Skip to main content

Exposed Cross Sections of the Continental Crust - Synopsis

  • Chapter
Exposed Cross-Sections of the Continental Crust

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 317))

Abstract

Exposed cross sections of the continental crust are recognized on the basis of geophysical and geological data. In some cases, high-grade metamorphic portions of the sections can be traced into contemporary lower crust by geophysical methods. Geobarometric, structural and geophysical data, however, indicate that the deepest crustal levels are not exposed. Exposed cross sections can be emplaced by thrust faults in collisional or intracratonic settings, in transpressional uplifts, extensional regimes and impactogens. Continental crustal evolution, as portrayed by these sections, involves addition of magmas in continental magmatic arcs or island arcs and incorporation of supracrustal rocks into the lower crust. The role of magmatic underplating in crustal growth is not resolved by these sections. Geophysical models of the crust based on measurement of physical properties of rocks from exposed cross sections provide important constraints on the interpretation of crustal geophysical data.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ashwal, L.D., Morgan, P., Kelley, S.A., and Percival, J.A., 1987. ‘Heat production in an Archean crustal profile and implications for heat flow and mobilization of heat-producing elements’ Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 85, 439–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, R., Cazes, M., Dal Piaz, G.V., Damotte, B., Elter, G., Gosso, G., Hirn, A., Lanza, R., Lombardo, B., Mugnier, J.-L., Nicolas, A., Nicolich, R., Polino, R., Roure, F., Sacchi, R., Scarascia, S., Tabacco, I., Taponnier, P., Tardy, M., Taylor, M., Thouvenot, F., Torreilles, G., and Villien, A., 1987. ‘Premiers résultats de la traversée des Alpes occidentales par sismique reflexion verticale (Programme ECORS-CROP)’ C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 305, Serie II, 1461–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berckhemer, H., 1969. ‘Direct evidence for the composition of the lower crust and the Moho’ Tectonophysics 8, 97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen, S.R., and Mezger, K., 1989. ‘Origin of granulite terranes and the formation of the lowermost continental crust’ Science 244, 326–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boland, A.V., and Ellis, R.M., 1989. ‘Velocity structure of the Kapuskasing uplift, northern Ontario, from seismic refraction studies’ J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7189–7204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boland, A.V., Ellis, R.M., Northey, D.J., West, G.F., Green, A.G., Forsyth, D.A. Mereu, R.F., Meyer, R.P., Morel-à-l’Huissier, P.A., Buchbinder, G.G.R., Asudeh, I., and Haddon, R.A.W., 1988. ‘Seismic delineation of upthrust Archaean crust in Kapuskasing, northern Ontario’ Nature 335, 711–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, K.H., and Rutter, E.H., 1987. ‘Deep crustal extensional faulting in the Ivrea Zone of northern Italy’ Tectonophysics 140, 193–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, M., 1970. ‘Positive gravity anomalies in some orogenic belts’ Geol. Mag. 111, 399–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, M., 1970. ‘Positive gravity anomalies in some orogenic belts’ Geol. Mag. 111, 399–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chroston, P.N., and G. Simmons, 1989. ‘Seismic velocities from the Kohistan Arc, northern Pakistan’ J. Geol. Soc. 146, 971–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forman, D.J., and Shaw, R.D., 1973. ‘Deformation of the crust and mantle in central Australia’ Aust. Bur. Miner. Resour., Geol. Geophys. Bull. 144, 20 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., 1976. ‘The Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri zones, northern Italy, a cross- section of the continental crust-new evidence from seismic velocities’ Tectonophysics 33, 145–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., 1986. ‘Implications of deep crustal evolution for seismic reflection seismology’ In M. Barazangi and L. Brown, eds, Reflection Seismology: The Continental Crust. Am. Geophys. Un. Geodyn. Ser. 14, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., 1987. ‘Geological and geophysical nature of the lower continental crust as revealed by exposed cross sections of the continental crust’ In J.S. Noller, S.H. Kirby and J.E. Nielsen-Pike, eds, Geophysics and Petrology of the Deep Cmst and Upper Mantle. U.S. Geol Surv. Circular, 0956, 25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., 1989. ‘Growth and modification of lower continental crust in extended terrains: the role of extension and magmatic underplating’ In R.F. Mereu, S. Mueller and D.M. Fountain, eds, Lower Crust: Properties and Processes. Am. Geophys. Monogr. 51, 287–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., and Salisbury, M.H., 1981. ‘Exposed cross sections through the continental crust: Implications for crustal structure, petrology and evolution’ Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 5, 263–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., Salisbury, M.H., and Furlong, K.P., 1987. ‘Heat production and thermal conductivity of rocks from the Pikwitonei-Sachigo continental cross section, central Manitoba: implications for the thermal structure of Archean crust’ Can. J. Earth Sci. 24, 1583–1594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, D.M., Salisbury, M.H., and Percival, J.A., in press. ‘Seismic properties of the Superior Province crust based on seismic velocity measurements on rocks from the Michipicoten, Wawa and Kapuskasing terranes, Ontario’ J. Geophys. Res.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galson, D.A., 1983. ‘Heat production and temperature of the Alpine crust’ Ph.D. Diss., Cambridge, 171 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, R.A., and Thomas, M.D., 1976. ‘Gravity signature of fossil plate boundaries in the Canadian shield’ Nature 262, 199–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, G.M., McDougall, I., and Ireland, T.R., 1988. ‘Age constraints on metamorphism and development of a metamorphic core complex in Fiordland, southern New Zealand’ Geology 16, 405–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, P., 1968. ‘Die Struktur der Erdkruste im Bereich der Ivrea-Zone. Ein Vergleich verschiedener, seismischer Interpretationen und der Versuch einer petrographisch- geologischen Deutung’ Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 48, 261–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleby, B.R., Shaw, R.D., Wright, C., Kennett, B.L.N., and Lameck, K., 1989. ‘Geophysical evidence for ‘thick-skinned’ crustal deformation in central Australia’ Nature 337, 325–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hale, L.D., and Thompson, G.A., 1982. ‘The seismic reflection character of the continental Mohorovicic discontinuity’ J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4625–4635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W., 1981. ‘Crustal evolution by arc magmatism’ Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A301, 279–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handy, M.R., 1987. ‘The structure, age and kinematics of the Pogallo fault zone; Southern Alps, northwestern Italy’ Eclogae Helv. 80, 593–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K.V., and Fountain, D.M., 1984. ‘Pogallo Line, South Alps, northern Italy: An intermediate crustal level, low-angle normal fault?’ Geology 12, 151–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kern, H., and Schenk, V., 1985. ‘Elastic wave velocities in rocks from a lower crustal section in southern Calabria (Italy)’ Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 40, 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kern, H., and Schenk, V., 1988. ‘A model of velocity structure beneath Calabria southern Italy, based on laboratory data’ Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87, 325–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mezger, K., Hanson, G.N., and Bohlen, S.R., 1989. ‘U-Pb systematics of garnet: dating the growth of garnet in the Late Archean Pikwitonei granulite domain at Cauchon and Natawahunan Lakes, Manitoba, Canada’ Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 101, 136–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, G.J.H., and Coggon, J.H., 1979. ‘Crustal structure of Fiordland, New Zealand’ Tectonophysics 54, 253–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Percival, J.A., 1983. ‘High-grade metamorphism in the Chapleau-Foleyet area, Ontario’ Am. Mineral. 68, 667–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Percival, J.A., 1988. ‘Deep geology out in the open’ Nature 335, 671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Percival, J.A., and Card, K.D., 1983. ‘Archean crust as revealed in the Kapuskasing uplift, Superior Province, Canada’ Geology 11, 323–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Percival, J.A., and Card, K.D., 1985. ‘Structure and evolution of Archean crust in central Superior Province, Canada’ In L.D. Ayres, P.C. Thurston, K.D. Card and W. Weber, eds, Evolution of Archean Supracrustal Sequences. Geol. Assoc. Can. Spec. Pap., 28, 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Percival, J.A., Green, A.G., Milkereit, B., Cook, F.A., Geis, W., and West, G.F., 1989. ‘Seismic reflection profiles across deep continental crust exposed in the Kapuskasing uplift structure’ Nature 342, 416–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priestley, K., and Davey, F., 1983. ‘Crustal structure of Fiordland, New Zealand, from seismic refraction measurements’ Geology 11, 660–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivalenti, G., Rossi, A., Siena F., and Sinigoi, S., 1984. ‘The layered series of the Ivrea Verbano igneous complex, Western Alps, Italy’ Tschermaks Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 33, 77–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivalenti, G., Rossi, A., Siena F., and Sinigoi, S., 1984. ‘The layered series of the Ivrea Verbano igneous complex, Western Alps, Italy’ Tschermaks Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 33, 77–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, M.H., and Fountain, D.M. 1974. ‘Continent/continent obduction zones: geological and geophysical case studies’ EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. 57, 335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenk, V., 1984. ‘Petrology of felsic granulites, metapelites, metabasics, ultramafics and metacarbonates from southern Calabria (Italy): Prograde metamorphism, uplift and cooling of a former lower crust’ J. Petrol. 25, 255–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, R., and Wood, B.J., 1976. ‘Phase relationships in granulitic metapelites from the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (Northern Italy)’ Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 54, 255–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, S.M., Zingg, A., and Handy, M., 1987. ‘The kinematics of movements along the Insubric Line and the emplacement of the Ivrea zone’ Tectonophysics 135, 47–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shive, P.N., and Fountain, D.M., 1988. ‘Magnetic mineralogy in an Archean crustal cross section: Implications for crustal magnetization’ J. Geophys. Res. 93, 12,177–12,186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slawson, W.F., 1976. ‘Vredefort dome: A cross-section of the upper crust’ Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 117–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasilewski, P., and Fountain, D.M., 1982. ‘The Ivrea zone as a model for the distribution of magnetization in the continental crust’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 333–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, D.L., and McGroder, M.F., 1989. ‘Cretaceous crustal section through the proposed Insular-Intermontane suture, North Cascades, Washington’ Geology 17, 555–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M.C., Shive, P.N., Fountain, D.M. and Frost, B.R., 1985. ‘Magnetic properties of exposed 0064eep crustal rocks from the Superior Province of Manitoba’ Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 76, 176–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fountain, D.M., Percival, J., Salisbury, M.H. (1990). Exposed Cross Sections of the Continental Crust - Synopsis. In: Salisbury, M.H., Fountain, D.M. (eds) Exposed Cross-Sections of the Continental Crust. NATO ASI Series, vol 317. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0675-4_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0675-4_28

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6788-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0675-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics