Abstract
Fungal endophthalmitis is defined as the intraocular presence of fungi, involving the vitreous and/or the aqueous humors, accompanied by an inflammatory reaction. The epidemiology of fungal endophthalmitis is highly influenced by the environment, the climate, and people living conditions. Endogenous invasion of the eye usually begins with the localization of microorganisms carried by the bloodstream at the level of the choroid or, the retina (fungal chorioretinitis). Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis is usually post-surgical/post traumatic, and can be characterized by a delayed onset and a less aggressive behavior as compared to bacterial.
The treatment of fungal endophthalmitis is based on a combination of systemic and intravitreal antimycotic drugs usually associated with pars plana vitrectomy.
The visual outcome is variable ad depends on a correct management of the disease, on the lesions location, the causative agent and the stage at presentation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Suggested Reading
Aguilar GL, Blumenkrantz MS, Egbert PR, McCulley JP. Candida endophthalmitis after intravenous drug abuse. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(1):96–100.
Beebe WE, Kirkland C, Price J. A subretinal neovascular membrane as a complication of endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1987;19(6):207–9.
Brooks RG. Prospective study of Candida endophthalmitis in hospitalized patients with candidemia. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(10):2226–8.
Callanan D, Scott IU, Murray TG, Oxford KW, Bowman CB, Flynn Jr HW. Early onset endophthalmitis caused by Aspergillus species following cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:509–11.
Chakrabarti A, Shivaprakash MR, Singh R, Tarai B, George VK, Fomda BA, Gupta A. Fungal endophthalmitis: fourteen years’ experience from a center in India. Retina. 2008;28(10):1400–7.
Cho M, Khanifar AA, Chan RV. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2011;5(2):136–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0b013e3181cc2146.
Essman TF, Flynn Jr HW, Smiddy WE, Brod RD, Murray TG, Davis JL, Rubsamen PE. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1997;28(3):185–94.
Henderson DK, Edwards Jr JE, Ishida K, Guze LB. Experimental hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis: diagnostic approaches. Infect Immun. 1979;23(3):858–62.
Jaeger EE, Carroll NM, Choudhury S, Dunlop AA, Towler HM, Matheson MM, Adamson P, Okhravi N, Lightman S. Rapid detection and identification of Candida, Aspergillus, and Fusarium species in ocular samples using nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(8):2902–8.
Rao NA, Hidayat AA. Endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis: variations in clinical and histopathologic changes in candidiasis compared with aspergillosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(2):244–51.
Riddell J, Comer GM, Kauffman CA. Treatment of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: focus on new antifungal agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):648–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq204. Epub 2011 Jan 16.
Shen X, Xu G. Vitrectomy for endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(3):148–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273940802689396.
Smiddy WE. Treatment outcomes of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1998;9(3):66–70.
Stern WH, Tamura E, Jacobs RA, Pons VG, Stone RD, O’Day DM, Irvine AR. Epidemic postsurgical Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis. Clinical findings and management of 15 consecutive cases. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(12):1701–9.
Vaziri K, Schwartz SG, Kishor K, Flynn Jr HW. Endophthalmitis: state of the art. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:95–108. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S76406. eCollection 2015.
Weissgold DJ, D’Amico DJ. Rare causes of endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1996;36(3):163–77.
Wykoff CC, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D, Scott IU, Alfonso EC. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis: microbiology and clinical outcomes. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(9):1501–7, 1507.e1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.02.027.
Zhang YQ, Wang WJ. Treatment outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy for endogenous endophthalmitis. Retina. 2005;25(6):746–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature India Private Limited
About this entry
Cite this entry
Invernizzi, A. (2020). Fungal Endophthalmitis. In: Gupta, V., Nguyen, Q., LeHoang, P., Agarwal, A. (eds) The Uveitis Atlas. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2410-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2410-5_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2409-9
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2410-5
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine