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Principles of Tidal Sedimentology pp 79–107Cite as

Processes, Morphodynamics, and Facies of Tide-Dominated Estuaries

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Abstract

As defined in this chapter, an estuary forms during a shoreline transgression and then fills during a progradational phase that is transitional to a delta. The spatial distribution of processes, grain sizes and facies within tide-dominated estuaries is predictable in general terms. Tidal currents dominate sedimentation along the axis, with wave-dominated sedimentation occurring along the flanks of the estuary in its outer part. Tidal energy increases into the estuary but then decreases toward the tidal limit, with a gradual transition to river-dominated sedimentation at its head. The interaction of the tidal wave with the morphology of the estuary, and with river currents, causes the outer estuary to be flood-dominant, with a net landward movement of sand. By contrast, the inner estuary is ebb-dominant, creating a bedload convergence within the estuary. The axial sandy deposits are typically finest at this location. In transgressive-phase estuaries, the main channel shows a low—high—low pattern of sinuosity, with the tightest bends (sinuosity ≥ 2.5) occurring at the bedload convergence. These bends experience neck cutoff in the transition to the progradational phase of estuary filling. The estuary-mouth region is characterized by cross-bedded sands deposited on elongate sand bars, although wave-generated structures can be important in some cases. Estuaries that are down-drift of major rivers have anomalously muddy outer estuarine deposits. Further landward, upper-flow-regime parallel lamination can be widespread. The margins of the inner estuary are flanked by muddy salt-marsh and tidal-flat deposits that can contain well-developed tidal rhythmites and evidence of seasonal variations in river discharge.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queens University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Robert W. Dalrymple, Duncan A. Mackay & Aitor A. Ichaso

  2. Faculty of Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea

    Kyungsik S. Choi

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  1. Robert W. Dalrymple
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  3. Aitor A. Ichaso
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  4. Kyungsik S. Choi
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Correspondence to Robert W. Dalrymple .

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  1. , Harte Research Institute, Texas A&M University, Ocean Drive 6300, Corpus Christi, 78412, Texas, USA

    Richard A. Davis Jr.

  2. , Department of Geological Sciences, Queen's University, Miller Hall, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada

    Robert W. Dalrymple

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Dalrymple, R.W., Mackay, D.A., Ichaso, A.A., Choi, K.S. (2012). Processes, Morphodynamics, and Facies of Tide-Dominated Estuaries. In: Davis Jr., R., Dalrymple, R. (eds) Principles of Tidal Sedimentology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0123-6_5

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