Skip to main content

Remote Working and Work-Life Balance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life ((IHQL))

Abstract

A substantial proportion of the workforce in many European countries and the United States works remotely (e.g., at home), and this has implications for ethical organizational practice. Work-life balance influences quality of working life, and employees have rights in relation to the balancing of work and family responsibilities. However, organizational ethics involves balancing the protection of employees’ rights and well-being with the fulfillment of organizational goals. Research suggests that remote working may enhance work-life balance without reducing productivity under certain circumstances, but while doing so can reinforce patterns that reduce gender equity. Questions remain about the specific circumstances under which remote working’s potential to be flexible, productive, and gender equitable can be maximized and its diverse nature must be acknowledged in research and practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ammons, S. K., & Markham, W. T. (2004). Working at home: Experiences of skilled white collar workers. Sociological Spectrum, 24, 191–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacik, I., & Drew, E. (2006). Struggling with juggling: Gender and work/life balance in the legal professions. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29, 136–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baines, S., & Gelder, U. (2003). What is family friendly about the workplace in the home? The case of self-employed parents and their children. New Technology, Work & Employment, 18(3), 223–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brannen, J. (2000). Mothers and fathers in the workplace. In L. L. Haas, P. Hwang, & G. Russell (Eds.), Organisational change and gender equity: International perspectives on fathers and mothers at the workplace (pp. 29–42). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breaugh, J. A., & Frye, N. K. (2007). An examination of the antecedents and consequences of the use of family-friendly benefits. Journal of Managerial Issues, XIX(1), 35–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breaugh, J. A., & Frye, N. K. (2008). Work-family conflict: The importance of family-friendly employment practices and family-supportive supervisors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22, 345–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, S. (1999). At home on the electronic frontier: Work, gender and the information highway. New Technology, Work & Employment, 15(1), 19–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budd, J. W., & Mumford, K. (2004). Trade unions and family-friendly policies in Britain. Industrial & Labour Relations Review, 57(2), 204–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budd, J. W., & Mumford, K. (2006). Family friendly work practices in Britain: Availability and perceived accessibility. Human Resource Management, 45(1), 23–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, A. (1997). Fatherhood reclaimed: The making of the modern father. London: Vermilion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, E. S., Aasheim, C., & Williams, S. (2007). Does telecommuting improve productivity? Communications of the ACM, 50(4), 101–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. L. (2009). The changing nature of work: Enhancing the mental capital and well-being of the workplace. 21st Century Society, 4(3), 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosbie, J., & Moore, M. (2004). Work-life balance and working from home. Social Policy & Society, 3(3), 223–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, K. C. (2000). Men’s share of child care: A rural and urban comparison. Australian Journal of Marriage & Family, 6(2), 245–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dikkers, J. S. E., Geurts, S. A. E., den Dulk, L., Peper, B., Taris, T. W., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2007). Dimensions of work-home culture and their relations with the use of work-home arrangements and work-home interaction. Work and Stress, 21(2), 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrova, D. (2003). Controlling teleworkers: Supervision and flexibility revisited. New Technology, Work & Employment, 18(3), 181–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DirectGov. (2010). Who can request flexible working? http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/Flexibleworking/DG_10029491. Downloaded 4 Dec 2010.

  • Ellison, N. B. (1999). Social impacts: New perspectives on telework. Social Science Computer Review, 17(3), 338–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felstead, A., Jewson, N., Phizacklea, A., & Walters, S. (2000). A statistical portrait of working at home in the UK: Evidence from the LFS. Leicester, UK: ESRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felstead, A., Jewson, N., & Walters, S. (2003). Managerial control of employees working at home. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 41(2), 241–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleetwood, S. (2007). Why work-life balance now? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 387–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, A. (1994). Telework: Women’s experiences and utilisation of information technology in the home. In A. Adam, J. Emms, E. E. Green, & J. Owen (Eds.), Women, work and computerisation (pp. 333–347). North Holland, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gareis, K. (2003). The intensity of telework in 2002 in the EU, Switzerland and the USA. Bonn, Germany: Empirica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, A., Richardson, R., & Cornford, J. (1995). Review of telework in Britain: Implications for public policy. Report prepared for the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, L. (2006). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, L. (2008). Limited access: Disparities in flexible work schedules and work-at-home. Journal of Family & Economic Issues, 29, 86–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: Does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1412–1421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting’s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340–1350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gröpel, P., & Kuhl, J. (2009). Work-life balance and subjective well-being: The mediating role of need fulfillment. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 365–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, D. S., & Shulkin, S. (2008). Schedule flexibility and stress: Linking formal flexible arrangements and perceived flexibility to employee health. Community, Work & Family, 11(2), 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnarsson, E. (1997). Gendered faces? Teleworking from a Swedish perspective. In E. Gunnarsson & U. Huws (Eds.), Virtually free? Gender, work and spatial choice (pp. 57–78). Stockholm: Nutek.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, L., & Brynin, M. (2005). The character of telework and the characteristics of teleworkers. New Technology, Work & Employment, 20(1), 34–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, L., & Silverstone, R. (1993). Teleworking in the 1990s: A view from the home. SPRU CICT Report No. 10, CICT, SPRU, University of Sussex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartig, T., Kylin, C., & Johansson, G. (2007). The telework tradeoff: Stress mitigation vs. constrained restoration. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(2), 231–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayman, J. R. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Exploring the linkages between perceived usability of flexible work schedules and work/life balance. Community, Work & Family, 12(3), 327–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. J., Ferris, M., & Märtinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 220–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., & Miller, B. C. (1996). Work and family in the virtual office: Perceived influences of mobile telework. Family Relations, 45(3), 293–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. E., Jacob, J. I., Shannon, L. L., Brennan, R. T., Blanchard, V. L., & Martinengo, G. (2008). Exploring the relationship of workplace flexibility, gender, and life stage to family-to-work conflict, and stress and burnout. Community, Work & Family, 11(2), 165–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillbrecht, M., Shaw, S. M., Johnson, L. C., & Andrey, J. (2008). I’m home for the kids’: Contradictory implications for work-life balance of teleworking mothers. Gender, Work and Organization, 15(5), 454–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogarth, T., Hasluck, C., Pierre, G., Winterbotham, M., & Vivian, D. (2000). Work-life balance 2000: Baseline study of work-life balance practices in Great Britain. London: DfEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, D. (2007). Gender, telework and the reconfiguration of the Australian family home. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 21(1), 33–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung, S., & Glaser, J. (2009). Home-based telecommuting and quality of life: Further evidence on an employee-oriented human resource practice. Psychological Reports, 104, 395–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., & Glaser, J. (2008). Creating flexible work arrangements through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 655–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunton, J. E., & Norman, C. S. (2010). The impact of alternative telework arrangements on organizational commitment: Insights from a longitudinal field experiment. Journal of Information Systems, 24(1), 67–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huws, U., Korte, W., & Robinson, S. (1990). Telework: Towards the elusive office. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huws, U., Podro, S., Gunnarsson, E., Weijers, T., Arvanitaki, K., & Trova, V. (1996). Teleworking and gender. Brighton, UK: Institute of Employment Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hylmö, A. (2006). Telecommuting and the contestability of choice. Management Communication Quarterly, 19(4), 541–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurik, N. C. (1998). Getting away and getting by: The experiences of self-employed homeworkers. Work and Occupations, 25(1), 7–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, S. M. C., Kelley, C. G. E., Evans, M. D. R., & Kelley, J. (2009). Support for mothers’ employment at home: Conflict between work and family. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 21(1), 98–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kompast, M., & Wagner, I. (1998). Telework: Managing spatial, temporal and cultural boundaries. In P. Jackson & J. Van der Wielen (Eds.), Teleworking: International perspectives from telecommuting to the virtual office (pp. 95–117). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 347–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2006). Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: Implications for work-family conflict and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lautsch, B. A., Kossek, E. E., & Eaton, S. C. (2009). Supervisory approaches and paradoxes in managing telecommuting implementation. Human Relations, 62(6), 795–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. M. (2005). Discussion of behavioral self-regulation of telework locations: Interrupting interruptions! Journal of Information Systems, 19(2), 141–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1995). Balancing the work/home interface: A European perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 5(4), 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, S. R. (2003). The effects of home-based teleworking on work-family conflict. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(1), 35–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Major, D. A., Verive, J. M., & Joice, W. (2008). Telework as a dependent care solution: Examining current practice to improve telework management strategies. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 11, 65–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, K., & Musson, G. (2008). Men at work: Managing emotion in telework. Gender, Work and Organization, 15(1), 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirchandani, K. (1998). No longer a struggle? Teleworkers’ reconstruction of the work-non-work boundary. In P. J. Jackson & J. M. Van der Wielen (Eds.), Teleworking: International perspectives from telecommuting to the virtual organisation (pp. 118–135). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murayama, T., Hopkinson, P. G., & James, P. W. (2009). A multivariate analysis of work-life balance outcomes from a large-scale telework programme. New Technology, Work & Employment, 24(1), 76–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musson, G., & Tietze, S. (2004). Feelin’ groovy: Appropriating time in home-based work. Culture and Organization, 10(3), 251–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld, D. J., & Fang, Y. (2005). Individual, social and situational determinants of telecommuter productivity. Information Management, 45, 1037–1049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ory, D. T., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2007). Does telecommuting really save commute time? Time, distance, and speed evidence from State of California workers. In T. van der Lippe & P. Peters (Eds.), Competing claims in work and family life (pp. 249–267). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osnowitz, D. (2005). Managing time and domestic space: Home-based contractors and household work. Gender and Society, 19(1), 83–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrons, D. (2003). The new economy and the work-life balance: Conceptual explorations and a case study of new media. Gender, Work and Organization, 10(1), 65–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, P., den Dulk, L., & van der Lippe, T. (2009). The effects of time-spatial flexibility and new working conditions on employees’ work-life balance: The Dutch case. Community, Work & Family, 12(3), 279–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, P., & van der Lippe, T. (2007). Access to home-based telework: A multi-level & multi-actor perspective. In T. van der Lippe & P. Peters (Eds.), Competing claims in work and family life (pp. 233–248). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & Marchetta, A. (1991). A coming of age: Telework. Boston: Boston University, Centre on Work and Family.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyöriä, P. (2003). Knowledge work in distributed environments: Issues and illusions. New Technology, Work & Employment, 18(3), 166–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redman, T., Snape, E., & Ashurst, C. (2009). Location, location, location: Does place of work really matter? British Journal of Management, 20, S171–S181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royuela, V., López-Tamayo, J., & Suriñach, J. (2008). The institutional vs. the academic definition of the quality of work life. What is the focus of the European Commission? Social Indicators Research, 86, 401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, H., O’Connell, P. J., & McGinnity, F. (2009). The impact of flexible working arrangements on work-life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 73–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salmi, M. (1997). Home-based work, gender and everyday life. In E. Gunnarson & U. Huws (Eds.), Virtually free? Gender, work and spatial choice (pp. 131–150). Stockholm: Nutek.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2007). When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 479–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shumate, M., & Fulk, J. (2004). Boundaries and role conflict when work and family are colocated: A communication network and symbolic interaction approach. Human Relations, 57(1), 55–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, H. (1993). Homework and domestic work. Sociological Forum, 8(2), 181–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smock, P. J., & Noonan, M. (2005). Gender, work and family well-being in the United States. In S. M. Bianchi, L. M. Casper, & R. Berkiwitz-King (Eds.), Work, family, health and well-being (pp. 343–360). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C. (2000). Space and the intersection of work and family in homeworking households. Community, Work & Family, 3(2), 185–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C. (2001, May 31). Living with a homeworker: Female and male partners’ experiences of the management of work and family and family satisfaction. Paper presented at the ESRC Seminar Series ‘Impact of a changing labour market on families, children and mental health: building research-user alliances’. University of Aberdeen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C. (2002). Work at home, gender and the intersection of work and family. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C. (2003). What’s in a name? Definitions and conceptualisations of teleworking and homeworking. New Technology, Work & Employment, 18(3), 158–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C., & Lewis, S. (2001). Home-based telework, gender, and the synchronisation of work and family: Perspectives of teleworkers and their co-residents. Gender, Work and Organization, 8(2), 123–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C., & Lewis, S. (2006). Work at home and the work-family interface. In F. Jones, R. J. Burke, & M. Westman (Eds.), Managing the work-home interface: A psychological perspective (pp. 143–162). London: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, C., & Smithson, J. (2007). Perspectives of homeworkers and their partners on working flexibility and gender equity. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 448–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Towers, I., Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., & Thomas, J. (2006). Time thieves and space invaders: Technology, work and the organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19(5), 593–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, D. G. (2003). Telework: A new mode of gendered segmentation? Results from a study in Canada. Canadian Journal of Communication, 28, 461–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, D. G., Paquet, R., & Najem, E. (2006). Telework: A way to balance work and family or an increase in work-family conflict. Canadian Journal of Communication, 31, 715–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesh, A., & Vitalari, N. (1992). An emerging distributed work arrangement: An investigation of computer-based supplemental work at home. Management Sciences, 12, 1687–1706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vittersø, J., Akselsen, S., Evjemo, B., Julsrud, T. E., Yttri, B., & Bergvik, S. (2003). Impacts of home-based telework on quality of life for employees and their partners: Quantitative and qualitative results from a European study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 201–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, G., Diamond, C., & Lafferty, G. (2002). Assessing the benefits of telework: Australian case study evidence. New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations, 27(3), 257–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wight, V. R., & Raley, S. B. (2009). When home becomes work: Work and family time among workers at home. Social Indicators Research, 93, 197–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, T., Lindén, K. P., & Michelson, W. (1997). Hub of events or splendid isolation: The home as a context for teleworking. Lund, Sweden: Lund University School of Architecture.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cath Sullivan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sullivan, C. (2012). Remote Working and Work-Life Balance. In: Reilly, N., Sirgy, M., Gorman, C. (eds) Work and Quality of Life. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4059-4_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics