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The Sphere

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The Natural philosophy of Emanuel Swedenborg

Part of the book series: Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind ((SHPM,volume 11))

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Abstract

‘Behold, a wonderful thing!’ With a mixture of terror and rapture, Swedenborg descends into the Falun mine in 1716: The subterranean beings toiled in the mine, rolling rocks, sweating in the dusty air, throwing wood down the shaft, carrying torches. One went into a recess, another came out of a hole with his face scorched. Some climbed up quivering ladders, others were lowered, huddling in baskets that held only half their body. They followed winding veins through the ground.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Miscellanea, 137; translation, 87.

  2. 2.

    Swedenborg, ‘In Fodinam Fhalunensem’, Ludus Heliconius, edition, 122–125, commentary 218–221.

  3. 3.

    Camena Borea, edition, 74f; cf. Virgil, Georgica, 4.170–175; Virgil, Aeneid, 8.443–454.

  4. 4.

    Swedenborg, ‘In Fabros qvi majores ferri massas formant’, Ludus Heliconius, edition, 122–123, commentary 218.

  5. 5.

    Regnard, translation, 139ff; La Motraye, translation, xi, 171, 179; Swedberg (1941), 49; Linnaeus (1953), 5, 148–150, 395, 397; Dunér (2008b), 209–233.

  6. 6.

    Agricola, translation, xxvi, 112, 214, 217f.

  7. 7.

    RA, Bergenstierna and Swedenborg; presented 16 March 1734, read 16 February 1737.

  8. 8.

    RA, Bergskollegii arkiv, AI:107:1, 988f.

  9. 9.

    Opera I, 215, cf. 210, 214; Letters I, 30, cf. 22, 28; The Mechanical Inventions, 9, 20.

  10. 10.

    Opera I, 221; Letters I, 43; Hesselius, 106; Rydberg, 287f.

  11. 11.

    Opera I, 225f; Letters I, 57f.

  12. 12.

    Ludus Heliconius, edition, 134f; Ovid, Metamorphoseon, 8.162–235; cf. Edwards, 45–54.

  13. 13.

    Polhem, ‘Assess. Chr. Polhammars vpfodrings konst wid Blanckstöten’, Dædalus Hyperboreus II, 25–28; Polhems brev, 118; cf. Brückmann, 237, tab. VI.

  14. 14.

    Swedenborg, ‘Then andra opfodrings konsten’, Dædalus Hyperboreus I, 20–23, cf. 14–20.

  15. 15.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 80.

  16. 16.

    Photolith. I, 21; Machine att flyga i wädret, ed., 39; cf. Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 82; The Mechanical Inventions, 23.

  17. 17.

    Polhem, ‘Assessor Polheimers wissa anmerckningar om wädrets resistence mot fallande tyngder och areer’, Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 69f; Collegium Curiosorums protokoll 20 June 1711, 65f; Opera I, 254; Letters I, 109.

  18. 18.

    Polhem, Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 77.

  19. 19.

    Valentini, III, 34–38.

  20. 20.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 80; The Mechanical Inventions, 24; Kircher (1665), II, 479; Sturm (1676), I, 56–66; Söderberg (1988b), 13; Söderberg (1988a), 82f, 92.

  21. 21.

    Fontenelle, 51f; translation, 63; Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 82.

  22. 22.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 82; Polhems brev, 123.

  23. 23.

    The author is also anonymous in the advertisement in Stockholmiske kundgiörelser 2 April 1717, 1f; Swedenborg’s anonymous authorship of other works is exposed in Stiernman, I, 45–50, cf. vi–viii.

  24. 24.

    Ferguson, 828.

  25. 25.

    Baigrie, 116.

  26. 26.

    Opera I, 230f; Letters I, 65; Dædalus Hyperboreus III, 50. Only the figure, without the legend; cf. Opera I, 226; III, 278; Letters I, 57.

  27. 27.

    Polhem, ‘Instruction för alle våre consuler, comisshafvare och factorer på dhe orther, hvarest dhe vistas’ (1716), Polhems skrifter II, 66; Swedenborg’s transcript, LiSB, N 14a, no. 17, fol. 31–36; Photolith. I, 17.

  28. 28.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus IV, 84–86; cf. Swedenborg, Pro memoria om några prof och experimenter (1716). LiSB, N 14a, no. 47, fol. 125; Photolith. I, 92.

  29. 29.

    Polhem, ‘Ett prof at wisa bombers och kulors bogskott: giordt och anstelt af herr commercie-rådet Christ. Polhem’, Dædalus Hyperboreus VI, 2; Polhem (1761), 119, 122.

  30. 30.

    Grundell, 150–152.

  31. 31.

    Regel-konsten, 116.

  32. 32.

    Resebeskrifningar 3–4 June 1733, 11, cf. 7f; Documents II:1, 15, cf. 10.

  33. 33.

    Nisser, 149.

  34. 34.

    KrA, Benzelstierna, fol. 51; Benzelstierna’s copy of Swedenborg’s De infinito is at SLBA.

  35. 35.

    Resebeskrifningar 2 June 1733, 10f; Documents II:1, 14.

  36. 36.

    See G. Polhem.

  37. 37.

    Snickare, 54f.

  38. 38.

    Dahl, 181; Thomas, 256f.

  39. 39.

    Swedenborg, Proportiones stereometricæ (1716). LiSB, N 14a, no. 52, fol. 131; Photolith. I, 100f, cf. II, 44.

  40. 40.

    Polhem’s Letters, 46f, 49f; Polhems skrifter III, 115, 124, 228.

  41. 41.

    Ohlon (2000), 194.

  42. 42.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 16, fol. 30.

  43. 43.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus III, 63.

  44. 44.

    Polhem, Dædalus Hyperboreus V, 100.

  45. 45.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus V, 116.

  46. 46.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus V, 126.

  47. 47.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus V, 128.

  48. 48.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus V, 130.

  49. 49.

    Stiernhielm (1644), dedication.

  50. 50.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus V, 132.

  51. 51.

    Polhem (1716), § 4.

  52. 52.

    Regel-konsten, 2; Photolith. II, 30f, 33f.

  53. 53.

    Regel-konsten, 9.

  54. 54.

    Regel-konsten, 45, cf. 88.

  55. 55.

    Regel-konsten, 106f.

  56. 56.

    Swedenborg, Fragmentum de infinito (1733). KVA, cod. 65, 669; Photolith. III, 168; Treatises, 115.

  57. 57.

    Clavis hieroglyphica, 9f; translation, 168; Jonsson and Hjern, 70.

  58. 58.

    Clavis hieroglyphica, 19; translation, 183.

  59. 59.

    Meheus, 24f, 26; Gentner and Jeziorski, 299–301.

  60. 60.

    Nordström, cclxxxviii.

  61. 61.

    Rudbeck to the Chancellor, Uppsala, October 1688. Rudbeck the Elder (1905), IV, 331.

  62. 62.

    Rydelius (1737), 275, cf. 273.

  63. 63.

    Lindqvist (1989), 176f, 180.

  64. 64.

    Polhem (1740), 183.

  65. 65.

    Polhems skrifter III, 4.

  66. 66.

    Spegel (1685), edition, I:1, 38, 114f.

  67. 67.

    Kircher (1643); Kircher (1650), II, 414.

  68. 68.

    Fontenelle, translation, 8f, cf. 11; Phaëton (1683), music J.-B. Lully, text P. Quinault.

  69. 69.

    Resebeskrifningar April 1738, 84.

  70. 70.

    Descartes (1644), II, § 6–7; Oeuvres VIII:1, 43f.

  71. 71.

    Locke, book IV, ch. III, § 25.

  72. 72.

    Clericuzio.

  73. 73.

    Lucretius, 1.823–824; translation, 51.

  74. 74.

    Brooke, 132.

  75. 75.

    McMullin, 38.

  76. 76.

    Spole and Odhelius, 4; translation, 480; Lucretius, 2.114–118.

  77. 77.

    Forsius, 52f, cf. 73.

  78. 78.

    Descartes (1644), III, § 46–52; Oeuvres VIII:1, 100–105; Descartes (1664a), ch. VIII; Oeuvres XI, 51; Hoffwenius (1698), VII, 30, § 15.

  79. 79.

    Polhem to Benzelius, 19 November 1710. Polhem’s Letters, 41, cf. 7; Polhems skrifter III, 186, 316, cf. 3, 65, 327.

  80. 80.

    Polhem, Copia af en instruction och fullmacht som igenom sådant tilfelle är inhemptat som förtalet vtwijsar (1716). LiSB, N 14a, no. 17, fol. 31–36; Photolith. I, 7–18; Polhems skrifter II, 61–67; Polhem, Om sättet för handelns och manufakturernas uphjelpande (c. 1716). LiSB N 14a, no. 37, fol. 102–104; Photolith. I, 68–73; Polhems skrifter II, 72–74; De causis rerum; Discours emellan Mechaniquen och Chymien; Dunér (2002), 3–27.

  81. 81.

    Polhem, ‘Discours emellan Mechaniquen och Chymien om Naturens wäsende’ (1718), Opera III, 248f; Polhems skrifter III, 161f, 165f.

  82. 82.

    Swedenborg, Ex Polhemio. KVA, cod. 86, 277.

  83. 83.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, 29 February 1720. Opera I, 300; Letters I, 231.

  84. 84.

    Polhem, De causis rerum (before 1711). KB, X 517:1, fol. 176–197; Troilius’s transcript (1711), KB, X 521, 1–29; Swedenborg’s transcript (1716), LiSB, N 14a, no. 30, fol. 54–55; Photolith. I, 24–27; Opera III, 231–233.

  85. 85.

    Polhem to Benzelius, 10 September 1710. Polhem’s Letters, 7f, cf. 11f; Opera III, 231f.

  86. 86.

    Polhem, Tanckar om barometrens stigande och fallande. KB, X 521, 34–37; cf. LUB, Polhem.

  87. 87.

    Opera I, 244, 247, 250, 259; Letters I, 84, 89.

  88. 88.

    KB, X 521, 6.

  89. 89.

    KB, X 517:1, fol. 196v; cf. Polhems skrifter III, 74, 313; Forsius, 85.

  90. 90.

    KB, X 517:1, fol. 197v.

  91. 91.

    KB, X 517:1, fol. 178v.

  92. 92.

    Regel-konsten, 6.

  93. 93.

    Polhem, ‘Mechanica naturalis eller naturens konstiga sammanhang framstelt under små frågor och svar’, Polhems skrifter III, 251, cf. 68.

  94. 94.

    Milliet Dechales, III, 195.

  95. 95.

    Aristotle, Peri ouranou, 2.4.286b10–287b22; H. Vallerius and Melander, 10.

  96. 96.

    Hoffwenius (1698), V:8, 17.

  97. 97.

    Hiärne (1712), 18.

  98. 98.

    Principe (2001), 549; Lindroth (1946–47), 93.

  99. 99.

    Polhems skrifter III, 4, 44ff, 66, 187, 227.

  100. 100.

    Forsius, 75, 142, 171.

  101. 101.

    Newton (1706), 337f.

  102. 102.

    Polhem, ‘Pulspendel bequemlig för dem som eij hafva tijd vara siuka’ (c. 1720), Polhems skrifter IV, 13; Leeuwenhoek, 1–3, 496.

  103. 103.

    KB, X 517:1, fol. 178r; KB, X 521, 16; cf. Polhem’s Letters, 15; Polhems skrifter III, 178, 197.

  104. 104.

    Lucretius, 2.453–454.

  105. 105.

    Locke, book I, ch. XIII, § 22.

  106. 106.

    Boyle (1669), 154f, 187–189, 193.

  107. 107.

    KB, X 521, 17; KB, X 517:1, fol. 178v; Polhem’s Letters, 14f; cf. Polhems skrifter III, 196, 226, 250, 301; Descartes (1644), IV, § 33ff, 46, 57; Oeuvres VIII:1, 238f; Hoffwenius (1698), XII:8, 56.

  108. 108.

    KB, X 521, 18f; cf. Polhem’s Letters, 15f, 62f; Polhems skrifter III, 6, 68, 74, 79, 186, 188, 227, 321.

  109. 109.

    Plato, Timaeus, 55D–56B; Cromwell, 51–57.

  110. 110.

    Aste and Weaire, 29ff.

  111. 111.

    KrA, Rappe, 123; see also KrA, Artilleribok, XVI:47.

  112. 112.

    Dædalus Hyperboreus VI, 4–6.

  113. 113.

    KB, X 521, 21; Polhems skrifter III, 5, 46, 189, 201, 253, 267, 301, 322f; Polhem’s Letters, 15, 57.

  114. 114.

    KB, X 521, 13f; KB, X 517:1, fol. 194r; up to ‘||’ is Troilius’s transcript, after which the text is in Polhem’s own hand.

  115. 115.

    KB, X 521, 24f.

  116. 116.

    KB, X 521, 30.

  117. 117.

    KB, X 267:1, fol. 90r; cf. Opera III, 232f.

  118. 118.

    KB, X 517:1, fol. 182r; cf. Polhems skrifter III, 198.

  119. 119.

    KB, X 521, 39.

  120. 120.

    KB, X 521, 41.

  121. 121.

    Opera I, 281, cf. 280; Letters I, 178f; cf. UUB, Roberg; J. Klopper’s portrait of Vallerius in Dunér (1910).

  122. 122.

    Opera I, 283f 178; Letters I, 181ff.

  123. 123.

    Opera I, 304; Letters I, 237; Bokwetts Gillets protokoll, 24; cf. Letters I, 245.

  124. 124.

    Acta literaria Sveciæ (1721), 209–211; Neue Zeitungen 8 May 1722, 418–420; Letters I, 253f; Bokwetts Gillets protokoll, 50.

  125. 125.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition 3; translation, 1.

  126. 126.

    Boyle (1965), 192f, 202.

  127. 127.

    Hooke, 85f.

  128. 128.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 8–13; translation, 8–15.

  129. 129.

    Huygens (1690), 92–94.

  130. 130.

    Linnaeus (1748), 220f, tab. VIII; Linnaeus (1907), I, 4f & II, 37–44; cf. Lesch, 89.

  131. 131.

    Polhem, ‘En kort manuduction och inledning till philosophiam naturalem’ (1716), Polhems skrifter III, 177; Frängsmyr (1969), 92; Hård, 57.

  132. 132.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 8f; translation, 9.

  133. 133.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 24, 28–30, 44, 47–49; translation, 28, 34f, 54, 58–60.

  134. 134.

    Triewald (1736), II, 6; Polhem’s Letters, 42; Polhems skrifter III, 153, 166, 179f, 200f; IV, 26, 47.

  135. 135.

    D. Tiselius (1730), 93.

  136. 136.

    Lucretius, 2.399–401; translation, 72.

  137. 137.

    Also Mersenne, Hobbes, Boyle, Newton; Descartes (1641), III; Locke, book II, ch. VIII, § 18; cf. Berkeley’s critique of primary qualities. Berkeley, § 9f.

  138. 138.

    H. Vallerius and Melander, 60–70.

  139. 139.

    Spole and Odhelius, 8f; translation, 480.

  140. 140.

    Lindroth (1989), II, 433.

  141. 141.

    Mersenne (1625), book III.

  142. 142.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 105; translation, 134.

  143. 143.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 17; translation, 19.

  144. 144.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 20–23; translation, 23–27.

  145. 145.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 63, 68f; translation, 80, 86f.

  146. 146.

    Lindroth (1973), 172f.

  147. 147.

    Lémery (1675), 10; Lémery (1713), part I, ch. I, § 43–52; Powers, 167.

  148. 148.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition 90f, 93; translation, 115, 117.

  149. 149.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition 104f, 114, 121, 132; translation, 133f, 146, 154, 168.

  150. 150.

    Miscellanea, 133–136; translation, 84–86.

  151. 151.

    Miscellanea, 91, 146, 153; translation, 58, 92, 96.

  152. 152.

    Miscellanea, 64–67, 77; translation, 41f, 49.

  153. 153.

    Descartes (1644), IV, § 19; Oeuvres VIII:1, 211f; Hoffwenius (1698), XI:5, 47f.

  154. 154.

    Derham (1760), 73; Halley (1694), 468–473; N. Wallerius, 339–346; cf. Rüdiger, 121f, 332; Beckman, 206.

  155. 155.

    Miscellanea, 169; Opera I, 176, 179; translation, 106, 128, 132.

  156. 156.

    Opera I, 226, cf. 231; Letters I, 57; Lindqvist (1984), 119.

  157. 157.

    Savery, 228.

  158. 158.

    Kalmeter, in Swedenborg to Benzelius, Stockholm, 29 February 1720. Opera I, 300; Letters I, 231f; cf. Bokwetts Gillets protokoll, 17; Swedenborg also obtained information about blast furnaces in England from Kalmeter in De ferro, 155–158.

  159. 159.

    Prodromus principiorum, edition, 21; translation, 25.

  160. 160.

    Miscellanea, 139; translation, 88.

  161. 161.

    RA, Bergskollegii arkiv, EIV:169, I, 760, 765; Lindqvist (1984), 166–169, 177f, 344.

  162. 162.

    Triewald (1734), 26, 33.

  163. 163.

    Triewald (1734), 23, cf. 17f, 22.

  164. 164.

    Acta eruditorum, February 1722, 84.

  165. 165.

    D. Tiselius (1723), 4, cf. 6.

  166. 166.

    Martin (1730), 11f, cf. 90f.

  167. 167.

    D. Tiselius (1730), 55; Om Wennerns fallande och stigande, § 9; Opera I, 40.

  168. 168.

    D. Tiselius (1730), 91f; H. Vallerius and Martin, 17; Descartes (1644), IV, § 19.

  169. 169.

    D. Tiselius (1730), 97, cf. 110; Prodromus principiorum, edition, 14f; translation, 16.

  170. 170.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 73, fol. 171–177; Photolith. I, 106–119; Opera I, 294; ; Letters I, 221; Hj. Sjögren, 436–443.

  171. 171.

    Elvius and Benzelius.

  172. 172.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 73, fol. 173r.

  173. 173.

    Agricola, translation, 38; Vallemont (1696), 329f.

  174. 174.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 73, fol. 175r.

  175. 175.

    Bromell in ch. ‘De generatione metallorum’. KB, X 601.

  176. 176.

    Miscellanea, 127–131; translation, 81–83; Prodromus principiorum, edition, 88, 136f; translation, 112, 174f.

  177. 177.

    Frängsmyr (1969), 39.

  178. 178.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 73, fol. 175r.

  179. 179.

    Agricola, translation, 37.

  180. 180.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 73, fol. 176v.

  181. 181.

    LiSB, N 14a, no. 73, fol. 177r.

  182. 182.

    Aristotle, Meteōrologikōn, 3.6.378a13–378b6; cf. Principe (2000), 37.

  183. 183.

    Kirchmaier (1687), 42; Kirchmaier (1698), 13; Kellner, 44; Basilius Valentinus, II, 67–70; Hellwig, 9.

  184. 184.

    Becher (1703), I, 70f, 92–98.

  185. 185.

    Rößler, ch. XXVII, § 5; § 12, & ch. XXXI, § 8.

  186. 186.

    Hiärne (1706), 228.

  187. 187.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, Brunsbo, January 1718. Opera I, 278; Letters I, 172.

  188. 188.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, Brunsbo, 5 October 1718. Opera I, 287; Letters I, 198.

  189. 189.

    Polhem to Societas Literaria et Scientiarum, Stjärnsund, 17 April 1728. Polhems brev, 174; Bromell (1739), 72; Odhelius; J. G. Wallerius and Roman, 4f; J. G. Wallerius and Scheffel, 15–19.

  190. 190.

    Boyle, ‘De temperie svbterranearvm regionvm ratione caloris et frigoris’, in Boyle (1680), 16; Vallemont (1696), 130; Kargon, 101.

  191. 191.

    Agricola, translation, 38, note; Basilius Valentinus, II, 87–111; Exodus 17:6.

  192. 192.

    Dress, 48f; Carlborg, 33; C. Sahlin 1931, 11.

  193. 193.

    Hermansson and Maehlin, 10–24.

  194. 194.

    Vallemont (1696), 60, 93, 127, 333; cf. Valentini, III, 68–71, 113–228; cf. Principia, 235; translation II, 27.

  195. 195.

    Bokwetts Gillets protokoll 5 February 1720, 13.

  196. 196.

    Miscellanea IV; Opera I, 166–168, 172f; translation, 117–119, 124f.

  197. 197.

    Cf. Forsius, 113, 119.

  198. 198.

    Vallemont (1696), 124; Agricola, translation, 6.

  199. 199.

    Opera I, 292; Letters I, 215.

  200. 200.

    RA, Swedenborg, [3f]; Beskrifning öfver swenska masvgnar, edition, 201; it was to be included in De ferro, the first 70 pages. Letters I, 215.

  201. 201.

    Beskrifning öfver swenska masvgnar, edition, 229, cf. 231.

  202. 202.

    Nova observata, edition, 185; translation, 199f.

  203. 203.

    British Museum, dated 21 October 1721. Letters I, 256.

  204. 204.

    Boerhaave (1732), I, 165f, 327f; Frängsmyr (1969), 237.

  205. 205.

    Nova observata, edition, 181, 189f; translation, 194, 204f; Miscellanea, 97; translation, 61.

  206. 206.

    Acta eruditorum, May 1722, 264; Miscellanea, 85–101; translation, 54–64; Swedenborg could read about the use of fire in stoves, smelting furnaces, tiled stoves, etc. in a book he owned, Leutmann (1723).

  207. 207.

    Novæ regulæ, 282–285; LiSB, N 14a, no. 148:8; Photolith. I, 188f; translation, 154f.

  208. 208.

    Swedenborg, De genuina metallorum tractatione (1722). KB, Okat., subskr., Pist., Fal.; published in Nova litteraria, 1720–1722 in Supplementum actorum eruditorum, Leipzig, August 1722, 126–128; Neue Zeitungen 21 December 1722, 1008.

  209. 209.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, Prästhyttan, 14 February 1724. Opera I, 312; Letters I, 328; Bokwetts Gillets protokoll, 98, 100–103, cf. 107.

  210. 210.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, Stockholm, 26 May 1724. Opera I, 313; Letters I, 333f.

  211. 211.

    De secretione argenti a cupro; Swedenborg cites authors such as Agricola, Barchusen, Becher, Boyle, Ercker, Glauber, Kellner, Hellwig, etc.; he also used Löhneyß (1690).

  212. 212.

    De victriolo, 405.

  213. 213.

    In 1719 Swedenborg submitted a letter to Queen Ulrika Eleonora about the establishment of a vitriol works at Stora Kopparberg. In her reply she ordered the Board of Mines to consider the matter. Ulrika Eleonora to the Board of Mines, Stockholm, 14 November 1719. RA, Bergskollegii arkiv, kungl. brev 1717–1721, fol. 150 1/2; Hammarström, 63.

  214. 214.

    References to Agricola, Barchusen, Ercker, König, Lémery, Willis, Wolff, and to Brandt’s distillation of copper vitriol in 1727. Brandt (1741), 49–63; De victriolo, 433–446.

  215. 215.

    Agricola, translation, 574; De victriolo, 3f.

  216. 216.

    De sulphure et pyrite, 86f; De sulphure refers to De cupro on p. 23, to De victriolo on p. 111, to De ferro on pp. 248, 251, 261; references to Agricola, Boerhaave, Henckel, Hoffmann, König, Lémery, Hellwig, Valentini.

  217. 217.

    Swedberg (1941), 446; Swedberg (1725).

  218. 218.

    De sulphure, 22, 40f, 105, 232f, 260.

  219. 219.

    Buschenfelt, Den äldre fadren Buschenfelts marchscheider Relation 1694. tilhörige Ritningar. KB, L 70:54:2, p. 366.

  220. 220.

    De sale communi, ms, 83; Agricola, translation, 547.

  221. 221.

    Roberg, Dædalus Hyperboreus II, 28–30; Roberg, Doct. Robergs upgift om saltets tillvärkande genom köld och blåst. 1706. LiSB, N 14a, no. 58, fol. 140; Opera I, 266f, 268; Letters I, 145f, 149.

  222. 222.

    Miscellanea, 104; translation, 66; Swedenborg, Memorial om salt siuderiers inrättning i Swerje (1717). LiSB, N 14a, no. 41; Photolith. I, 74–78; Letters I, 140–143; cf. Kongl. Maj:ts nådige öpne bref, och privilegium, 1717; Underrettelse om docken, [5–8].

  223. 223.

    De sale communi, ms, 289–294; edition, 130–135; translation 1992:2, 131–135; Leeuwenhoek, 425–429.

  224. 224.

    De magnete; Musschenbroek (1729); cf. Musschenbroek (1731); refers to Gilbert, Henckel, Hoffmann, Löhneyß, Rößler, Valentini, Wolff, and others, and on p. 224 to Ask’s dissertation about prospecting for iron mines using magnets. Burman and Ask.

  225. 225.

    De magnete, 237–240, 251–264.

  226. 226.

    Valentini, III, ch. XVI, 85f, & ch. XXX, 94–96.

  227. 227.

    De magnete, 79.

  228. 228.

    Principia, 222f; translation II, 2f; Derham (1705), 2139.

  229. 229.

    De ferro, preface; Virgil, Aeneid, 6.413f.

  230. 230.

    De ferro, dedication.

  231. 231.

    E.g. from L. G. Schultze’s report to the Board of Mines, where Swedenborg is also mentioned. Schultze, 7; Grönwall and Saxholm; passages from Swedenborg’s De ferro have been translated into French: Bazin, 17, 24, 27–31, 36; translation.

  232. 232.

    De ferro, 252f; ‘Traité du fer’; Rinman, 133f; before this, on 11 April 1723 he had submitted to the Diet a humble memorandum about rolling mills of a similar kind to what he had seen in Liège in the winter of 1721. A rolling mill according to Swedenborg’s proposal was installed at Vedevåg in Västmanland in 1726–1727. C. Sahlin (1934), s. 149–155; Letters I, 306–310.

  233. 233.

    De ferro, 239.

  234. 234.

    De ferro, preface.

  235. 235.

    De ferro, preface; Virgil, Georgica, 1.69; cf. Edenborg (2002), 76.

  236. 236.

    Miscellanea, 117–122; translation, 75–78.

  237. 237.

    Fors, 239–252.

  238. 238.

    Polhems skrifter III, 291–295.

  239. 239.

    Geber; Schweitzwer; Barchusen, 481ff; Kertzenmacher.

  240. 240.

    SLBA, S2 Ac12, 5; German original in Helsinki University Library, Petersburger academiens handlingar, no. 63, vol. 13; Green Books V, no. 583; in Swedenborg’s library: Kunckel von Löwenstern (1716), III, ch. XLI, 563–625 (Swedenborg owned the edition from 1722); Becher (1726); Stahl (1720).

  241. 241.

    Materialy dlya istory Imperatorskoy akademy nauk, tom 2 (1731–1735), 507–511.

  242. 242.

    Green Books V, no. 569.14.

  243. 243.

    SLBA, S2 Ac12, 2; RAN, razryad V, opis 1–C, no. 6, concerns Swedenborg’s Principia, ‘Praesent. in acad. scient. d. 5. Novbr 1736’.

  244. 244.

    Russian Academy of Sciences to Swedenborg, St Petersburg, 28 December 1734. RAN, Ausgehende Briefe 1734–1735, fond 1, opis 3, no. 19, letter no. 12; Letters I, 465.

  245. 245.

    Swedenborgs drömmar, 12–13 April 1744, 26; Bergquist (1988), 156f.

  246. 246.

    De ferro, 59; Virgil, Aeneid, 1.52f.

  247. 247.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, c. 20 March 1724. Opera I, 305f; Letters I, 329; Bokwetts Gillets protokoll 27 March 1724, 104; cf. Burman, 567–570; De sulphure, 105.

  248. 248.

    Kircher (1665), preface; Baldwin, 47.

  249. 249.

    De ferro, 115–117, 287, 294.

  250. 250.

    De ferro, 218; Réaumur; cf. Granström, 367.

  251. 251.

    Swedenborg to Benzelius, Stockholm, 20 August 1724. Opera I, 315; Letters I, 343.

  252. 252.

    De ferro, 290f; cf. König, 16–22.

  253. 253.

    De cupro, preface; translation I, ix.

  254. 254.

    Basilius Valentinus, I, 264f; cf. Kunckel von Löwenstern (1716), I, ch. VI, 70–80; Debus, I, 95f.

  255. 255.

    Forsius, 175.

  256. 256.

    De ferro, 50.

  257. 257.

    De cupro, preface; translation I, xi.

  258. 258.

    RA, Ekman; Lindroth (1955), II, 16f.

  259. 259.

    De cupro, 42; translation, chapt. II.

  260. 260.

    KB, Swab, fol. 143; edition, 19; RA, Harmens; Lindroth (1955), II, 348f;

  261. 261.

    De cupro, 133f; translation I, 134f.

  262. 262.

    De sulphure, 107.

  263. 263.

    Küttner, 112.

  264. 264.

    RA, Bergskollegii arkiv, AI:77:1, 1f.

  265. 265.

    RA, Bergskollegii arkiv, AI:71, 1223; De ferro, 164–167; The original map is preserved in RA, Kommerskollegium, Gruvkartor, markområden, utländska.

  266. 266.

    Tatishchev to Empress Catherine I, 17 October 1726; cited in Küttner, 119.

  267. 267.

    Küttner, 124–126.

  268. 268.

    Kagg, Baron Kaggs beskrifning på ett vattendjur i Obijströmen (Dec. 1722). LiSB, N 14a, no. 54; Bokwetts Gillets protokoll 14 December 1722, 79.

  269. 269.

    Tatishchev, Beschreibung von Mamontowa Kost oder Mamontz Knoche (12 May 1725). LiSB, N 14a, no. 93, fol. 237–240; Tatishchev, 36–43; Tatishchev to Benzelius, Stockholm, 20 January 1726 and 20 February 1726. Benzelius (1979), II, 294f; Bokwetts Gillets protokoll, 122; Hag (1979–1981), 66–68; Küttner, 149f.

  270. 270.

    De cupro, 373f, 376; translation III, 361, 364; Glauber, IV, 64–70.

  271. 271.

    De cupro, 464f; translation III, 449.

  272. 272.

    De cupro, tab. 39; Opera I, 324; Letters I, 453; Resebeskrifningar, 57; Documents II:1, 72f.

  273. 273.

    Henckel to Swedenborg, Freiberg, 21 November 1732. Opera I, 322; Letters I, 450.

  274. 274.

    Henckel (1725), 1006f.

  275. 275.

    Henckel (1734), 13, 55, 58, 73; Henckel refers to De cupro, § 17, fol. 168ff; Roberg and Sunborg; Hiärne (1712); Bromell, in Acta literaria Sveciæ (1727).

  276. 276.

    Swedenborg to N.N. (c. 1734/1735). Opera I, 335f; Letters I, 457.

  277. 277.

    Agricola, translation, note, 112.

  278. 278.

    De cupro, 411f; translation III, 395f; Henckel (1725), 119–214; cf. Acta eruditorum, June 1726, 271.

  279. 279.

    Henckel (1725), 55f.

  280. 280.

    De victriolo, 404–409; De sulphure, 107–109.

  281. 281.

    Swedenborg, ‘Patriæ planctus et lacrimæ, …’ (1709), Ludus Heliconius, edition, 48f; Helander (2004), 457.

  282. 282.

    Peringskiöld, 177.

  283. 283.

    Camena Borea, edition, 44f.

  284. 284.

    Linnaeus (1968), 101f; translation, 90.

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  1. Division of History of Ideas and Sciences Centre for Cognitive Semiotics, Lund University, Biskopsgatan 7, 223 62, Lund, Sweden

    David Dunér

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Dunér, D. (2013). The Sphere. In: The Natural philosophy of Emanuel Swedenborg. Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4560-5_5

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