Summary
Cyanobacteria form symbiotic partnerships with a wide range of eukaryotic hosts including fungi, plants and animals such as sponges, ascidians and corals. They provide the host with fixed nitrogen and fixed carbon, and in return occupy relatively protected environments free from predation and environmental extremes. As well as being photoautotrophs, many cyanobacteria are capable of heterotrophy, enabling them to occupy symbiotic structures, such as the roots of plants, that receive little or no light and where photosynthetic hosts can supply them with fixed carbon. In all but a few cases cyanobacterial symbionts are capable of independent growth, but they frequently show significant morphological and physiological modifications when in symbiosis. Many cyanobacterial symbionts fix nitrogen in specialised cells known as heterocysts and in many symbioses, notably those with plant hosts, the frequency of heterocysts is greatly elevated, as is the rate of N2 fixation. A number of cyanobacterial symbioses are of major environmental significance as suppliers of fixed nitrogen to their surroundings. Some, such as the diatoms, can reach enormous populations in the oceans, whereas moss epiphytic associations are abundant in boreal forests, and cyanolichens are abundant in harsh environments where there are few other sources of fixed nitrogen.
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Adams, D.G., Duggan, P.S., Jackson, O. (2012). Cyanobacterial Symbioses. In: Whitton, B. (eds) Ecology of Cyanobacteria II. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_23
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