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review 88 (March), pp. 16–45.
Walter, I. 1971. “On the Equivalence of Tariffs and Quotas: Comment.” Kyklos 24, pp. 111–112.
Weil, F. A. 1983. “U.S. Industrial Policy: A Process in Need of a Federal Industrial Coordination Board.” Law and Policy in International Business 14 (4), pp. 981–1039.
Wolf, Martin. 1983. “Managed Trade in Practice: Implications of the Textile Arrangements.” In William R. Cline, ed., Trade Policy in the 1980s, pp. 455–482. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1983.
Baldwin, R. E. 1986. The Political Economy of U.S. Import Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bhagwati, J. N., and T. N. Srinivasan. 1980. “Revenue Seeking: A Generalization of the Theory of Tariffs.” Journal of Political Economy 88 (December), pp. 1069–1087.
Cassing, J., and J. Ochs. 1978. “International Trade, Factor Market Distortions and the Optimal Dynamic Subsidy: Comment.” American Economic Review 68 (December), pp. 950–955.
Cassing, J., and A. L. Hillman. 1985. “Political Influence Motives and the Choice Between Tariffs and Quotas.” Journal of International Economics 19 (November), pp. 279–290.
Cassing, J., and A. L. Hillman. 1986. “Shifting Comparative Advantage and Senescent Industry Collapse.” American Economic Review 76 (June), pp. 516–523.
Cassing, J., A. L. Hillman, and N. V. Long. 1986. “Risk Aversion, Terms of Trade Uncertainty, and Social-Consensus Trade Policy.” Oxford Economic Papers 38 (July), pp. 234–242.
Cassing, J., T. McKeown, and J. Ochs. 1986. “The Political Economy of the Tariff Cycle.” American Political Science Review 80 (September), pp. 843–862.
Colander, D., ed. 1984. Neoclassical Political Economy. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Curzon, G. 1981. “Neo-protectionism, the MFA and the European Community.” The World Economy 4 (September), pp. 251–262.
Dixit, A. K. 1985. “Strategic Aspects of Trade Policy.” Paper presented at the Fifth World Congress of the Econometrics Society, 1985.
Dixit, A. K., and A. S. Kyle. 1984. “On the Use of Trade Restrictions for Entry Promotion and Deterrence.” Discussion Papers in Economics No. 56, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University.
Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row. The Economist, April 24, 1982, p. 92.
GATT. 1981. GATT Activities. (Annual.) Geneva.
Grossman, G. M., and J. D. Richardson. 1985. Strategic Trade Policy: A Survey of Issues and Early Analysis. Princeton Special Papers in International Economics No. 15, April 1985. Princeton, NJ: International Finance Section, Princeton University.
Jensen, R., and M. Thursby. 1983. “Free Trade: Two Non-cooperative Equilibrium Approaches.” Ohio State University, processed, 1983.
Johnson, H. G. 1954. “Optimum Tariffs and Retaliation.” Review of Economic Studies, 21 (2), pp. 142–153.
Krugman, P. R. 1984. “The U.S. Response to Foreign Industrial Targeting.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (No. 1, 1984 ), pp. 77–131.
Lavergne, R. P. 1983. The Political Economy of U.S. Tariffs. New York: Academic Press.
Magee, S. P. 1972. “The Welfare Effects of Restrictions on U.S. Trade.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (No. 3, 1972 ), pp. 645–701.
Magee, S. P. 1978. “Three Simple Tests of the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem.” In P. Oppenheimer, ed., Issues in International Economics, pp. 138–153. Stocksfield: Oriel Press, 1978.
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Page, S. A D. 1980. “The Increased Use of Trade Controls by the Industrial Countries”. Intereconomics 3 (May/June ) pp. 144–151
Richardson, J. D. 1986. “Trade-Policy Implications of Strategic Economic Models.” National Bureau of Economic Research, processed, 1986.
Riezman, R. 1982. “Tariff Retaliation from a Strategic Viewpoint.” Southern Economic Journal 48 (January), pp.583–593.
Riezman, R., and J. Kennan. 1984. “Do Big Countries win Tariff Wars?” Discussion paper, University of Iowa, November 1984.
UNCTAD. 1981a. Non-Tariff Measures Facing Developing Countries Exports of Primary and Processed Commodities. Report by the UNCTADsecretarist.
UNCTAD. 1981b. Protectionism and Structural Adjustment. Report by the UNCTAD secretariat.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Peter Gray, H., Walter, I. (1987). The Issue of Protection. In: Officer, L.H. (eds) International Economics. Recent Economic Thought Series, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3263-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3263-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7964-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3263-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive