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General and Bionomic Analysis of the Landscape

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Landscape Bionomics Biological-Integrated Landscape Ecology

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Abstract

Some indexes and measures of general ecology or even geomorphology can be used to quantify the landscape. For instance structural pattern analysis, climatic analysis, gravity model, diversity and dominance, grain and contrast. Other analysis derived from mathematics and in this chapter has more space: connection and fractal analysis. To study the LU connections we must apply the theory of graphs, as suggested by Forman and Godron. Fractal analysis is important, because it is the main geometry of natural systems, using fractional dimensions. Very useful is the fractal geometry for the evaluation of the irregular dispersion of patches in a territory, measured by counting the number of grid cells occupied by the mosaic, from low to high resolution.

The group of bionomic analysis derives directly from landscape bionomics. The influence field of a landscape element can be measured using a balance of BTC and the edge effect. The correlation HH/BTC allows to build a reliable model, expressed by a polynomial equation indicating the normal value of BTC per landscape type. Even the standard classes of BTC can be useful in the diagnosis of LU transformations. The landscape type evaluation (LTpE) classifies the characters of landscape in relation to HH as independent variable and is based on two indicators. It is needed before to make a detailed diagnosis, which is referred to ranges of normality per ecological parameter, thus to a precise landscape type. This chapter ends discussing the drawing analysis of the landscape. Konrad Lorenz wrote that it is essential for physicians, scholars of animals and landscape ecologists. Studies on nature should be accompanied by drawings and paintings available to give to a researcher a deeper observation capacity and the correct inspiration (sensu Einstein).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    IGM means Geographic Military Institute of Italy (analogous to other European Countries ones).

  2. 2.

    Together with Mallarmé and Picasso, the “avant-gardists” sustained that the forms of Creation have to be destroyed and that “nous ne cherchons pas, nos trouvons” (=we do not try, we find). This is quite presumptuous!

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Vittorio Ingegnoli

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  1. Vittorio Ingegnoli
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Ingegnoli, V. (2015). General and Bionomic Analysis of the Landscape. In: Landscape Bionomics Biological-Integrated Landscape Ecology. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5226-0_7

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