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Chapter 23 Mechanisms of Drought and High Light Stress Tolerance Studied in a Xerophyte, Citrullus lanatus (Wild Watermelon)

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The Chloroplast

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

The majority of higher plants are unable to survive extreme drought in the presence of strong solar radiation. However, a small group of vascular plants termed ‘‘xerophytes’’ have evolved drought and high light stress tolerance, and successfully thrives in the arid areas. This chapter will focus on the physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), a xerophyte which is indigenous to the Kalahari Desert despite carrying out C3-type photosynthesis. The electrochromic shift of carotenoids in the thylakoid membranes was analyzed in vivo, which revealed that the proton efflux through chloroplast ATP synthase was strongly suppressed under drought and high light stresses. In addition, cyclic electron flow around photosystem I was significantly activated under the stress, suggesting the functional relevance of these processes to the build-up of large ΔpH across thylakoid membranes, for sustaining high qE quenching under excess light conditions. Biochemical analyses showed that key components for ROS metabolism, such as chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase, were markedly fortified in this plant. Moreover, unique responses of wild watermelon under the stress were described like metabolism and function of citrulline, a novel compatible solute with potent activity for scavenging hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, characteristic gene expression patterns were observed in this plant under drought, which are exemplified by the induction of cytochrome b 561, a trans-plasma membrane protein for transferring reducing equivalents from cytosol to the apoplasts. Interestingly, unprecedentedly high activity of ascorbate oxidase was observed in the leaf apoplasts, suggesting the electron flux from cytosol to this terminal oxidase may be activated under drought. Taken together, these findings offer intriguing implications on how terrestrial plants can achieve effective adaptation to the harsh environmental conditions.

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Abbreviations

AGK:

N-acetylglutamate kinase

AGS:

N-acetylglutamate synthase

Asc:

ascorbate

AO:

ascorbate oxidase

AOD:

N-acetylornithine deacetylase

CEF1:

cyclic electron flow around photosystem I

CLb561A:

Citrullus lanatus cytochrome b 561 A

Cyt b 561 :

Cytochrome b 561

Cyt b 6 f :

–Cytochrome b 6 f

DHA:

dehydroascorbate

DHAR:

dehydroascorbate reductase

DIRK:

dark-induced relaxation kinetics

DRIP-1:

drought-induced polypeptide 1

EST:

expression sequence tag

GAT:

glutamate N-acetyltransferase

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

GR:

glutathione reductase

GSH:

glutathione

GSSH:

glutathione disulphide

MDA:

monodehydroascorbate

MDAR:

monodehydroascorbate reductase

MDH:

malate dehydrogenase

MT:

metallothionein

OAA:

oxaloacetate

PII :

protein–Peak two protein

PQ:

plastoquinone

PS:

I–photosystem I

PS:

II–photosystem II

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, and Asia-Africa Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Promotion Program from Japan Science and Technology Agency, Foundation for Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), NAIST Global COE program, and Nissan Science Foundation.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yoshihiko Nanasato

    Present address: Plant Genetic Engineering Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan

    Yoshihiko Nanasato, Kentaro Takahara, Kaori Kohzuma, Yuri Nakajima Munekage, Akiho Yokota & Kinya Akashi

  2. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan

    Chikahiro Miyake

  3. Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan

    Kentaro Takahara

Authors
  1. Yoshihiko Nanasato
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  2. Chikahiro Miyake
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  3. Kentaro Takahara
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  4. Kaori Kohzuma
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  5. Yuri Nakajima Munekage
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  6. Akiho Yokota
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  7. Kinya Akashi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kinya Akashi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

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Nanasato, Y. et al. (2010). Chapter 23 Mechanisms of Drought and High Light Stress Tolerance Studied in a Xerophyte, Citrullus lanatus (Wild Watermelon). In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_23

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