Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Novel configurations and variants

  • Chapter
Circulating Fluidized Beds

Abstract

Compared with conventional bubbling and turbulent fluidized beds, circulating fluidized beds have many advantages including better gas—solids contacting and reduced backmixing (Lim et al., 1995). However, due to the core-annulus structure, particle backmixing along the wall can still be significant. Gas—solids contacting is not optimal given the non-uniform distribution of gas and particle flow in the riser. Significant solids backmixing also occurs in the bottom solids-acceleration zone, often covering a significant portion of the riser. Backmixing can also occur at the riser exit if a strong constriction is used. For fast reactions such as fluid catalytic cracking where the intermediate is the product, uniform residence time distributions of gas and solids are very important. To further reduce backmixing and to improve gas—solid contact, internals can be installed inside CFBs to modify the flow pattern and many novel inlet and exit configurations can be employed. The first two sections of this chapter discuss the various available internals and novel geometry structures and their effects on gas and solids flow. The third section describes two special configurations where solids upflow and downflow are accommodated within a single vessel containing concentric upflow and downflow regions and the N-shape CFB loop.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, C.K. (1988) Gas mixing in fast fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II (eds P. Basu and J.F. Large), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 299–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amos, G., Rhodes, M.J. and Mineo, H. (1993) Gas mixing in gas—solids risers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 48 943–949.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arena, U., Cammarota, A. and Pistane, L. (1986) High velocity fluidization behavior of solids in a laboratory scale circulating fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology (ed. P. Basu), Pergamon Press, Toronto, pp. 119–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, E., Barreteau, D., Gauthier, T. and Pontier, R. (1994) Pressure profiles and slip velocities in a co-current downflow fluidized bed reactor, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 403–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avidan, A.A. and Yerushalmi, J. (1982) Bed expansion in high velocity fluidization. Powder Technol., 32 223–232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, D.R., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z.Q. (1990) Particle acceleration length in a circulating fluidized bed. Chem. Reaction Eng. & Tech. (in Chinese), 6(3), 34–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, D-R., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q. and Gan, N-J. (1991) Radial profiles of local solid concentration and velocity in a concurrent downflow fast fluidized bed in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds. P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai, D-R., Jin Y., Yu, Z-Q. and Zhu, J-X. (1992) The axial distribution of the cross-sectionally averaged voidage in fast fluidized beds. Powder Technol., 71, 51–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassi, A.B., Briens, C.L. and Bergougnou, M.A. (1994) Short contact time fluidized reactors (SCTFRs), in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beiers, H-G., Baumann, H., Bittner, D., Klein, J. and Juentgen, H. (1988) Pyrolysis of some gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons in hydrogen plasma. Fuel, 67 1012–1016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, D.A., Briens, C.L. and Bergougnou, M.A. (1989) Reactor development for the ultrapyrolysis reactor. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 67, 96–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, V.K. and Epstein, N. (1974) Three phase fluidization: a generalized wake model, in Fluidization and Its Applications (ed. H. Angelino), Toulouse, France, pp. 380–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi, H-T. and Zhu, J-X. (1993) Static instability analysis of circulating fluidized beds and concept of high density risers. AIChE J., 39 1272–1280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bi, H-T., Grace, J.R. and Zhu, J-X. (1993) On type of choking in vertical pneumatic systems. Int. J.Multiphase Flow, 19 1077–1092.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bi, H-T, Zhu, J-X., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1993) Forms of particle aggregations in CFB, in Proc. 6th National Conf. on Fluidization (in Chinese), Wuhan, China, October 1993, pp. 162–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brachold, H., Peuckerk, C. and Regner, H. (1993) Light-plasma-reactor for the production of acetylene from coke. Chem. Ing. Tech. 63, 293–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brereton, C.M.H. and Grace, J.R. (1994) End effects in circulating fluidized bed hydrodynamics, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 137–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, B-L., Song, Z-X., Li, W-M., Zhang, J-Z., Gao, W-Y. and Pan, G-Z. (1991) Circulating fluidized bed boiler with an internal separator of three vertex chambers, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press., Oxford, pp. 471–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, C-S., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q. and Wang, Z-W. (1994) The gas—solids velocity profiles and slip phenomenon in a concurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 406–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C.E. and Graham, K.H. (1988) Pressure drop reduction by wall baffles in vertical pneumatic conveying tubes, in CHEMECA ’88, Australia’s Bicentennial International Conference for the Process Industries Institute of Engineers, Australia, Sydney, Australia, August 1988, Vol. 2, pp. 644–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Felice, R., Gibilaro, L.G., Rapagna, S. and Foscolo, P.U. (1989) Particle mixing in a circulating liquid fluidized bed. AIChE Symp. Ser., 85(270), 32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dry, R.J. (1987) Radial particle size segregation in a fast-fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 52, 7–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dry, R.J., White, R.B. and Close, R.C. (1992) The effect of gas inlet geometry on gas-solid contact efficiency in a circulating fluidized bed, in Fluidization VII (eds O.E. Potter and D.J. Nicklin), Engineering Foundation, New York, pp. 211–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, L.S., Jean, R.H. and Kitano, K. (1987) On the operating regimes of concurrent upward gas—liquid—solid systems with liquid as the continuous phase. Chem. Eng. Sci., 42 1853–1855.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freel, B.A., Graham, R.G., Bergougnou, M.A., Overend, R.P. and Mok, L.K. (1987) The kinetics of the fast pyrolysis (ultrapyrolysis) of cellulose in a fast fluidized bed reactor. AIChE Symp. Ser., 83(255), 105–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fusey, I., Lim, C.J. and Grace, J.R. (1986) Fast fluidization in a concentric circulating bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology., II (ed. P. Basu), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 409–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gan, N., Jiang, D-Z., Bai, D-R., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1990) Concentration profiles in fast fluidized bed with bluff-body. J. Chem. Eng. Chinese Univ. (in Chinese), 3(4), 273–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartside, R.J. (1989) QC — a new reaction system, in Fluidization VI (eds J.R. Grace, L.W. Shemilt and M.A. Bergougnou), Engineering Foundation, New York, pp. 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartside, R.J. and Woebecke, H.N. (1982) Solids feeding device and system. U.S. Patent 4,338,187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J.R. (1986) Contacting modes and behaviour classification of gas—solid and other two-phase suspensions. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 64 353–363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J.R. (1990) High velocity fluidized bed reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 45, 1953–1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, R.G., Freed, B.A. and Bergougnou, M.A. (1991) Scale-up and commercialization of rapid biomass pyrolysis for fuel and chemical production, in Energy for Biomass and Wastes XIV (ed. D.L. Klass), Inst, of Gas Technol., Chicago, pp. 1091–1104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, B. (1983) Heat balance in FCC process and apparatus with downflow reactor riser. U.S. Patent 4,411, 773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, B. and Ramage, M.P. (1983) FCC reactor with a downflow reactor riser. U.S. Patent 4,385,985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwyn, J.E. (1994) Entrance, exit, and wall effects on gas/particulate solids flow regimes, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 679–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, B.J., Davidson, J.F. and Xue, Y. (1994) Axial and radial variations of flow in circulating fluidized bed risers, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, P.M., Gauthier, T.A., Briens, C.L. and Bergougnou, M.A. (1994) Application of fiber optic reflection probes to the measurement of local particle velocity and concentration in gas— solid flow. Powder Technol. 80 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirama, M., Takeuchi, H. and Chiba, T. (1992) Regime classification of macroscopic gas—solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed riser. Powder Technol. 70, 215–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horio, M. (1991) Hydrodynamics of circulating fluidization — present status and research needs, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, H-M., Wang, S-S. and Zhang, H-S. (1988) Study on the twin circulating fluidized bed reactors, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II (eds P. Basu and J.F. Large), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 555–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilias, S., Ying, S., Mathur, G.D. and Govind, R. (1988) Studies on swirling circulating fluidized beds, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II (eds P. Basu and J.F. Large), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 537–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, P. Bi,. H. -T., Jean, R. H. and Fan, L. S (1991) Baffle effects on performance of catalytic circulating fluidized bed reactor. AIChE J. 37 1392–1340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Y. (1994) Report on Visit to the Former USSR, Tsinghua University, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q., Qi, C-M. and Bai, D-R. (1988) The influence of exit structure on the axial distribution of voidage in fast fluidized bed, in Fluidization ’88, Science and Technology (eds. M. Kwauk and D. Kunii), Science Press, Beijing, pp. 165–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q., Bai, D-R., Qi, C-M. and Zhong, X-X. (1990) Modelling of gas and solids two-phase flow for cocurrent downflow gas—solid suspensions. Chem. Reaction Eng. & Technol. (in Chinese), 6(12), 17–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, Y., Liang, W-G. and Yu, Z-Q. (1994) Synthesis of linear alkylbenzene using liquid-solids circulating fluidized bed reactors. Chinese Patent 94,105,710.0.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T.E., Niccum, P.K., Raterman, F.M. and Schipper, P.H. (1992) FCC for the 1990s: new hardware developments. AIChE Symp. Ser., 88(291), 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J.M. and Seader, J.D. (1983) Pressure drop for cocurrent downflow of gas—solids suspensions. AIChE J., 29 353–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton, T.M. (1988) Nonmechanical solids feed and recycle devices for circulating fluidized beds, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II (eds. P. Basu and J.F. Large), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwauk, M. (1964) Generalized fluidization II: Accelerative motion with steady profiles. Scientia Sinica, 13, 1477–1492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwauk, M. and Zhuang, Y-A. (1963) Motion of Uniform Spheres and Fluid in Vertical Fluidized Systems Science Press, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapidus, L. and Elgin, J.C. (1957) Mechanics of vertical-moving fluidized systems. AIChE J., 3, 63–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasch, B., Caram, H.S. and Chen, J.C. (1988) Solid circulation in cyclonic fluidized bed combustors, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology II (eds P. Basu and J.F. Large), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 527–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y-C. and Wu, P. (1991) A study on axial gas mixing in a fast fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 581–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W-G., Zhang, S-L., Yu, Z-Q., Jin, Y. and Wu, Q-W. (1993) Liquid—solids circulating fluidized bed (I) studies on the phase holdups and solid circulating rate and (II) studies on the apparent slip velocity and drag coefficient. J. Chem. Ind. &Eng. China (Chinese Edition), 44, 666–671 and 672–676.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W-G., Wu, Q-W., Yu, Z-Q., Jin, Y. and Wang, Z-W. (1994) Hydrodynamics of gas— liquid—solid three-phase circulating fluidized bed, in Fluidization ’94, Science and Technology (ed. Organizing Committee), Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, pp. 329–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W-G., Yu, Z-Q., Jin, Y., Wang, Z-W. and Wang, Y. (1994) Synthesis of linear alkylbenzene in liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed reactor, in Fluidization ’94, Science and Technology (ed. Organizing Committee), Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, pp. 345–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W-G., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1995a) Synthesis of linear alkylbenzene in a liquid—solid circulating fluidized bed reactor. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech ., 62 98–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, W-G., Wu, Q-W., Yu, Z-Q., Jin, Y. and Bi, X-T. (1995b) Flow regimes of the three-phase circulating fluidized bed. AIChE J. 41 267–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, K.S., Zhu, J-X. and Grace, J.R. (1995) Hydrodynamics of gas fluidization. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 21 (Suppl.), pp. 141–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D-J., Zheng, C-G., Li, H. and Kwauk, M. (1993) A preliminary investigation on integral circulating fluidized bed. Eng. Chem. Metall. (in Chinese), 14(1), 64–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D-J., Zheng, C-G., Li, H. and Kwauk, M. (1993) Preliminary studies on integral circulating fluidized bed, in Proceedings 6th National Conf. on Fluidization (in Chinese), Wuhan, China, October 1993, pp. 63–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart, C., Zhu, J-X., Brereton, C., Lim, C.J. and Grace, J.R. (1995) Local heat transfer, solids concentration and erosion around membrane tubes in a cold model circulating fluidized bed. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 38 pp. 2403–2410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M.P., Derouin, C., Tulier, P., Forissier, M., Wild, G. and Bernard, J.R. (1992) Catalytic cracking in riser reactors: core-annulus and elbow effects. Chem. Eng. Sci. 47 2319–2324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mertes, T.S. and Rhodes, H.B. (1955) Liquid-particle behavior (Part I). Chem. Eng. Prog 51, 429–432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, B.J., Berruti, F., Behie, L.A. and de Bruijn, T.J.W. (1992a) The internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB): a novel solution to gas bypassing in spouted beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 70,910–915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, B.J., Berruti, F. and Behie, L.A. (1992b) Solids circulation in an internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) reactor, in Fluidization VII (eds O.E. Potter and D.J. Nicklin), Engineering Foundation, New York, pp. 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milne, B.J., Berruti, F., Behie, L.A. and de Bruijn, T.J.W. (1994) The hydrodynamics of the internally circulating fluidized bed at high. temperature, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed A.A. Avidan.), AIChE, New York, pp. 28–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monceaux, L., Azzi, M., Molodtsof, Y. and Large, L.F. (1986) Overall and local characterization of flow regimes in a circulating fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (ed. P. Basu), Pergamon Press, Toronto, pp. 185–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S., Yan, Y., Kato, K., Matsubara, K. and Liu, D. (1991) Hydrodynamics of a circulating fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds. P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muroyama, K. and Fan, L.S. (1985) Fundamentals of gas—liquid—solid fluidization. AIChE J. 31 1–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, J.R. (1993) Evolutionary design changes mark FCC process. Oil & Gas J. May 18, 49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naruse, I., Kumita, M., Hattori, M. and Hasatani, M. (1991) Characteristics of flow behavior in riser of circulating fluidized bed with internal nozzle, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niccum, P.K. and Bunn, D.P. (1985) Catalytic Cracking System. U.S. Patent, 4,514,285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirozzi, D., Gianfreda, L., Greco, G. and Massimilla, L. (1989) Development of a circulating fluidized bed fermentor: the hydrodynamic model for the system. AIChE Symp. Ser. 85(270), 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi, C-M., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1989) Investigation on the fast gas—solids separator for downer J. Petroleum Processing (Chinese Edition) 12, pp. 51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi, C-M., Yu Z-Q., Jin Y, Bai, D-R. and Yao, W-H. (1990) Hydrodynamics of cocurrent downwards fast fluidization (I) and (II). J. Chem. Ind. & Eng. China (Chinese Edition), (3), 273–280 and 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qi, C., Fregeau, J.R. and Farag, I.H. (1992) Hydrodynamics of the combustion loop of N-circulating fluidized bed combustion. AIChE Symp. Ser. 88(289), 26–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, M.J., Hirama, T., Cerutti, G. and Geldart, D. (1989) Non-uniformity of solids flow in the risers of circulating fluidized beds, in Fluidization VI (eds J.R. Grace, L.W. Shemilt and M.A. Bergougnou), Engineering Foundation, New York, pp. 73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J.F. and Zaki, W.N. (1954) Sedimentation and fluidization: Part I. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 32 35–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roques, Y., Gauthier, T., Pontier, R., Briens, C.L. and Bergougnou, M.A. (1994) Residence time distributions of solids in a gas—solids downflow transport reactor, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 555–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salah, H., Zhu, J-X., Zhou, Y-M. and Wei, F. (1996) Effect of internals on the hydrodynamics of circulating fluidized bed reactors, in Preprints of 5th International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds Chinese Society of Particuology, Beijing, China, May 1996, pp. Eq. 1.1–1.6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senior, R.C. (1992) Circulating fluidized bed fluid and particle mechanics: modelling and experimental studies with application to combustion. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu, A., Echigo, R., Hasegawa, S. and Hishida, M. (1978) Experimental study of the pressure drop and the entry length of the gas—solid suspension flow in a circular tube. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 4 53–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Ham, A.G.J., Prins, W. and van Swaaij, W.P.M. (1991) Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a regularly packed circulating fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds. P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 605–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Ham, A.G.J., Prins, W. and van Swaaij, W.P.M. (1993) Hydrodynamics of a pilot-plant scale regularly packed circulating fluidized bed. AIChE Symp. Ser. 89(296), 53–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Ham, A.G.J., Prins, W. and van Swaaij, W.P.M. (1994) A small-scale regularly packed circulating fluidized bed, Part I: Hydrodynamics. Powder Technol. 79 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X.S. and Gibbs, B.M. (1991) Hydrodynamics of circulating fluidized bed with secondary air injection, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III (eds P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 225–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z-L., Yao, J-Z., Liu, S-J., Li, H-Z. and Kwauk, M. (1993) Studies on the voidage distribution in an internally circulating fluidized bed, in Proceedings 6th National Conf. on Fluidization (in Chinese), Wuhan, China, October 1993, pp. 150–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z-W., Bai, D-R. and Jin, Y. (1992) Hydrodynamics of cocurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed (CDCFB). Powder Technol. 70 271–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F., Chen, W., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1994) Studies on axial solids mixing behaviour in CFB riser, in Proceedings 7th National Conference on Chemical Engineering (in Chinese), Beijing, October 1994, pp. 350–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1994) Development of a new generation catalytic cracking reactor — gas—solid short contact catalytic cracking process. Oil and Gas Processing (in Chinese) 4(1), 26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q., Gan, J. and Wang, Z-W. (1994) Application of phosphor tracer technique to the measurement of solids RTD in circulating fluidized bed. J. Chem. Ind. & Eng. China (Chinese Edition), (2), 230–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F., Wang, Z-W., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q. and Chen, W. (1994d) Dispersion of lateral and axial solids in a cocurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed. Powder Technol. 81, 25–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F., Liu, J-Z., Jin, Y. and Yu, Z-Q. (1995) The gas mixing in cocurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed. Chem. Eng. &Technol. 18 pp. 59–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F. and Zhu, J-X. (1996) Effect of flow direction on axial solids dispersion in gas—solids co-current upflow and downflow systems. Chem. Eng. J. accepted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm, R.M. and Kwauk, M. (1948) Fluidization of solids particles. Chem. Eng. Prog. 44 201–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S. and Alliston, M. (1993) Cold model testing of the effects of air proportions and reactor outlet geometry on solids behavior in a CFB, in Proceedings 12th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion (ed. L.N. Rubow), ASME, New York, pp. 1003–1009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia, Y. and Tung, Y. (1992) Effect of inlet and exit structures on fast fluidization, in Selected Papers from Engineering Chemistry and Metallurgy (English Translation) (eds M.-H. Mao and G. Xia), Science Press, Beijing, pp. 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L-D., Bao, Y-L., Zhang, Z-D., Zhao, M-G., Li, B-X., Wang, H.B., Wu, W-Y. and Lu, H-L. (1991a) H-valve and solid separator for circulating fluidized bed boilers, in Fluidization ’91, Science and Technology (eds M. Kwauk and M. Hasatani), Science Press, Beijing, pp. 134–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y-L., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q. and Wang, Z-W. (1991b) Particle flow-pattern in a dilute concurrent upflow and downflow circulating fluidized bed, in Fluidization ’91, Science and Technology (eds M. Kwauk and M. Hasatani), Science Press, Beijing, pp. 66–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y-L., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q., Wang Z-W. and Bai D-R. (1991c) The radial distribution of local particle velocity in a dilute circulating fluidized bed, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III(eds P. Basu, M. Horio and M. Hasatani), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 201–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y-L., Jin, Y., Yu, Z-Q., Zhu, J-X. and Bi, H-T. (1993) Local slip behaviour in the circulating fluidized bed. AIChE Symp. Ser. 89(296), 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yerushalmi, J. and Avidan, A.A. (1985) High-velocity fluidization, in Fluidization, 2nd edn (eds J.F. Davidson, R. Clift and D. Harrison), Academic Press, London, pp. 225–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, C-G., Tung, Y-G., Zhang, W-N. and Zhang, J-G. (1990) Impact of internals on radial distribution of solids in a circulating fluidized bed. Engineering Chemistry & Metallurgy (in Chinese) 11(4) 296–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, C-G., Tung, Y-K., Xia, Y-S., Hun, B. and Kwauk, M. (1991) Voidage redistribution by ring internals in fast fluidization, in Fluidization ’91, Science and Technology (eds M. Kwauk and M. Hasatani), Science Press, Beijing, pp. 168–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, C-G., Tung, Y-K. and Xia, Y-S. (1991) Internals for fast fluidized beds, in Fluidization ’91, Science and Technology (eds M. Kwauk and M. Hasatani), Science Press, Beijing, pp. 413–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, C-G., Tung, Y-K., Li, H-Z. and Kwauk, M. (1992) Characteristics of fast fluidized beds with internals, in Fluidization VII (eds. O.E. Potter and D.J. Nicklin), Engineering Foundation, New York, pp. 275–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Q-Y., Zhu, D-H., Feng, J-K. and Fan, J-H. (1989) Some aspects of hydrodynamics in N-shaped circulating fluidized bed combustor, in Proceedings 10th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion (ed. A.M. Manaker), ASME, New York, Vol. 2, pp. 157–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Q-Y. and Zhang, H. (1994) Experimental study of the effect of bed exits with different geometric structure of internal recycling of bed material in CFB boiler, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 145–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Q-Y., Ma, Z-W. and Wang, A-B. (1994) Experimental study of the flow pattern and flow behaviour of gas—solid two phase flow in L-valve, in Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology IV (ed. A.A. Avidan), AIChE, New York, pp. 246–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, J., Grace, J.R., Qin, S.Z., Brereton, C., Lim, C.J. and Zhu, J. (1994) Voidage profiles in a circulating fluidized bed of square cross-section. Chem. Eng. Sci. 49 3217–3226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J-X. and Wei, F. (1996) Recent developments of downer reactors and other types of short contact reactors, in Fluidization VIII (eds C. Laguerie and J.F. Large), Tours, France, to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J-X., Yu, Z-Q., Jin, Y., Grace, J.R. and Issangya, A. (1995) Cocurrent downflow circulating fluidized bed (downer) reactors— a state of the art review. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 73 662–677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Yong Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jing-Xu Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhi-Qing Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    J. R. Grace

  2. Mobil Research and Development Corporation, Paulsboro, USA

    A. A. Avidan

  3. Particulate Solid Research Incorporated, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, USA

    T. M. Knowlton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jin, Y., Zhu, JX., Yu, ZQ. (1997). Novel configurations and variants. In: Grace, J.R., Avidan, A.A., Knowlton, T.M. (eds) Circulating Fluidized Beds. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0095-0_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0095-0_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6530-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0095-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation