Synonyms
Land-fast ice; Pack ice
Definition
Salinity: The sum of all dissolved salts in grams per kilogram of seawater
Primary production: Photosynthetic carbon fixation per unit area, per unit of time.
Autotrophy: The ability to utilize inorganic carbon (usually CO2) as the sole source of carbon for organic synthesis, based on energy from light (photoautotrophic) or from oxidation of inorganic compounds (chemoautotrophic).
Heterotrophy: The ability of an organism to obtain carbon for organic synthesis by metabolizing organic materials.
Psychrophilic: Describing an organism that lives and grows optimally at relatively low temperatures, usually below 15°C, and cannot grow above 20°C. Psychrophiles consist mainly of bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoans; extreme psychrophiles can grow at subzero temperatures.
Introduction
Every autumn and winter, a fundamental transition occurs in the surface waters of the Arctic and Southern Oceans, and nonpolar seas such as the Baltic, Caspian, and...
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Thomas, D.N. (2011). Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice. In: Singh, V.P., Singh, P., Haritashya, U.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_639
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