Abstract
The development of new crop varieties offers potential benefits, in terms of yield to growers, and in quality improvements to end users. A new variety represents a considerable investment by plant breeders and this can be sustained by commercial returns. A robust system to protect a new variety, and thus the plant breeders’ intellectual property, is part of the infrastructure needed to promote the flow of new varieties. Here we describe current plant variety protection systems and discuss how DNA based markers may be used within those legal and administrative provisions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Andersen R (2006) Realising Farmers’ Rights under the international treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: summary of findings from the Farmers’ Rights project, phase 1. Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Lysaker. ISBN 82-7613-496-3
Biological Innovation for Open Society (BIOS) Tutorial. Can IP rights protect plants? A. Utility Patents. (online) Available at: http://www.patentlens.net/daisy/bios/1234.html. Accessed 18 July 2011
Borchert T, Krueger J, Hohe A (2008) Implementation of a model for identifying essentially derived varieties in vegetatively propagated Calluna vulgaris varieties. BMC Genet 9:56. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-56
Bres-Patry C, Lorieux M, Clement G, Bangratz M, Ghesquiere A (2001) Heredity and genetic mapping of domestication-related traits in a temperate japonica weedy rice. Theor Appl Genet 102:118–126
Brooks SA, Yan W, Jackson AK, Deren CW (2008) A natural mutation in rc reverts white-rice-pericarp to red and results in a new, dominant, wild-type allele: Rc-g. Theor Appl Genet 117:575–580. doi:10.1007/s00122-008-0801-8
Bruins M (2009) Essentially derived varieties. FleuroSelect: the International Organisation for the Ornamental Plants Industry Leiden, March. (online) Available at: http://www.fleuroselect.com/uploads/2009.03_02.EDV_ISF_Marcel%20Bruins.ppt.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2011
Button P (2008) Situation in UPOV concerning the use of molecular techniques in plant variety protection. Presented at symposium on the application of molecular techniques for plant breeding and in plant variety protection, Seoul, Korea
Cai HW, Morishima H (2000) Genomic regions affecting seed shattering and seed dormancy in rice. Theor Appl Genet 100:840–846
Chen A, Baumann U, Fincher GB, Collins NC (2009) FLT-2 L, a locus in barley controlling flowering time, spike density and plant height. Funct Integr Genomics 9:243–254
Clark RM, Linton E, Messing J, Doebley JF (2004) Pattern of diversity in the genomic region near the maize domestication gene tb1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:700–707
Close TJ et al (2009) Development and implementation of high-throughput SNP genotyping in barley. BMC Genomics. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-582
Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, O’Sullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ (2007a) Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication and sustainable productivity. J Exp Bot 58:1231–1244
Cockram J, Chiapparino E, Taylor SA, Stamati K, Donini P, Laurie DA, O’Sullivan DM (2007b) Haplotype analysis of vernalization loci in European barley germplasm reveals novel VRN-H1 alleles and a predominant winter VRN-H1/VRN-H2 multi-locus haplotype. Theor Appl Genet 115:993–1001
Cockram J, Mackay IJ, O’Sullivan DM (2007c) The role of double-stranded break repair in the creation of phenotypic diversity at cereal VRN1 loci. Genetics 177:1–5
Cockram J, White J, Leigh FJ, Lea VJ, Chiapparino E, Laurie DA, Mackay IJ, Powell W, O’Sullivan DM (2008) Association mapping of partitioning loci in barley. BMC Genet 9:16. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-16
Cockram J, Norris C, O’Sullivan DM (2009) PCR-based markers diagnostic for spring and winter seasonal growth habit in barley. Crop Sci 49:403–410
Cockram J, White J, Zuluaga DL, Smith D, Comadran J, Macaulay M, Luo Z, Kearsey MJ, Werner P, Harrap D et al (2010) Genome-wide association mapping to candidate polymorphism resolution in the unsequenced barley genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:21611–21616
Cockram J, Jones H, Norris C, O'Sullivan DM (2012) Evaluation of diagnostic molecular markers for DUS phenotypic assessment in the cereal crop, barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare L.). Theor Appl Genet 125:1735–1749
CPV5766 Final Report (2008) Management of winter oilseed rape reference collections. NIAB, Cambridge, CB3 0LE on behalf of Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO), Anger, France
Doveri S, Lee D, Maheswaran M, Powell W (2008) Molecular markers – history, features and applications. In: Kole C, Abbott AG (eds) Principles and practices of plant genomics, vol I, Genome mapping, Chapter 2. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield
Dubreuil P, Warburton M, Chastanet M, Hoisington D, Charcosset A (2006) More on the introduction of temperate maize into Europe: large-scale bulk SSR genotyping and new historical elements. Maydica 51:281–291
Dutfield G (2011) Food, biological diversity and intellectual property: the role of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Global Economic Issue Publications: Intellectual Property Issue Paper No. 9, Quaker United Nations Office. Available at www.quno.org/economicissues/food-sustainability/foodLinks.htm#QUNOPUB
Eiguchi M, Sano Y (1990) A gene complex responsible for seed shattering and panicle spreading found in common wild rices. Rice Genet Newsl 7:105–107
Farmers’ Rights: two approaches to Farmers’ Rights. Resource pages for decision-makers and practitioners. (online) Available at: http://www.farmersrights.org/about/fr_contents_1.html. Accessed 18 Jul 2011
Faure S, Higgins J, Turner A, Laurie DA (2007) The FLOWERING LOCUS-T-like family in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genetics 176:599–609
Flavell AJ, Knox MR, Pearce SR, Ellis THN (1998) Retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphisms (RBIP) for high throughput marker analysis. Plant J 16:643–650
Fukuta Y, Yagi T (1998) Mapping of a shattering resistance gene in a mutant line SR-5 induced from an indica rice variety, Nan-jing11. Breed Sci 48:345–348
Gunjaca J, Buhinicek I, Jukic M, Sarcevic H, Vragolovic A, Kozic Z, Jambrovic A, Pejic I (2008) Discriminating maize inbred lines using molecular and DUS data. Euphytica 161:165–172
Heckenberger M, van der Voort JR, Peleman J, Bohn M (2003) Variation of DNA fingerprints among accessions within maize inbred lines and implications for identification of essentially derived varieties: II. Genetic and technical sources of variation in AFLP data and comparison with SSR data. Mol Breed 12:97–106. doi:10.1023/A:1026040007166
Heckenberger M, Bohn M, Frisch M, Maurer HP, Melchinger AE (2005) Identification of essentially derived varieties with molecular markers: an approach based on statistical test theory and computer simulations. Theor Appl Genet 111:598–608. doi:10.1007/s00122-005-2052-2
Huang X, Zhao Y, Wei X, Li C, Wang A, Zhao Q, Li W, Guo Y, Deng L, Zhu C, Fan D, Lu Y, Weng Q, Liu K, Zhou T, Jing Y, Si L, Dong G, Huang T, Lu T, Feng Q, Qian Q, Li J, Han B (2012) Genome-wide association study of flowering time and grain yield traits in a worldwide collection of rice germplasm. Nat Genet 44:32–39
Ibáñez J, Vélez MD, de Andrés MT, Borrego J (2009) Molecular markers for establishing distinctness in vegetatively propagated crops: a case study in grapevine. Theor Appl Genet 119:1213–1222
Jaccoud D, Peng K, Feinstein D, Kilian A (2001) Diversity Arrays: a solid state technology for sequence information independent genotyping. Nucleic Acids Res 29:e25
Jones CJ, Edwards KJ, Castaglione S, Winfield MO, Sala F, van de Wiel C, Bredemeijer G, Vosman B, Matthes M, Daly A et al (1997) Reproducibility testing of RAPD, AFLP and SSR markers in plants by a network of European laboratories. Mol Breed 3:381–390
Jones H, Jarman RJ, Austin L, White J, Cooke RJ (2003) The management of variety reference collections in distinctness, uniformity and stability testing of wheat. Euphytica 132:175–184
Jones H, Bernole A, Jensen LB, Horsnell RA, Law JR, Cooke RJ, Norris CE (2008a) Minimising inter-laboratory variation when constructing a unified molecular database of plant varieties in an allogamous crop. Theor Appl Genet 117:1335–1344
Jones H, Leigh FJ, Mackay I, Bower MA, Smith LMJ, Charles MP, Jones G, Jones MK, Brown TA, Powell W (2008b) Population-based resequencing reveals that the flowering time adaptation of cultivated barley originated east of the fertile crescent. Mol Biol Evol 25:2211–2219
Jones H, Norris C, Smith D, Cockram J, Lee D, O'Sullivan DM, Mackay I (2012) Evaluation of the use of high-density SNP genotyping to implement UPOV Model 2 for DUS testing in barley. Theor Appl Genet. doi:10.1007/s00122-012-2024-2
Kalendar R, Grob T, Regina M, Suoniemi A, Schulman A (1999) IRAP and REMAP: two new retrotransposon-based DNA fingerprinting techniques. Theor Appl Genet 98:704–711
Karsai I, Szűcs P, Mészáros K, Filichkina T, Hayes PM, Skinner JS, Láng L, Bedö Z (2005) The Vrn-H2 locus is a major determinant of flowering time in a facultative X winter growth habit barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mapping population. Theor Appl Genet 110:1458–1466
Komatsuda T, Pourkheirandish M, He C, Azhaguvel P, Kanamori H et al (2007) Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1424–1429
Laurie DA, Pratchett N, Bezant JH, Snape JW (1995) RFLP mapping of five major genes and eight quantitative trait loci controlling flowering time in a winter X spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross. Genome 38:575–585
Law JR, Donini P, Koebner RMD, Reeves JC, Cooke RJ (1998) DNA profiling and plant variety registration. III: The statistical assessment of distinctness in wheat using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Euphytica 102:335–342
LeDuc C, Miller P, Lichter J, Parry P (1995) Batched analysis of genotypes. PCR Methods Appl 4:331–336
Lee D, Reeves JC, Cooke RJ (1996) DNA profiling and plant variety registration: 1. The use of random amplified polymorphisms to discriminate between varieties of oilseed rape. Electrophoresis 17:261–265
Lee D, Lupotto E, Powell W (2009) G-string slippage turns white rice red. Genome 52:490–493
Leigh F, Lea V, Law J, Wolters P, Powell W, Donini P (2003) Assessment of EST- and genomic microsatellite markers for variety discrimination and genetic diversity studies in wheat. Euphytica 133:359–366. doi:10.1023/A:1025778227751
Lundqvist U, Franckowiak JD, Konishi T (1997) New and revised descriptions of barley genes. Barley Genet Newslett 26:22–516
Mackay I, Powell W (2007) Methods for linkage disequilibrium mapping in crops. Trends Plant Sci 12:57–63
Nagao S, Takahashi M (1963) Trial construction of twelve linkage groups in Japanese rice. J Fac Agric Hokkaido Univ 53:72–130
Nair SK, Wang N, Turuspekov Y, Pourkheirandish M, Sinsuwongwat S et al (2010) Cleistogamous flowering in barley arises from the suppression of microRNA-guided HvAP2 mRNA cleavage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:490–495
Nielsen R, Paul JS, Albrechtsen A, Song YS (2011) Genotype and SNP calling from next-generation sequencing data. Nat Rev Genet 12:443–451
Noli E, Teriaca MS, Sanguineti MC, Conti S (2008) Utilization of SSR and AFLP markers for the assessment of distinctness in durum wheat. Mol Breed 22:301–313
Oba S, Kikuchi F, Maruyama K (1990) Genetic analysis of semidwarfness and grain shattering of Chinese rice (Oryza sativa) variety “Ai-Jio-Nan-Te”. Jpn J Breed 40:13–20
Reid A, Hof L, Felix G, Rücker B, Tams S, Milczynska E, Esselink D, Uenk G, Vosman B, Weitz A (2011) Construction of an integrated microsatellite and key morphological characteristic database of potato varieties on the EU common catalogue. Euphytica. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0462-6
Rogers YH, Craig Venter JC (2005) Massively parallel sequencing. Nature 437:326–327
Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB, Erlich HA (1988) Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239:487–491
Salazar R, Louwaars NP, Visser B (2006) On protecting farmers’ new varieties: new approaches to rights on collective innovations in plant genetic resources. CGIAR system wide program on collective action and property rights working paper 45. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC
Smulders MJM, Esselink D, Voorrips RE, Vosman B (2009) Analysis of a database of DNA profiles of 734 hybrid tea rose varieties. Acta Hort (ISHS) 836:169–175, http://www.actahort.org/books/836/836_24.htm
Sweeney MT, Thomson MJ, Pfeil BE, McCouch S (2006) Caught red-handed: Rc encodes a basic helix–loop–helix protein conditioning red pericarp in rice. Plant Cell 18:283–294. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.038430
Sweeney MT, Thomson MJ, Cho YG, Park YJ, Williamson SH, Bustamante CD, McCouch SR (2007) Global dissemination of a single mutation conferring white pericarp in rice. PLoS Genet 3:e133. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030133
Szűcs P, Skinner JS, Karsai I, Cuesta-Marcos A, Haggard KG, Corey AE, Chen THH, Hayes PM (2007) Validation of the VRN-H2/VRN-H1 epistatic model in barley reveals that intron length variation in VRN-H1 may account for a continuum of vernalization sensitivity. Mol Genet Genomics 277:249–261
Taketa S, Amano S, Tsujino Y, Sato T, Saisho D, Kakeda K, Nomura M, Suzuki T, Matsumoto T, Sato K, Kanamori H, Kawasaki S, Takeda K (2008) Barley grain with adhering hulls is controlled by an ERF family transcription factor gene regulating a lipid biosynthesis pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:4062–4067
Thomson MJ, Tai TH, McClung AM, Lai XH, Hinga ME et al (2003) Mapping quantitative trait loci for yield, yield components and morphological traits in an advanced backcross population between Oryza rufipogon and the Oryza sativa cultivar Jefferson. Theor Appl Genet 107:479–493
Tian F, Stevens NM, Buckler ES IV (2009) Tracking footprints of maize domestication and evidence for a massive selective sweep on chromosome 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:9979–9986
Tommasini L, Batley J, Arnold GM, Cooke RJ, Donini P, Lee D, Law JR, Lowe C, Moule C, Trick M, Edwards KJ (2003) The development of multiplex simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers to complement distinctness, uniformity and stability testing of rape (Brassica napus L.) varieties. Theor Appl Genet 106:1091–1101
Tripp R, Louwaars N, Eaton D (2007) Plant variety protection in developing countries. A report from the field. Food Policy 32:354–371
Turner A, Beales J, Faure S, Dunford RP, Laurie DA (2005) The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. Science 310:1031–1034
Turuspekov Y, Mano Y, Honda I, Kawada N, Watanabe Y, Komatsuda T (2004) Identification and mapping of cleistogamy genes in barley. Theor Appl Genet 109:480–487
Ubisch G (1916) Beitrag zu einer Faktorenanalyse von Gerste. Z Indukt Abs Ver 17:120–152
UPOV (1991) International convention for the protection of new varieties of plants. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/conventions/1991/act1991.html. Accessed 8 Aug 2012
UPOV (2002) TG/1/3 General introduction to the examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability and the development of harmonized descriptions of new varieties of plants. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/en/publications/tg-rom/tg001/tg_1_3.pdf, http://www.upov.int/upovlex/en/conventions/1991/act1991.html. Accessed 8 Aug 2012
UPOV (2008a) TGP/4: constitution and maintenance of variety collections. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/en/publications/tgp/documents/tgp_4_1.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2011
UPOV (2008b) TGP/9: examining distinctness. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/en/publications/tgp/documents/tgp_4_1.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2012
UPOV (2010 a) TGP/7/2. Development of test guidelines. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/en/publications/tgp/documents/tgp_7_2.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2012
UPOV (2010 b) TGP/8. Trial design and techniques used in the examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/en/publications/tgp/documents/tgp_8_1.pdf. Accessed 28 July 2011
UPOV (2010c) INF/17/1: Guidelines for DNA-profiling: molecular marker selection and database construction (“BMT Guidelines”). International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/export/sites/upov/en/publications/pdf/upov_inf_17_1.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2011
UPOV (2011a) Mission statement. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://upov.int/about/en/index.html. Accessed 19 July 2012
UPOV (2011b) About UPOV. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/about/en/overview.html. Accessed 8 Aug 2012
UPOV (2011c) Test guidelines. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/en/publications/tg_rom/. Accessed 8 Aug 2012
UPOV (2011d) INF/18/1 Possible use of molecular markers in the examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS). International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva. (online) Available at: http://www.upov.int/edocs/infdocs/en/upov_inf_18_1.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2012
von Zitzewitz J, Szűcs P, Dubcovsky J, Yan L, Francia E, Pecchioni N, Casas A, Chen THH, Hayes P, Skinner J (2005) Molecular and structural characterization of barley vernalization genes. Plant Mol Biol 59:449–467
Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van de Lee T, Hornes M, Friters A, Pot J, Paleman J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res 23:4407–4414
Vosman B, Barendrecht J, Esselink D, Jones H, Scott E, Spellerberg B, Tams S (2006) A European reference collection of rose varieties. Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands. On behalf of Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO), Anger, France. Available at: http://www.cpvo.europa.eu/documents/techreports/RD_rose_project_final_report.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2011
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447;7145:661–678
Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1992) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6531–6535
World Trade Organization (1994) Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. (online) Available at: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm. Accessed 18 July 2011
Xiong LZ, Liu KD, Dai XK, Xu CG, Zhang Q (1999) Identification of genetic factors controlling domestication-related traits of rice using an F2 population of a cross between Oryza sativa and O. Rufipogon. Theor Appl Genet 98:243–251
Yan LL, Loukoianov A, Blechl A, Tranquilli G, Ramakrishna W, San-Miguel P, Bennetzen JL, Echenique V, Dubcovsky J (2004) The wheat VRN2 gene is a flowering repressor down-regulated by vernalization. Science 303:1640–1644
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr Robert Cooke and Dr John Law for guidance over many years, and Dr Lydia Smith for useful comments. Thanks to FERA (formerly MAFF, DEFRA) and the CPVO for financial support of NIAB research into innovation in DUS testing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jones, H., Norris, C., Cockram, J., Lee, D. (2013). Variety Protection and Plant Breeders’ Rights in the ‘DNA Era’. In: Lübberstedt, T., Varshney, R. (eds) Diagnostics in Plant Breeding. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5687-8_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5687-8_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5686-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5687-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)