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Biomarkers for Psychosis

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

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Abstract

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by alterations in perception, thought, and behavior. Although it is widely accepted to be a disorder of neuropathology, definitive biomarkers have yet to be established. This chapter provides a review of the current state of the field for biomarkers of psychosis research, with a focus on findings in schizophrenia. The review is limited to two broad domains, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, as measured by three well-established methodologies, structural and function magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. Studies of the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia consistently report volume reductions in temporal, medial temporal, and frontal cortices. Cognitive functional magnetic resonance imaging studies highlight prefrontal cortex inefficiency associated with executive functioning and cognitive control impairments, while functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging studies highlight aberrant connectivity within and between intrinsic brain networks. Finally, electroencephalography studies in schizophrenia have established sensory gating deficits and impaired deviance detection as reflective of core deficits observed in the disorder. For each measure, the use as a potential biomarker is discussed in terms of treatment effects, clinical course, and specificity to psychosis. Current limitations and future directions of the field are discussed.

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Abbreviations

BOLD:

Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent Contrast

EEG:

Electroencephalography

EMG:

Electromyography

ERP:

Event-Related Potential

fMRI:

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

IBN:

Intrinsic Brain Networks

MMN:

Mismatch Negativity

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NPV:

Negative Predictive Value

PPI:

Prepulse Inhibition

PPV:

Positive Predictive Value

sMRI:

Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

UHR:

Ultra-High Risk

VBM:

Voxel-Based Morphometry

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, 210A, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA

    Amy M. Jimenez

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  1. Amy M. Jimenez
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Correspondence to Amy M. Jimenez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Jimenez, A.M. (2015). Biomarkers for Psychosis. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_51

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