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Chapter 24 Antioxidants and Photo-oxidative Stress Responses in Plants and Algae

  • Chapter
The Chloroplast

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

Ever since the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis and the accumulation of molecular oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere over 2.2 billion years ago, living organisms have needed to adapt to life in an aerobic atmosphere and cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS). The term ROS refers to various forms of harmful oxygen excited states, radicals, and peroxides. Specifically, these molecules include singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion, which can readily react with and damage cell membrane lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Living organisms have evolved several ways to protect themselves from oxidative damage, including synthesis of various antioxidants and enzymes that neutralize ROS. When the ability to prevent and/or cope with oxidative damage is insufficient to protect cells, oxidative stress occurs. A number of antioxidants exist in photosynthetic organisms, and their roles in protecting cells against oxidative stress have been extensively studied. Some antioxidants seem to have overlapping functions, which might act as a backup mechanism under conditions when the capacity of one antioxidant is overwhelmed. Different antioxidants have roles in protecting cells in specific compartments and in particular conditions. Other than protecting cells from oxidative damage, these antioxidants also have been shown to have other roles such as cell signaling or maintaining cellular redox state. This chapter summarizes knowledge about oxidative damage in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms with a focus on ROS scavenging mechanisms and the roles of antioxidants and related enzymes.

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Abbreviations

γ-GCS:

γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase

APX:

ascorbate peroxidase

DHA:

dehydroascorbate

DMPBQ:

2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone

ER:

endoplasmic recticulum

GPX:

glutathione peroxidase

GPXH:

glutathione peroxidase homolog

GSH:

reduced glutathione

GSSG:

oxidized glutathione

LHC:

light-harvesting complex

MDA:

monodehydroascorbate

MPBQ:

2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone

MV:

methyl viologen

NADPH:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NPQ:

non-photochemical quenching

PRX:

peroxiredoxin

PSI:

photosystem I

PSII:

photosystem II

PUFA:

polyunsaturated fatty acid

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

TRX:

thioredoxin

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (GM058799 and GM071908).

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  1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA

    Anchalee Sirikhachornkit & Krishna K. Niyogi

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  1. Anchalee Sirikhachornkit
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  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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Sirikhachornkit, A., Niyogi, K.K. (2010). Chapter 24 Antioxidants and Photo-oxidative Stress Responses in Plants and Algae. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_24

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