Abstract
Consensus has been reached on the concept that infantile cerebral palsy (CP) is a complex disorder which is limited neither to motor disability nor to the simple association between motor disability and possible disorders of other functions. Conversely, as extensively shown in this book, CP is currently considered as the result of the interaction between the different residual motor, sensorial, perceptive, or cognitive abilities or functions and their adaptative transformation grounded on evolution, that is to say a “continuously evolving disability of an individual who is continuously evolving”. The issue of visual-perceptive development (and of its disorders) in CP must be viewed within this frame-work, also considering the central role it plays in the child’s neuromotor, cognitive, and affective development, becoming the first tool for the interaction with the surrounding world.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abercrombie ML (1964) Visual, perceptual and visuomotor impairment in physically handicapped children: VI. Marianne Frostig Developmental test of visual perception. Percept Mot Skills 18:583–94
Asproudis IC, Andronikou SK, Hotoura EA et al (2002) Retinopathy of prematurity and other ocular problems in premature infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth. Eur J Ophthalmol 12:506–11
Atkinson J, Braddick OJ (1981) Development of optokinetic nystagmus in infants: an indicator of cortical bunicularity. In: Fisher DF, Monthy RA, Sender JW (eds) Eye movements: cognition and visual perception. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 53–64
Atkinson J, Braddick O, Anker S et al (1991) Visual development in the VLBW infant. In: Transactions of the 3rd Meeting of the Child Vision Research Society. Rotterdam
Atkinson J, Braddick O, Anker S et al (2003) Neurobiological models of visuospatial cognition in children with Williams syndrome: measures of dorsal-stream and frontal function. Dev Neuropsychol 23:139–72
Atkinson J, Hood B, Wattam-Bell J, Braddick O (1992) Changes in infants’ ability to switch visual attention in the first three months of life. Perception 21:643–653
Benton A, Tranel D (1993) Visuoperceptual, visuospatial and visuoconstructive disorders. In: Heilman KM, Valenstein E (eds) Clinical neuropsychology 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 165–213
Beery KE (1997) The Beery-buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration. Administration scoring and teaching manual. 4th edn. Modern Curriculum Press, Parsippany
Black PD (1980) Ocular defects in children with cerebral palsy. Br Med J 16; 281:487–8
Bova SM, Fazzi E, Giovenzana A et al (2007) The development of visual object recognition in school age children. Developmental Neuropsychology 31:79–102
Braddick O, Atkinson J, Wattam-Bell J (1986) Orientation-specific cortical responses develop in early infancy. Nature 320:617–619
Braddick O, Atkinson J, Wattam-Bell J (1986) VEP testing of cortical binocularity and pattern detection in infancy. Documental Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series 45:107–115
Cannao M (1999) La mente con gli occhiali. Franco Angeli Editore
Cioni G, Bertuccelli B, Boldrini A et al (2000) Correlation between visual function, neurodevelopmental outcome, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in infants with periventricular leucomalacia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82:F134–40
Cogan DG (1952) A type of congenital ocular motor apraxia presenting jerky head movements. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 56:853–62
Creem SH, Proffitt DR (2001) Defining the cortical visual systems: “what”, “where”, and “how”. Acta Psychol 107(1–3):43–68
De Vries LS, Dubowitz LMS, Pennoclùk J, Dubowitz V (1990) Brain Disorder in the Newborn. Wolfe Medical Publications, London
Dobson V, Teller DY (1978) Visual acuity in human infants: a review and comparison of behavioural and electrophysiological studies. Vision Res 18: 1469–1483
Donzis P, Rapazzo J, Burde R, Gordon M (1983) Effect of binocular variations of Snellen’s acuity on Titmus stereoacuity. Arch Ophthalmol 101:930–2
Eken P, de Vries LS, van Nieuwenhuizen O et al (1996) Early predictors of cerebral visual impairment in infants with cystic leukomalacia. Neuropediatrics 27:16–25
Fantz RL (1965) Visual perception from birth as shown by pattern selectivity. Annals N.Y. Academic Science 118:793–814
Fedrizzi E, Anderloni A, Bono R et al (1998) Eye-movement disorders and visual-perceptual impairment in diplegic children born preterm: a clinical evaluation. Dev Med Child Neurol 40:682–8
Gunn A, Cory E, Atkinson J et al (2002) Dorsal and ventral stream sensitivity in normal development and hemiplegia. Neuroreport 7; 13:843–847
Guzzetta A, Fazzi B, Mercuri E et al (2001) Visual function in children with hemiplegia in the first years of life. Dev Med Child Neur 43:321–9
Hall HL, Courage ML, Adams RJ (2000) The predective utility of the Teler acuity cards for assessing visual aoutcome in children with preterm birth and associated perinatal risks. Vision Research 40:2067–2076
Hertz BG, Ropsenberg J, Sjo O, Warburg M (1988) Acuity card testing of patients with cerebral visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neur 30:632–637
Hood B, Atkinson J (1990) Sensory visual loss and cognitive deficits in the selective attentional system of normal infants and neurologically impaired children. Dev Med Child Neurol 32:1067–77
Hrbek A, Kalberg P, Ollson T (1973) Development of visual and somatosensory evoked potentials in preterm newborn infants. EEG in Clin. Neurophysiol 34:225–232
Ipata AE, Cioni G, Bottai P et al (1994) Acuity card testing in children with cerebral palsy related to magnetic resonance images, mental levels and motor abilities. Brain Dev 16:195–203
Jacobson L, Flodmark O, Martin L (2006) Visual field defects in prematurely born patients with white matter damage of immaturity: a multiple-case study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 84:357–362
Levene MI, Wigglesworth JS, Dubowitz V (1981) Cerebral structure and intraventricular haemorrhage in the neonate: a real time ultrasound study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 56:416–424
Mash C, Dobson V (1998) Long-term reliability and predective validity of the teller acuity card procedure. Vision Research 38: 619–626
McDonald MA, Dobson V, Sebris SL et al (1985) The acuity cards precedure: a rapid test of infants acuity. Investigative Ophthalmology Visual Science 26:1158–1162
Mercuri E, Atkinson J, Braddick O et al (1997a) Basal ganglia damage and impaired visual function in the newborn infant. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 77:F111–4
Mercuri E, Atkinson J, Braddick O et al (1997b) The aetiology of delayed visual maturation: short review and personal findings in relation to magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 1:31–4
Mercuri E, Haataja L, Guzzetta A et al (1999) Visual function in term infants with hypoxicischaemic insults: correlation with eurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80:F99–104
Mercuri E, Siebenthal K, von Daniels H et al (1994) Multimodality evoked responses in the neurological assessment of the newborn. Eur J Pediatr 153:622–631
Mercuri E, Spano M, Bruccini G et al (1996) Visual outcome in children with congenital hemiplegia: correlation with MRI findings. Neuropediatrics 27:184–8
Morrone MC, Guzzetta A, Tinelli F et al (2008) Inversion of perceived direction of motion caused by spatial undersampling in two children with periventricular leukomalacia. J Cogn Neurosci 20:1094–106
Mushin J, Hogg CR, Dubowitz LM et al (1984) Visual evoked potentials to light emitting diode (LED) photostimulation in newborn infants. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 68
Pharoah PO, Cooke T, Johnson MA et al (1998) Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in England and Scotland 1984–9. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 79:F21–5
Pierro MM (2000) La valutazione del rapporto oculomozione/visione. In: La valutazione delle funzioni a dattive nel bambino con paralisi cerebrale. Franco Angeli Editore
Qualls CE, Bliwise NG, Stringer AY (2000) Short forms of the benton judgement of line orientation test: development and psychometric properties. Arch of Clinical Neuropsychology 15:159–64
Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS (1976) Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. Archives of Neurology 33:696–705
Schenk-Rootlieb AJ, van Nieuwenhuizen O, van Waes PF et al (1992) The prevalence of cerebral visual disturbance in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 34:473–80
Schenk-Rootlieb AJ, van Nieuwenhuizen O, van Waes PF, van der Graaf Y (1994) Cerebral visual impairment in cerebral palsy: relation to structural abnormalities of the cerebrum. Neuropediatrics 25:68–7
Stiers P, De Cock P, Vandenbussche E (1998) Impaired visual perceptual performance on an object recognition task in children with cerebral visual impairment. Neuropediatrics 29:80–8
Stiers P, De Cock, Vandenbussche E (1999) Separating visual perception and non-verbal intelligence in children with early brain injury. Brain Dev 21:397–406
Stiers P, van den Hout BM, Haers M et al (2001) The variety of visual perceptual impairments in pre-school children with perinatal brain damage. Brain Dev 23:333–348
Stiers P, Vanderkelen R, Vanneste G et al (2002) Visual-perceptual impairment in a random sample of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 44:370–82
Sutte CM, Banks MS, Candy TR (2000) Does a front-end nonlinearity confound VEP acuity measures in human infants? Vision Res 40:3665–3675
Tanne-Gariepy J, Rouiller EM, Boussaoud D (2002) Parietal inputs to dorsal versus ventral premotor areas in the macaque monkey: evidence for largely segregated visuomotor pathways. Exp Brain Res 145:91–103
Taylor MJ, Menzies R, MacMillan LJ, White HE (1984) VEPs in normal full-term and premature neonates: longitudinal versus cross sectional data. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 68:20–27
Teller DY, McDonald MA, Preston K et al (1986) Assessment of visual acuity in infants and children: the acuity cards procedure. Dev Med Child Neurol 28:779–789
Teller Acuity Cards (1990) Stereo Optical Co Inc. Vistech Consultants Inc
Tinelli F, Pei F, Guzzetta A et al (2008) The assessment of visual acuity in children with periventricular leukomalacia: a comparison of behavioural and electrophysiological techniques. Vision Research 48:1233–41
van den Hout BM, de Vries LS, Meiners LC et al (2004) Visual perceptual impairment in children at 5 years of age with perinatal haemorrhagic or ischaemic brain damage in relation to cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Dev 26:251–61
Van Hof-van Duin J (1989) The development and study of visual acuity. Dev Med Child Neurol 31:547–552
Van Hof-van Duin J, Cioni G, Bertuccelli B et al (1998) Visual outcome at 5 years of newborn infants at risk of cerebral visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 40:302–9
Ward J (1970) The factor structure of the frostig developmental test of visual perception. Br J Educ Psychol 40:65–7
Wattam Bell J (1983) Analysis of infant visual evoked potentials (VEPs) by phase sensitive statistics. Perception 14 A33
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guzzetta, A., Tinelli, F., Bancale, A., Cioni, G. (2010). Visual and Oculomotor Disorders. In: The Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1478-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1478-7_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-1477-0
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-1478-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)