Abstract
Worldwide, more than a hundred different pest species have been recorded on tomato crops (Hussey, Read and Hesling, 1969: Schmutterer, 1969: Lange and Bronson, 1981; Talekar et al., 1983). At any one time and place, however, only a few species are major pests of economic importance (Table 10.1). All pest fauna are to some extent dynamic and change continually both as crop production practices develop and behaviour of the pest species changes. This is particularly true for the tomato crop as it is a young and rapidly developing agricultural system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahmed, M., Blauch, M. A. and Ahmed, M. (1980) Abundance and diversity of typhlocybine leafhoppers on vegetable plants in Pakistan. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 23, 41–7.
Anan, V. and Winai, R. (1979) Principal insects which attack tomato in the tropics and their control. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Tropical Tomaio. Shanhua, Taiwan/AVRDC publ. 78–59, pp. 132–5.
Anderson, L. D. (1954) The tomato russet mite in the United States. J. Econ. Entomol., 47, 1001–5.
Australian Government (1972) Summary of Recommendations for the Use of Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests in Australia. Tomatoes. Australian Government Pub. Serv., Canberra, pp. 109–16.
Avidov, Z. (1956) Bionomics of the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennad.) in Israel. Ktavim, 7, 25–41.
Avidov, Z. and Harpaz, I. (1969) Plant Pests of Israel. Israel Univ. Press. Jerusalem pp. 549.
Berlinger, M. J. (1980a) A yellow sticky trap for whiteflies: Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Aleurodidae). Eni. Exp. Appl., 27, 98–102.
Berlinger, M. J. (1980b) Resistance in tomato to the greenhouse whitefly in relation to integrated control in glasshouses. Bull. IOBC/WPRS. 1980/III/3, 17–23.
Berlinger, M. J. and Dahan, R. (1982) Control of Bemiua tabaci, the vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in glasshouse tomatoes. Phytoparasitica, 10, 297 (abstr.).
Berlinger, M. J. and de Ponti, O. M. B. (1981) Methods for testing resistance to whiteflies in tomato and related spccics. Bull IOBC/WPRS 1981/IV/l. 115–8.
Berlinger, M. J., Dahan, R. and Cohen, S. (1983) Greenhouse tomato pests and their control in Israel. Proc. Working (Jroup Integrated Control in (Hasshouses Bull. IOBC/WPRS 1983/VI/3, 7–11.
Berlinger, M. J., Dahan, R. and Cohen, S. (1984) Phenology of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in glasshouse tomatoes in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 12. 141 (abstr.).
Berlinger, M. J., Dahan, R. and Shevach-Urkin, E. (1983) Breeding for resistance to whiteflies in tomatoes in relation to integrated pest control in greenhouses. Bull. IOBC/WPRS 1983/VI/3, 172–6.
Berlinger, M. J., Dahan, R. and Shevach-Urkin, E. (1984) Resistance to the tobacco whiteflv Bemisia (abaci, in tomato and related species: a quick screening method. Bull. IOBC/WPRS 1984/VII/4, 39–40.
Berlinger, M. J., Magai, Z. and Benzioni, A. (1983) The importance of pH in food selection by the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica, 11, 151–60.
Berlinger, M. J., Gol’berg, A. M., Dahan, R and Cohen, S. (1983a) The use of plastic covering to prevent the spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in greenhouses, (in Hebrew with English abstract). Hassadeh. 63, 1862–5.
Berlinger, M. J., Rylski, I., Dahan, R. and Lewisman, P. (1983b) Plastic coverings to prevent the spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in the open field. Hassadeh, 63, 2090–4 (with English abstract p 2341).
Blunck, H. (1956) in Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten; Tieruche Schaedlinge an Nutzpflanzen (ed. P. Soraner). Part 2. 5th edn. Paul Parcy, Berlin and Hamburg, pp. 331–15: Aleyrodina ( Alcurodina) C. Boerner.
Bodenheimer, F. S. and Swirski, E. (1957) The Aphidoidea of the Middle East. The Weizman Science Press of Israel, Jerusalem, 378 pp.
Bohlem, E. (1973) Crop Pests in Tanzania and Their Control (Tomato, L. esculentum) Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin and Hamburg, pp. 111–2.
Boudreaux, H. B. (1956) Revision of the two-spotted spider mite (Acarina, Tetranychidae) complex. Tetranychus telarius (Linnaeus). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 49, 43–8.
Boudreaux, H. B. (1963) Biological aspects of some phytophagous mites. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 8, 137–54.
Butler, G. D., Jr. Henneberry, T. J. and Clayton, T. E. (1983) Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): development, oviposition, and longevity in relation to temperature. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 76, 310–3.
Cermeli, L. M., Doreste, S. E. and van Baien, L. (1982) Aculops lycopersici (Massec, 1937) (Acari, Eriophyidae) a new pest of tomato crops in Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia. Universidad Central de Venezuela. 12, 227–34.
Chandler, L. D. (1981) Evaluation of different shapes and color intensities of yellow traps lor use in population monitoring of Dipterous leaf miners. Southwest Entomol., 6, 23–7.
Chabra, K. S. (1973) Influence of certain phytoades and antibiotics on the reproduction and development of Tetranychus mites, in Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. Acarology. Prague. 1971 (ed. Milan David and Bohumir Rosicky ). W. Junk. The Hague, pp. 645–7.
Clayberg, C. D. and Kring, J. B. (1974) Breeding tomato resistant to potato aphid and whitefly. HortSci., 9, 297 (abstr.).
Cohen, S. (1982) Control of whitefly vectors of viruses by color mulches, in Pathogens, Vectors and Plant Diseases, Academic Press, New York and London. Chapter 3, pp. 45–56.
Cohen, S. and Antignus, Y. (1982) A noncirculative whitefly-borne virus affecting tomatoes in Israel. Phytoparasitica. 10, 101–9.
Cohen, S. and Berlinger, M. J (1986) Transmission and cultural control of whitefly-borne viruses. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 17, no. 1–2, 89–97.
Cohen, S and Harpaz, I. (1964) Periodic, rather than continual acquisition of a new tomato virus by its vector the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gcnnadius) Entomol. Exp. Appl., 7, 155–66.
COPR (Centre for Overseas Pest Research) (1983) Pest Control in Tropical Tomatoes. Centre for Overseas Pest Research. Overseas Development Administration, London, 130 pp.
Curry, J. P. and Pimentel, D. (1971) Evaluation of tomato varieties for resistance to greenhouse whitefly. J Econ. Entomol., 64, 1333–4.
Cwilich, R. and Ascher, K. R. S. (1961) Organo-Phosphor resistance of red spider mites on sugar beets. Israel J. Agric. Res., 11, 135–6.
Dahan, R. (1985) Lycopersicon pennellii as a source for resistance to the tobacco whitefly. Bemisia tabaci in tomato. M Sc. Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Sciences Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Beer Sheva, 55 + 5 pp.
de Ponti, O. M. B. (1979) Host plant resistance to insects and mites: a neglected but essential part of integrated pest control. Proc. IOBC Conf. Integr. Pest Control in Agriculture and Forestry. Vienna, pp. 113–20.
de Ponti, O. M. B. (1980) Contribution of plant breeding to integrated pest control illustrated on the glasshouse cucumbcr and its pests Tetranychus urricae and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. EPPO Bull., 10, 357–63.
de Ponti, O. M. B and Hogenboom, N. G. (1980) Breeding tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) for resistance to the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) pp. 187–190, in Integrated Control of Insect Pests in lite Netherlands (eds A. K. Minks, and P. Gruys ), Pudoc, Wageningen.
de Ponti, O. M. B., Pet, G. and Hogenboom, N. G. (1975) Resistance to the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw.), in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and related species. Luphytica, 24, 645–9.
Dixon, A. F. G. (1973) Biology of Aphids (Studies in Biology no. 4), Edward Arnold, London. 58 pp.
Dupont, L. M. (1979) On geneflow between Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Biosduval) Boudreaux. 1956 (Acari: Tetranych). Synonomy between the two species. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 25, 297–303.
Edwards, C A. and Heath, G. W. (1964) The Principles of Agricultural Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London. 418 pp.
Feldman, A. M. (1980) Genetic control of the greenhouse spider mite Tetranychus urticae, in Integrated Control of Insect Pests in Hie Netherlands (eds A K. Minks and P. Gruys ). Pudoc (Center for Agric. Publishing and Documentation), Wageningen, 304 pp.
Foster, G. N. and Barker, J. (1978) A new biotype of red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) causing typical damage to tomatoes. Pl. Pathol., 27, 47–8.
Fowler, H. D. (1956) Some physiological effects of attack by whitcfly (Bemisia gossypiperda) and of spraying parathion on cotton in the Sudan Gezira. Emp. Cott. Grow. Rev., 33, 288–99.
GCRI (1976) The Biological Control of Tomato Pests. Glasshouse Crops Research Institute. Growers’ Bull. No. 3. Littlehampton, 22 pp.
Gentile, A. G. and Stoner, A. K. (1968a) Resistance in Lycopersicon and Solanum species to the potato aphid. J. Econ. Entomol., 61, 1152–4.
Gentile, A. G. and Stoner, A. K. (1968b) Resistance in Lycopersicon spp. to the tobacco flea beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1347–9.
Georgiev, H. and Sotirova, V. (1978) Resistance of wild tomato spccics to the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporanorum Wolw,). Genet. Pl Breeding, Sofia, 11, 214–7.
Gerling, D. (1967) Bionomics of the whitefly parasite complex associated with cotton in Southern California (Homoptcra: Alyrodidae; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 60, 1306–21.
Gerling, D. (1984) The overwintering mode of Bemisia tabaci and its parasitoids in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 12, 109–18.
Gerling, D. and Horowitz, A. R. (1984) Yellow traps for evaluating the population levels and dispersal patterns of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera. Alcurodidac). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 77, 735 - 9.
Gerling, D., Motro, U. and Horowitz, R. (1980) Dynamics of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) attacking cotton in the Costal Plain of Israel Bull. Entomol. Res., 70, 213–19.
Goodey, J. B., Franklin, M. T. and Hooper, D. J. (1965) The Nematode Parasites of Plants Catalogued under their Hosts. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Farnham Royal, Bucks, UK. 214 pp.
Hall, I. M. (1973) Pathogens of Aphids. in Perspectives in Aphid Biology (ed. A. D Lowe). Entom. Soc. of New Zealand. Auckland: 30–40. Bull., 2, 30–9.
Hall. R. A. (1975) Aphid control by a fungus. Verticillium lecanii within an integrated programme for chrysanthemum pests and diseases Proc. 8th Br. Insecticide and Fungicide Conf. p. 93.
Harbough, B. K., Price, J. F. and Stanley, C. D. (1983) Influence of leaf nitrogen on leafminer damage and yield of spray chrysanthemum. Hort. Sci., 18, 880–1.
Hassan, S. A. (1983) A practical method to monitor pests and natural enemies in integrated control experiments under glass. IOBC/WPRS Bull., 1983/VI/3. 186–93.
Hassan, S. A. and Meyer, E. (1983) Bioligische Schädlingsbekämpfung — ein Teil des Integrierten Pflanzenschutzes. Auswcrtungs- und Informationdienst für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten (AID) e. v ., Bonn 20 pp.
Helle, W. and van de Vrie, M. (1974) Problems with spider mites. Outlook on Agriculture. 8, 119–25.
Helyer, N. I., Grimmett, G. and Pickford, R. J. J. (1983) The use of polybutenes in crop protection. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Plant Protection. Brighton. 2, 3 (abstr.).
Hendrikse, A. (1980) A method for mass rearing two Brakonid parasites (Dacnusa sibirica and Optus pallipes) of the tomato leafminer (Linomyza bryoniae). Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent, 45/3, 563–71.
Hill, B. G. (1969) A morphological comparison between two species of whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Wcstw.) and Bemisia tabaci (Genn) (Homoptcra: Alcyrodidac) which occur on tobacco in the Transvaal. Phvtophvlactica, 1, 127–46.
Hill, D. S. (1975) Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 516 pp.
Horowitz, A. R., Podoler, H. and Gerling, D. (1984) Life table analysis of the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gcnnadius) in cotton fields in Israel. Acta Oecologica. Oecol. Applic., 5, 221–33.
Huffaker, C. B., van de Vrie, M. and McMurtry, J. A. (1969) The ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural control. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 14, 125–54.
Hussein, M. A., Puri, A. N. and Trehan, K. N. (1936) Cell sap acidity and (he incidence of whitefly Bemisia gossypiperda on cotton. Curr. Sci., 4, 486–7.
Hussey, N. W. and Bravenboer, L. (1971) Control of pests in glasshouse culture by the introduction of natural enemies, in Biological Control (ed. C. B. Huffaker ), Plenum Press, New York. London, pp. 195–216.
Hussey, N. W., Read, W. H. and Hesling, J. J. (1969) The Pests of Protected Cultivation. The Biology and Control of Glasshouse and Mushroom Pests. Edward Arnold, London. 404 pp.
Idowu, A. A. (1983) Observations on root-knot nematodes infecting resistant tomato variety Roma VFN in Northern Nigeria. Trop. Pest Manag., 29, 421–2.
Jackson, J. E., Burhan, H O. and Hassan, H. M. (1973) Effect of season, sowing date, nitrogenous fertilizer and insecticide spraying on the incidence of insect pests on cotton in the Sudan Gezira. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 81, 491–505.
Jarrett, P. and Burgcs, D. (1982) Control by Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki on glasshouse tomatoes and the influence of larval behavior. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 31, 239–44.
Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H. and Baker, E. W. (1975) Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 614 pp.
Johnson, M. W., Oatman, E. R., Toscano, N. C., Welter, S. C. and Trumble, J. T. (1984) The vegetable leafminer on fresh market tomatoes in southern California. Calif. Agric., 38. 10–11.
Johnson, M W., Toscano, N. C., Reynolds, H. T., Sylvester, E. S., Kido, K. and Natwick, E. T. (1982) Whiteflies cause problems for southern California growers. Calif. Agric., 9–10, 24–6.
Johnson, M. W., Welter, S. C., Toscano, N. C., Ting, I. P. and Trumble, J. T. (1983) Reduction of tomato leaflet photosynthesis rates by mining activity of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidac). J. Econ. Entomol., 76, 1061–3.
Judenko, E. (1973) Analytical method for assessing yield losses caused by pests on cereal crops with and without pesticides. Tropical Pest Bull., 2, COPR. London. 31 pp.
Juvik, J. A., Berlinger, M. J., Ben-David, T. and Rudich, J. (1982) Resistance among accessions of the genera Lycopersicon and Solanum to four of the main insects of tomato in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 10, 145–56.
Kehat, M., Genizi, A. and Greenberg, S. (1975) The use of traps baited with live females or synthetic pheromone as a tool for improving control programs of the cotton leaf-worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) in cotton fields in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 3, 3–18
Kelsheime, E. G. (1963) Tomato varietal resistance to leafminer attack. Proc. Fla. St Hon. Soc., 76, 134–5.
Kisha, J. S. A. (1981) The effect of insecticides on Bemisia tabaci, tomato leaf curl virus disease incidence and yield of tomatoes in the Sudan. Ann. Biol., 99, 231–9.
Lamb, K. B. (1953) A revision of the gall-mites (Eriophyidae) occurring on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with a key to the Eriophyidae recorded from solanaccous plants. Bull. Entomol. Res., 44. 343–50.
Lange, W H. and Bronson, L. (1981) Insect pests of tomatoes. Ann. Rev. Ent., 26, 345–71.
Ledieu, M. S. and Helyer, N. L. (1981) Problems associated with a virulent strain of red spider mite (Tetranychuf urticae) causing hypertoxic damage to glasshouse tomatoes. Proc. 1981 Br. Crop Protection Conf. — Perns and Diseases, Brighton, pp. 105–8.
Leigh, T and Wynholds, P. F. (1980) Insecticides enhance spider mite reproduction. Calif. Agric., 34, 14–15.
Lewis, T. (1973) Thrips, Their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance Academic Press. London and New York. 349 pp.
Lindquist, R. K. (1974) Effects of leafminer larvae on yields of greenhouse tomatoes: a preliminary report. Greenhouse Vegetable Research. 1974. Ohio Agric. Develop. Center. Wooster. Ohio. Res. Summary, 73, 25–9.
Lindquist, R. K. (1977) Integrated control of insects and mites on greenhouse crops, in Power, Food, Water (ed. M. Jansen) Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Environment Agriculture (Arizona), pp. 383–92.
Lindquist, R. K. (1983) New greenhouse pests, with particular reference to the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Plant Protection (Brighton), pp. 1087–94.
Lindquist, R. K. and Wolgamott, M. L. (1980) Toxicity of Acephate to Phytoseiulus persimilis and Tetranychus urticae. Environ. Entomol., 9, 389–92.
Lindquist, R. K., Frost, C. and Wolgamott, M. L. (1979) Integrated control of insects and mites on greenhouse crops OARDC, Research Circular 245, Wooster, Ohio. 18 pp.
Luckman, H. (1980) Resistance of tomato cultivars to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Bull. Penelitian Hortikultura, 8, 23–9.
Mabbett, T., Nachaporig, M. and Mekdaeng, J. (1980) The within-canopy distribution of adult cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) incorporating economic-thresholds and meteorological conditions. Thai J. Agric. Sci., 13, 97–108.
MAFF (1982) Control of Pests and Diseases of Field Vegetables. Min. of Agric. Fisheries and Food. London MAFF Publ, Booklet 2383. 195 pp.
MAFF (1983) Control of pest and diseases of protected crops 1983 — tomatoes. Min. of Agric. Fisheries and Food. London. MAFF Publ., Booklet 2243, 110 pp.
Mariconi. F. A.M. (1976) Insecticidas & Sen Emprego No Combate As Pragas. Tomo II Pragas Das Plantas Cultivadas & Dos Produtos Armazenados, 3rd edn, Livraria Nobel S. A. Sao Paulo.
Marmelstein, G. (1983) Studies on the resistance of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture. The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Rehovot. pp. 42 + 1.
Martin, J. H. (1983) The identification of common aphid pests of tropical agriculture. Trop Pest Mgmt., 29. 395–411.
McNally, P. S. (1984) Beet armyworm pheromone trap. Calif. Agric., 38, 19–20.
Melamed-Madjar, V., Cohen, S., Chen, M., Tam, S. and Rosilio, D. (1979) Observations on populations of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidac) on cotton adjacent to sunflower and potato in Israel. Israel Entomol.. 13, 71–8.
Melamed-Madjar, V., Cohen, S., Chen, M., Tam, S. and Rosilio, D. (1982) A method for monitoring Bemisia tabaci and timing spray applications against the pest in cotton fields in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 10, 85–91.
Melamed-Madjar, V., Gerson, U. and Tal, S. (1983) A laboratory method for estimating survival of tobacco whitefly nymphs after insecticide treatment, based on honeydew excretion. Phytoparasitica, 11, 25–32.
Metcalf, C. C., Flint, W. P. and Metcalf, R. L. (1962) Destructive and Useful Insects. Their Habits and Control. 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1087 pp.
Mitchell, E. R., Webb, J. C., Baumhover, A. H., Endris, R. G., Hines, R. W. and Masuda, S. (1972) Activity of tobacco hornworm moths as determined by electrocutor grid traps baited with a blacklight lamp and virgin females. Environ. Ent., 1, 679–82.
Monroe, R. S. (1963) A genetic study of the Tetranychus telarius complex. Acarologia, 5, 545–55.
Mound, L. A. and Halsey, S. H. (1978) Whiteflies of the World. A Systemic Catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with Host Plant and Natural Enemy Data. British Museum ( Nat. History) and John Wiley, London.
Nakazawa, K. (1983) Factors preventing the development of biological control in Japanese greenhouses. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 1983/VI/3, 32–5.
Nedstam, B. (1983) Control of Liriomyza bryoniae Kalt. by Dacnusa sibirica Tel. OILB/WPRS Bull. 1983/VI/3. 124–7.
Nitzani, F. E. (1970) Virus diseases of annual crops in Israel. Volcani Inst. Agric. Res., Bet Dagan. Israel. 71 + VIII pp. (Published on the occasion of the IXth Int. Hort. Cong.).
Nolte, H. W. (1955) Die Verwendungsmoeglichkeit von Gelbschalen nach Mocricke fuer Sammler und angewandte Entomologcn. Ber. 7 Wand Versumml dtsch Ent. (1954), 201–12.
Ohnesorge, B., Sharaf, N. and Allawi, T. (1980/81) Population studies on the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homopctera: Aleyrodidae) during the winter season. I. The spatial distribution on some host plants II. Some mortality factors of the immature stages. Z. Angew. Ent., 90, 226–32, 92, 127–36.
Orion, D. and Krikun, J. (1976) Response of Verticillium-resistant and Verticillum-susceptible tomato varieties to inoculation with the nematode. Meloidogyne javanica and with Verticillium dahliae. Phytoparasitica, 4, 41–4
Oshima, N. (1979) Tomato viruses, in 1st Int. Symp. Tropical Tomato 1978 (ed. R. Cowell) AVRDC publication 78–59, Taiwan, pp. 124–31.
Ossiannilsson, F. (1966) Insects in the epidemiology of plant viruses. Ann. Rev. Ent., 11, 213–32.
Overmeer, W. P. J. and Helle, W. (1980) Genetics of resistance in spider mites from rose houses, in Integrated Control of Insect Pests in The Netherlands (eds A. K. Minks and P Grays ), Pudoc, Wageningen, pp. 125–7.
Parrella, M. P. (1983) Insect growth regulators for the control of Liriomyza trifolu and compatibility with natural enemies. IOBOWPRS, 1983/VI/3; 128-33.
Parrella, M. P., Keil, C. B. and Morse, J. G. (1984) Insecticide resistance in Liriomyza trifolii. Calif. Agric., 38, 22–3.
Peacock, F. C. (1957) Studies on root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne in the Gold Coast. II. The effect of soil moisture content on survival of the organism Nematologia. 2, 114–22.
Perrin, R. M. and Phillips, M. L. (1978) Some effects of mixed cropping on the population dynamics of insect pests. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 24, 585–93.
Pickford, R. J. J. (1983) A selective method of thrips control of cucumbers. IOBCI WPRS Bull. 1983/VI/3, 177–80.
Plaut, H. N. (1971) Distance of attraction of moths of Spodoptera littoralis to BL radiation, and recapture of moths released at different distances of an ESA blacklight standard trap. J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 1402–4.
Plaut, H. N. and Cohen, M. (1967) The two-spotted (carmine) spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.) on apple in Israel Identity, history of control and two control field tests. Z. angew. Entomol., 60, 460–6.
Plaut, H. N. and Feldman, M. (1967) Effects of Sevin and DDT on the density of field populations of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd. Entomophaga, Memoire H. S. No. 3, 89–93.
Porath-Ben David, T. (1983) Transferring resistance to the potato tuber moth from wild species to the cultivated tomato. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem. Rehovot pp. 67+2.
Ramakers, P. M. J. (1978) Possibilities for biological control of Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Med. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gem, 43, 463–70.
Ramakers, P. M. J. (1980) Biological control of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with Amblyseius spp. (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Bull IOBC/WPRS 1980/III/3, 203–7.
Ramakers, P. M. J. (1983) Aschersonia ateyrodis, a selective biological insecticide. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 1983/VI/3, 167–71.
Raman, K. V. (1982) Field trials with the sex pheromone of the potato tuberworm. Environ. Ent., 11, 367–70.
Rice, E. and Strong, F. E. (1962) Bionomics of the tomato russet mite. Vasares lycopersicae (Massec). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 55, 431–5.
Rick, C. M. (1978) The tomato. Sci. Am., August, 67–76.
Ripper, W. E. and George, L. (1965) Cotton Pests of the Sudan. Their Habits and Control. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford. 342 pp.
Rivnay, E (1962) Field Crop Pests in the Near Fast. Dr W. Junk, Den Haag.
Rivnay, E. (1964) The influence ol man on insect ecology in and zones. Ann. Rev. Ent., 9, 41–62.
Schalk, J. M. and Stoner, A. K. (1976) A bioassay differentiates resistance to the Colorado potato beetle on tomatoes. J. Am. Hort. Sci., 101, 74–6.
Schmutterer, H. (1969) Pests of Crops in Northeast and Central Africa. Gustav Fisher Verlag. Stuttgart. 296 pp.
Schulten, G. G. M. (1980) A strain of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytosciidac) resistant to organo-phosphorus compounds, in Integrated Control of Insect Pests in The Netherlands (eds A. K. Minks and P. Grays ), Pudoc, Wageningen.
Schuster, D.J. (1977) Resistance in tomato accessions to the tomato pinworm. J. Econ. Entomol., 70, 434–6.
Shaheen, A. H. (1983) Some ecological aspects of the whilefly Bemtsia tabaci Genn.. the main insect vector transmitting tomato leaf curl virus diseases. Ann. Agric. Sci. Moshtohor, 19, 453–7.
Sharaf, N. S. (1982a) Factors limiting abundance of the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn. Homoptera: Alevrodidae) on tomatoes during the spring season in the Jordan Valley. Dirastas, 9, 97–103.
Sharaf, N. S. (1982b) Determination of the proper height, direction, position and distance of a yellow sticky trap monitoring adult sweet potato whitefly populations (Bemisia tabaci Genn., Homoptera: Aleyrodidac). Dirastas. 9, 169–82.
Sharaf, N. S. and Allawi, T. F. (1981) Control of Bemisia tabaci Genn. a vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease in Jordan. Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens., 88, 123–31.
Sheinboim, Y., Bahat, A. and Brosh, S. (1983) Pyrazophosforthccontroloflcafminers (Liriomyza spp.) in flowers and vegetables. Phytoparasitica, 11, 131 (abstr.).
Shevach-Urkin. E. (1983) Comparison of the resistance to the tobacco whitcfly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius in the cultivated tomato. Lycopersicon esculeiuum Mill, and the wild species Lycopersiconhirsutum varglabratumC. H. Mull. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture. The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Rehovot. 74 + 3 pp. (in Hebrew with English summary).
Slack, G. (1981) De-leafing, to what effect? Grower, 95, 16–21.
Spencer, K. A. (1973) Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Dr W. Junk, The Hague.
Spiegel, Y., Cohen, F. and Kafkafi, U. (1982a) The influence of ammonium and nitrate nutrition of tomato plants on parasitism by the root-knot nematode. Phytoparasilica, 10, 33–40.
Spiegel, Y., Cohen, E., Kafkafi, U. and Sutami, M. (1982b) Influence of potassium and nitrogen fertilization of parasitism by the root-knot nematode Metoldogyne javanica. J. Nematol., 14, 530–5.
Stacey, D. L. (1983) The effect of artificial defoliation on the yield of tomato plants and its relevance to pest damage. J. Hort. Sci., 58, 117–20.
Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., van den Bosch, R. and Hagen, K. S. (1959) The integrated control concept. Hilgardui, 29, 81–101.
Talekar, N. S., Ying Fu Chang and Song Tay Lee (1983) Tomato insect pests: major management strategies, Proc. Symp. Insect Control of Vegetables (Taiwan), pp. 1–19.
Talhouk, A. M. S. (1969) Insects and Mites Injurious to Crops in Middle Eastern Countries. Paul Parey Verlag, Hamburg. 239 pp.
Theunissen, J. and Den Ouden, H. (1980) Effects of intercropping with Spergula arvensis on pests of Brussels sprout. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 27, 260–8.
Univ. of California (1982) Integrated Pest Management for Tomatoes. University of California. Divis. Agric. Sci. Publ. No 3274, 106 pp.
Valdez, R B. (1979) Nematodes attacking tomato and their control, in Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Tropical Tomato (Taiwan) (ed. R. Cowell), pp. 136–50.
van Emden, H. F. (1974) Pest Control and its Ecology. (Studies in Biology No. 50), Edward Arnold. London, 60 pp.
van Lenteren, J. C. (1983) The potential of entomophagous parasites for pest control Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 10, 143–58.
van Lenteren, J. C., Ramakers, P. M. and Woets, J. (1980) Integrated control of vegetable pests in greenhouses, in Integrated Control of Insect Pests in The Netherlands (eds A. K. Minks and P. Gruys) Pudoc, Wageningen. pp. 109–18.
van Steenwyk, R. A., Oatman, E. R., Toskano, N. C. and Wyman, J. A. (1983) Pheromone traps to time tomato pinworm control. Calif Agric., 37, 22–4.
van Steenwyk, R. A. and Oatman, E. R. (1983) Mating disruption of tomato pinworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) as measured by pheromone trap, foliage, and fruit infestation. J. Econ. Entomol, 76, 80–4.
van Zon, A. Q and Wysoki, M. (1978) The effect of some fungicides on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Entomophaga, 23, 371–8.
Varma, P. M. (1963) Transmission of plant viruses by whiteflies. Hull. Natl Inst. Sci. India, 24, 11–33.
Vet, L. E. M., van Lenteren, J. C. and Woets, J. (1980) The parasite host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). IX. Arcvicwofthc biological control of the greenhouse whitefly with suggestions for future research. Z. angew. Entomol., 90, 26–51.
Webb, R. E., Stoner, A. K. and Gentile, A G. (1971) Resistance to leafminers in Lycopersicon accessions. J. Am. Soc. Sci., 96, 65–7.
Webb, R. E., Hinebaugh, M. A. Lindquist, R K. and Jacobson, M. (1983) Evaluation of aqueous solution of nccm seed extract against Liriomyza salivae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). J. Econ. Ent., 76, 357–62.
Weisser, H. (1980) Lebensweise, Ökologie. Schadwirkung und Bekämpfung der Weissen Fliege Hemma tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptcra: Alcyrodidac). Diplom- Arbeit (Thesis), Univ. Hohenheim, W. Germany.
Wilson, L. T., Leigh, T. F. and Maggi, V. (1981) Presence-absence sampling of spider mite densities on cotton. Calif. Agric., 35, 10.
Wolfenbarger, D. A. and Wolfenbarger, D. O. (1966) Tomato yields and leafminer infestation and a sequential sampling plan for determining need for control treatments. J. Econ. Ent., 59, 279–83.
Wyatt, I. J., Ledieu, M. S., Stacey, D. L. and White, P. F. (1982) Crop loss due topests. Ann. Rep. Glasshouse Crops Res. Inst., Littlehampton, pp. 88–93.
Yassin, A. M. (1983) A review of factors influencing control strategies against tomato leaf curl virus disease in the Sudan. Trop. Pest Mgmt., 29, 253–6.
Yathom, S., Berlinger, M. J., Dahan, R. and Vocrman, S. (1979) Pheromone-baited traps as an aid in studying the phenology of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea opereulella (Zell.), in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 7, 195–7.
Yathom, S., Brosh, S. and Sofer, S. (1983) Liriomyza rnfolli Burgess in Israel. Phytoparasitica. 11, 130(Abstr.).
Zalom, F. G., Wilson, L. T., Hoffmann, M. P. Lange, W. H. and Weakley, C. W. (1983) Monitoring lepidopterous pest damage to processing tomatoes. Calif. Agric., 37, 25–6.
Zimmerman-Gries, S. (1983) Host range of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea opereulella. in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 11, 130 (Abstr.).
Zimmerman-Gries, S., Pilowsky. M. and Marco. S. (1976) Occurrence of alfalfa mosaic virus in tomatoes in Israel. Pl. Dis. Rep., 60, 895–7.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Chapman and Hall Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berlinger, M.J. (1986). Pests. In: Atherton, J.G., Rudich, J. (eds) The Tomato Crop. The Tomato Crop. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7910-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3137-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive