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Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Volume I pp 143–162Cite as

Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia

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Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders that primarily present with deficits in social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors. With a progressive evolution in understanding this unique group of disorders, a variety of phenotypes have been postulated, with variability in both biological features and response to treatment. Etiologically, autism is believed to involve a genetic predisposition that may be triggered by environmental factors. While there is no known cure for autism, many treatment approaches are available that potentially improve certain core and associated symptoms. In the past decade, research in the etiology and treatment of these disorders has grown tremendously, as evident by the increasing number of publications in this area. This chapter will review some of the recent advances in the current understanding of these disorders. In addition, a historical background regarding the clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, including the development of diagnostic concepts and definitions, will be reviewed. Clinical features of autism, its course, prognosis, interventions, including psychosocial and educational interventions, and pharmacological treatments, will also be highlighted. This will be followed by an outline of standard clinical assessment of individuals with a suspected diagnosis of autism. Furthermore, epidemiological data along with recent advances in the understanding of autism’s etiology and pathogenesis, including genetic influences, neuropsychological research, and neurobiological mechanisms, will also be briefly discussed. Finally, although autism can be separated from early onset psychosis and recent data suggest that individuals with autism are probably not at higher risk for developing schizophrenia, it is striking that children with childhood onset schizophrenia show high rates of early social, language and motor developmental abnormalities, with premorbid social impairment being the most common feature. Beginning with Kanner’s use of the term autism that suggested a similarity to schizophrenia, the question of comorbid association or phenotypic variations between autism and schizophrenia has been frequently asked. This chapter will also aim to clarify the similarities and differences in presentation between autism and childhood onset schizophrenia.

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Abbreviations

PDD:

Pervasive developmental disorder

ASD:

Autism spectrum disorder

ADI-R:

Autism diagnostic interview revised

ADOS:

Autism diagnostic observation schedule

CDC:

Center for disease control and prevention

ADDM:

Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring

AS:

Asperger’s syndrome

PDD-NOS:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

DSM:

Diagnostic and statistical manual

IQ:

Intelligence quotient

CDD:

Childhood disintegrative disorder

IDEA:

Individuals with disabilities act

BAP:

Broad autism phenotype

CMA:

Chromosomal microarray

NLGN4X:

Neuroligin 4

NLGN3:

Neuroligin 3

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

PET:

Positron emission tomography

FFA:

Fusiform face area

MCP:

Macrophage chemoattractant protein

MMR:

Measles mumps rubella

ASQ:

Autism screening questionnaire

SCQ:

Social communication questionnaire

CARS:

Childhood autism rating scale

ABC:

Autism behavior checklist

CHAT:

Checklist for autism in toddlers

M-CHAT:

Modified checklist for autism in toddlers

PDDST:

Pervasive developmental disorder screening test

ABA:

Applied behavior analysis

EIBI:

Early intensive behavioral interventions

OT:

Occupational therapy

SLP:

Speech and language pathologist

FDA:

Food and drug administration

ADHD:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

SSRI:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

NIH:

National institutes of health

CAM:

Complementary and alternative medicine

COS:

Childhood onset schizophrenia

MCDD:

Multiple complex developmental disorders

ARMS:

At risk mental state

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

    Yael Dvir

  2. Division of Child and Family Psychiatry, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA

    Vishal Madaan (Assistant Professor in Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences)

  3. Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

    Lauren Yakutis

  4. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

    Jean A. Frazier

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

    Daniel R. Wilson

Authors
  1. Yael Dvir
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  2. Vishal Madaan
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  3. Lauren Yakutis
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  4. Jean A. Frazier
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  5. Daniel R. Wilson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yael Dvir .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, 38814, Israel

    Michael S. Ritsner

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Dvir, Y., Madaan, V., Yakutis, L., Frazier, J.A., Wilson, D.R. (2011). Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia. In: Ritsner, M. (eds) Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Volume I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0837-2_6

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