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Biomarkers for Depression

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

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Abstract

Although a large body of research accumulated over the past decades points to distinct biological mechanisms being involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), its precise pathobiology is not yet fully understood. In the last 20 years, substantial new research has been generated in an attempt to identify and characterize candidate biomarkers for MDD. This chapter provides the current state of biomarker research in MDD and summarizes the most recent results from neuroimaging, genetic, epigenetic, and neurochemical studies in MDD.

Promising new findings report high diagnostic accuracy for metabolomic and epigenetic approaches as well as combinatorial functional neuroimaging approaches.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    (keywords [MESH criteria] for literature search: “depression” OR “depressive disorder,” AND “biological markers,” “endophenotypes,” “functional,” “structural,” “molecular,” and “genetics,” “magnetic resonance imaging,” “diffusion tensor imaging,” “magnetic resonance spectroscopy,” “positron-emission tomography”; additional articles were identified from reference lists of key articles)

Abbreviations

Aβ1–42:

Amyloid Beta 1–42

APLP2:

Amyloid Precursor-Like Protein 2

APP:

Amyloid Precursor Protein

ACC:

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

AVP:

Arginine Vasopressin

ASL:

Arterial Spin Labeling

BDNF:

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

CBF:

Cerebral Blood Flow

CSF:

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cohe-ReHo:

Coherence-Based Regional Homogeneity

CRH:

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

CRHR:

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor

Cr:

Creatine

DMN:

Default Mode Network

DEX:

Dexamethasone

DST:

Dexamethasone Suppression Test

DTI:

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

FA:

Fractional Anisotropy

fMRI:

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

GABA:

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

GR:

Glucocorticoid Receptor

Glu:

Glutamate

Glx:

Glutamine + Glutamate

HPA:

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MDD:

Major Depressive Disorder

MCC:

Midcingulate Cortex

NAA:

N-acetyl-aspartate

OFC:

Orbitofrontal Cortex

PVN:

Paraventricular Nucleus

PET:

Positron Emission Tomography

PFC:

Prefrontal Cortex

pgACC:

Pregenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex

rACC:

Rostral Anterior Cingulum

5-HT:

Serotonin

HT1A BP:

Serotonin Receptor 1A Binding Protein

5-HTTLPR:

Serotonin Transporter Promoter

SGPFC:

Subgenual Prefrontal Cortex

sgACC:

Supragenual ACC

vlPFC:

Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Addictive Disorders and Psychiatry, LVR-Klinik Köln, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Cologne, Wilhelm-Griesinger-Str. 23, 51109, Cologne, Germany

    Barbara Schneider

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

    Barbara Schneider & David Prvulovic

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  1. Barbara Schneider
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  2. David Prvulovic
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Correspondence to Barbara Schneider .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Schneider, B., Prvulovic, D. (2014). Biomarkers for Depression. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7740-8_1-1

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