Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the impact of climate change on livestock production and its adaptation and mitigation. Animal agriculture is the major contributor to increasing methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere. Generally there are two-way impacts of livestock on climate change. The first part is the livestock contribution to climate change, while the second part is concerned with livestock getting affected by climate change. Hence, improving livestock production under changing climate scenario must target both reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from livestock and reducing the effect of climate change on livestock production. These efforts will optimize livestock production under the changing climate scenario. The role of livestock on climate change is primarily due to enteric CH4 emission and those from manure management. Various GHG mitigation strategies include manipulation of rumen microbial ecosystem, plant secondary metabolites, ration balancing, alternate hydrogen sinks, manure management, and modeling to curtail GHG emission. Adapting to climate change and reducing GHG emissions may require significant changes in production technology and farming systems that could affect productivity. Many viable opportunities exist for reducing CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in ruminant animals and from livestock manure management facilities. To be considered viable, these emission reduction strategies must be consistent with the continued economic viability of the producer and must accommodate cultural factors that affect livestock ownership and management. The direct impacts of climate change on livestock are on its growth, milk production, reproduction, metabolic activity, and disease occurrences. The indirect impacts of climate change on livestock are in reducing water and pasture availability and other feed resources. Amelioration of environmental stress impact on livestock requires multidisciplinary approaches which emphasize animal nutrition, housing, and animal health. It is important to understand the livestock responses to the environment and analyze them, in order to design modifications of nutritional and environmental management, thereby improving animal comfort and performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adams TE, Sakurai H, Adams BM (1999) Effect of stress like concentrations of cortisol on estradiol dependent expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in orchidectomized sheep. Biol Reprod 60:164–168
Agarwal N, Chandra S, Kumar R, Chaudhary LC, Kamra DN (2009) Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Anim Feed Sci Technol 148:321–327
Amundson JL, Mader TL, Rasby RJ, Hu QS (2006) Environmental effects on pregnancy rate in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 84:3415–3420
Assan N (2014) Possible impact and adaptation to climate change in livestock production in Southern Africa. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 8(2):104–112
Baker B, Viglizzo JF (1998) Rangelands and livestock. In: Feenstra JF, Burton I, Smith JB, Tol RSJ (eds) Handbook of methods for climate change impact assessment and adaptation strategies. IVM/UNEP version 2.0. http://130.37.129.100/ivm/pdf/handbook_range.pdf. Accessed 22 Sept 2002
Baylis N, Githeko AK (2006) The effects of climate change on infectious diseases of animals. T7.3. Foresight. Infectious diseases: preparing for the future. Office and Science Innovation (www.foresight.gov.uk)
Beauchemin KA, Kreuzer M, O’Mara F, McAllister TA (2008) Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a review. Aust J Exp Agric 48:21–27
Bernabucci U, Calamari L (1998) Effect of heat stress on bovine milk yield and composition. Zootec Nutr Anim 24:247–257
Bernabucci U, Basiricò L, Morera P (2013) Impact of hot environment on colostrum and milk composition. Cell Mol Biol 59(1):67–83
Bhatta R, Enishi O, Takusari N, Higuchi K, Nonaka I, Kurihara M (2008) Diet effects on methane production by goats and a comparison between measurement methodologies. J Agric Sci (Camb) 146:705–715
Bhatta R, Saravanan M, Baruah L, Sampath KT (2012) Nutrient content, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane reduction potential of tropical tannin-containing leaves. J Sci Food Agric 92:2929–2935
Bhatta R, Saravanan M, Baruah L, Sampath KT, Prasad CS (2013a) In vitro fermentation profile and methane reduction in ruminal cultures containing secondary plant compounds. J Appl Microbiol 115:455–465
Bhatta R, Baruah L, Saravanan M, Suresh KP, Sampath KT (2013b) Effect of tannins from medicinal and aromatic plants on rumen fermentation, protozoa population and methanogenesis in vitro. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 97:446–456
Blaxter KL, Clapperton JL (1965) Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. Br J Nutr 19:511–522
Boland MP, Lonergan P, O’Callaghan D (2001) Effect of nutrition on endocrine parameters, ovarian physiology, oocyte and embryo development. Theriogenology 55:1323–1340
Bouraoui R, Lahmar M, Majdoub A, Djemali M, Belyea R (2002) The relationship of temperature humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Anim Res 51:479–491
Brooks DR, Hoberg EP (2007) How will global climate change affect parasite–host assemblages. Trends Parasitol 23(12):571–574
Chadio SE, Kotsampasi B, Papadomichelakis G, Deligeorgis S, Kalogiannis D, Menegatos D, Zerwas G (2007) Impact of maternal undernutrition on the hypothalamic –pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness in the sheep at different ages postnatal. J Endocrinol 192:495–503
Chianese DS, Rotz CA, Richard TL (2009) Whole farm greenhouse gas emissions: a review with application to a Pennsylvania dairy farm. Appl Eng Agric 25(3):431–442
Cobon DH, Toombs NR (2007) Climate change impacts on the water resources of the Cooper Creek catchment. In: Proceedings of MODSIM Congress’ Christchurch, pp 483–489
Collier RJ, Collier JL, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH (2008) Invited review: genes involved in the bovine heat stress response. J Dairy Sci 91(2):445–454
Daley CD, Sakurai H, Adams BM, Adams TE (1999) Effect of stress like concentrations of cortisol on gonadotroph function in orchidectomized sheep. Biol Reprod 60:158–163
Danielsson R, Werner-Omazic A, Ramin M, Schnürer A, Griinari M, Dicksved J, Bertilsson J (2014) Effects on enteric methane production and bacterial and archaeal communities by the addition of cashew nut shell extract or glycerol—an in vitro evaluation. J Dairy Sci 97(9):5729–5741
Dawson IK, Carsan S, Franzel S, Kindt R, van Breugel P, Graudal L, Lillesø JPB, Orwa C, Jamnadass R (2014) Agroforestry, livestock, fodder production and climate change adaptation and mitigation in East Africa: issues and options. ICRAF working paper no. 178. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi
Day KA, Scattini WJ, Osborne JC (1997) Extending carrying capacity calculations to the central Burnett region of Queensland. Stafford Smith DM, Clewet JF, Moore AD, McKeon GM, Clark R (eds) Drought Plan working paper no. 10. CSIRO, Alice Springs
Dhakal CK, Regmi PP, Khanal B, Bhastta UK (2013) Perception, impact and adaptation to climate change: an analysis of livestock system in Nepal. J Anim Sci Adv 3(9):462–471
Dijkstra J, Bannink A, France J, Kebreab E (2007) Nutritional control to reduce environmental impacts of intensive dairy cattle systems. In: Meng QX, Ren LP, Cao ZJ (eds) Proceedings of the VII international symposium on the nutrition of herbivores. China Agricultural University Press, Beijing, pp 411–435
Doreau M, Ferlay A (1995) Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a review. Livest Prod Sci 43:97–110
Dunn RJH, Mead NE, Willett KM, Parker DE (2014) Analysis of heat stress in UK dairy cattle and impact on milk yields. Environ Res Lett 9:064006 (11 pp)
Dunshea FR, Leury BJ, Fahri F, DiGiacomo K, Hung A, Chauhan S, Clarke IJ, Collier R, Little S, Baumgard L, Gaughan JB (2013) Amelioration of thermal stress impacts in dairy cows. Anim Prod Sci 53(9):965–975
Eckard RJ, Grainger C, de Klein CAM (2010) Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: a review. Livest Sci 130:47–56
Ellis JL, Kebreab E, Odongo NE, McBride BW, Okine EK, France J (2007) Prediction of methane production from dairy and beef cattle. J Dairy Sci 90:3456–3467
Epstein P, Diaz H, Elias S, Grabherr G, Graham N, Martens W, Thompson EM, Susskind J (1998) Biological and physical signs of climate change, focus on mosquito borne diseases. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79:409–417
FAO (2006) World agriculture: towards 2030/2050: prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Interim report, Global Perspective Studies Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO (2012) Balanced feeding for improving livestock productivity – increase in milk production and nutrient use efficiency and decrease in methane emission. In: Garg MR (ed) FAO animal production and health paper no. 173. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Fedele VS, Claps R, Rubino M, Calandrelli M, Pilla AM (2002) Effect of free choice and traditional feeding system on goat feeding behaviour and intake. Livest Prod Sci 74:19–31
Finlay BJ, Esteban G, Clarke KJ, Williams AG, Embley TM, Hirt RP (1994) Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 117:157–162
Forcada F, Albecia AJ (2006) The effect of nutrition on the seasonality of reproduction in ewes. Reprod Nutr Dev 46:355–365
Gaughan JB (2012) Basic principles involved in adaption of livestock to climate change. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SMK, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (eds) Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 245–261
Gaughan JG, Goopy J, Spark J (2002) Excessive heat load index for feedlot cattle. In: Meat and Livestock-Australia project report, FLOT.316. MLA Ltd, Sydney
Gougeon A (1996) Regulation of ovarian follicular development in primates: facts and hypotheses. Endocr Rev 17:121–155
Guan H, Wittenberg KM, Ominski KH, Krause DO (2006) Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. J Anim Sci 84:1896–1906
Habeeb AA, Marai IFM, Kamal TH (1992) Heat stress. In: Philips C, Piggens D (eds) Farm animals and the environment. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 27–47
Hall WB, McKeon GM, Carter JO, Day KA, Howden SM, Scanlan JC, Johnston PW, Burrows WH (1998) Climate change in Queensland’s grazing lands: II. An assessment of the impact on animal production from native pastures. Rangel J 20:177–205
Harvell CD, Mitchell CE, Ward JR, Altizer S, Dobson AP, Ostfeld RS, Samuel MD (2002) Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296:2158–2162
Hascic I, Watson F, Johnstone N, Kaminker C (2012) Recent trends in innovation in climate change mitigation technologies. In: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (ed) Energy and climate policy: bending the technological trajectory. OECD Publishing, Paris, p 44
Hatfield J, Boote K, Fay P, Hahn LC, Izaurralde BA, Kimball T, Mader J, Morgan D, Ort W, Polley A, Thomson, Wolfe D (2008) Agriculture. In: The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC, p 362
Havlík P, Valin H, Herrero M, Obersteiner M, Schmidd E, Rufino MC, Mosnier A, Thornton PK, Böttcher H, Conant RT, Frank S, Fritz S, Fuss S, Kraxner F, Notenbaert A (2014) Climate change mitigation through livestock system transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(10):3709–3714
Hess HD, Beuret RA, Lotscher M, Hindrichsen IK, Machmüller A, Carulla JE, Lascano CE, Kreuzer M (2004) Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. Anim Sci 79:177–189
Immig I (1996) The rumen and hindgut as a source of ruminant methanogenesis. Environ Monit Assess 42:57–72
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2013) Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FGDall.pdf
Ismail E, Abdel-Latif H, Hassan GA, Salem MH (1995) Water metabolism and requirement of sheep as affected by breed and season. World Rev Anim Prod 30(1–2):95–105
Joblin KN (1999) Ruminal acetogens and their potential to lower ruminant methane emissions. Aust J Agric Res 50:1307–1313
Johnson HD (1987) Part II, chapter 3: Bioclimate effects on growth, reproduction and milk production. In: Bioclimatology and the adaptation of livestock. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Johnson KA, Johnson DE (1995) Methane emissions from cattle. J Anim Sci 73:2483–2492
Kannan A, Garg MR (2009) Effect of ration balancing on methane emission reduction in lactating animals under field conditions. Indian J Dairy Sci 62(4):292–296
Kiyma Z, Alexander BM, Van Kirk EA, Murdoch WJ, Hallford DM, Moss GE (2004) Effect of feed restriction on reproductive and metabolic hormones in ewes. J Anim Sci 82:2548–2557
Kobayashi Y (2010) Abatement of methane production from ruminants: trends in the manipulation of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 23(3):410–416
Kornmatitsuk B, Chantaraprateep P, Kornmatitsuk S, Kindahl H (2008) Different types of postpartum luteal activity affected by the exposure of heat stress and subsequent reproductive performance in Holstein lactating cows. Reprod Domest Anim 43:515–519
Kume S, Takahashi S, Kurihara M, Aii T (1989) The effects of a hot environment on the major mineral content in milk. Jpn J Zootech Sci 60:341–345
Lassey KR (2008) Livestock methane emission and its perspective in the global methane cycle. Aust J Exp Agric 48:114–118
Machmuller A, Soliva CR, Kreuzer M (2003) Methane-suppressing effect of myristic acid in sheep as affected by dietary calcium and forage proportion. Br J Nutr 90:529–540
Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Webster E, Chrousos GP (1997) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 816:42–56
Makkar HPS, Becker K (1996) Effect of pH, temperature, and time on inactivation of tannins and possible implications in detannification studies. J Agric Food Chem 44:1291–1295
Marai IFM, El-Darawany AA, Fadiel A, Abdel-Hafez MAM (2007) Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep – a review. Small Rumin Res 71:1–12
Martin GB, Rogar J, Blache D (2004) Nutritional and environmental effects on reproduction in small ruminants. Reprod Fertil Dev 16:491–501
McAllister TA, Newbold CJ (2008) Redirecting rumen fermentation to reduce methanogenesis. Aust J Exp Agric 48:7–13
McCarty RD, Klusmeyer TH Jr, Vicini JL, Clark JH, Nelson DR (1989) Effect of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 72:2002–2016
Misselbrook TH, Powell JM, Broderick GA, Grabber JH (2005) Dietary manipulation in dairy cattle: laboratory experiments to assess the influence on ammonia emissions. J Dairy Sci 88:1765–1777
Mitsumori M, Sun W (2008) Control of rumen microbial fermentation for mitigating methane emissions from the rumen. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 21:144–154
Moe PW, Tyrell HF (1979) Methane production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 62:1583–1586
Mohankumar SMJ, Balasubramanian P, Dharmaraj M, Mohankumar PS (2012) Neuroendocrine regulation of adaptive mechanisms in livestock. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SMK, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (eds) Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 263–298
Molano G, Knight TW, Clark H (2008) Fumaric acid supplements have no effect on methane emissions per unit of feed intake in wether lambs. Aust J Exp Agric Sci 48:165–168
Morgan ER, Wall R (2009) Climate change and parasitic disease, farmer mitigation? Trends Parasitol 25(7):308–313
Moss AR, Jounany JP, Neevbold J (2000) Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Ann Zootech 49:231–253
Nagaraja TG, Newbold CJ, Van Nevel CJ, Demeyer DI (1997) Manipulation of ruminal fermentation. In: Hobson PN, Stewart CS (eds) The rumen microbial ecosystem. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp 523–632
Naqvi SMK, Maurya VP, Gulyani R, Joshi A, Mittal JP (2004) The effect of thermal stress on superovulatory response and embryo production in Bharat Merino ewes. Small Rumin Res 55:57–63
Nardone A, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B (1997) Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. J Dairy Sci 80:838–844
Naskar S, Gowane GR, Chopra A, Paswan C, Prince LLL (2012) Genetic adaptability of livestock to environmental stresses. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SMK, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (eds) Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 317–378
Newbold CJ, Rode LM (2006) Dietary additives to control methanogenesis in the rumen. In: Soliva CR, Takahashi J, Kreuzer M (eds) Greenhouse gases and animal agriculture: an update Elsevier International Congress Series, 1293. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 138–147
Newbold CJ, Lassalas B, Jouany JP (1995) The importance of methanogens associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 21:230–234
NRC (National Research Council) Committee on Animal Nutrition, Subcommittee on Environmental Stress (1981) Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Ogino A, Orito H, Shimadad K, Hirooka H (2007) Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow–calf system by the life cycle assessment method. Anim Sci J 78:424–432
Ozrenk E, Inci SS (2008) The effect of seasonal variation on the composition of cow milk in Van Province. Pak J Nutr 7:161–164
Padua JT, Dasilva RG, Bottcher RW, Hoff SJ (1997) Effect of high environmental temperature on weight gain and food intake of Suffolk lambs reared in a tropical environment. In: Proceedings of 5th international symposium, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, pp 809–815
Patz JA, Thaddeus K, Graczyk Geller N, Vittor AY (2000) Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol 30:1395–1405
Paul JW, Dinn NE, Kannangara T, Fisher LJ (1998) Protein content in dairy cattle diets affects ammonia losses and fertilizer nitrogen value. J Environ Qual 27:528–534
Polkowska J (1996) Stress and nutritional influences on GnRH and somatostatin neuronal systems in the ewe. Acta Neurobiol Exp 56:797–806
Rogelj J, Meinshausen M, Knutti R (2012) Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates. Nat Clim Chang 2(4):248–253
Rose H, Wall R (2011) Modelling the impact of climate change on spatial patterns of disease risk, Sheep blowfly strike by Lucilia sericata in Great Britain. Int J Parasitol 41(7):739–746
Rose H, Hoar B, Kutz SJ, Morgan ER (2014) Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Int J Parasitol Parasite Wildl 3:209–219
Rotz CA, Corson MS, Chianese DS, Coiner CU (2009) The integrated farm system model: reference manual. USDAARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park. www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/19020000/ifsmreference
Rust JM, Rust T (2013) Climate change and livestock production: a review with emphasis on Africa. S Afr J Anim Sci 43(3):255–267
Sabri Y, Mehmet C, Irfan O, Abdullah C, Mustafa B, Tekin S, Huseyin T (2009) Effect of different feeding method on methane and carbon dioxide emissions milk yield and composition of lactating Awassi sheep. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 4(6):278–287
Saxena VK, Krishnaswamy N (2012) Molecular mechanisms of livestock adaptation. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SMK, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (eds) Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 299–315
Scanlan JC, Hinton AW, McKeon GM, Day KA, Mott JJ (1994) Estimating safe carrying capacities of extensive cattle-grazing properties within tropical, semi-arid woodlands of north-eastern Australia. Rangel J 16:76
Schimidely P, Lloret M, Pujol P, Bas A, Ruozeau C, Sauvant D (1999) Influence of feed intake and sources of dietary carbohydrate on metabolic response to propionate and glucose challenges in lactating goats. J Dairy Sci 82:738–746
Sejian V (2013) Climate change: impact on production and reproduction, adaptation mechanisms and mitigation strategies in small ruminants: a review. Indian J Small Rumin 19(1):1–21
Sejian V, Maurya VP, Naqvi SMK (2010a) Adaptability and growth of Malpura ewes subjected to thermal and nutritional stress. Trop Anim Health Prod 42:1763–1770
Sejian V, Maurya VP, Naqvi SMK (2010b) Adaptive capability as indicated by endocrine and biochemical responses of Malpura ewes subjected to combined stresses (thermal and nutritional) under semi-arid tropical environment. Int J Biometeorol 54:653–661
Sejian V, Maurya VP, Naqvi SMK (2011a) Effect of thermal, nutritional and combined (thermal and nutritional) stresses on growth and reproductive performance of Malpura ewes under semi-arid tropical environment. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 95:252–258
Sejian V, Lal R, Lakritz J, Ezeji T (2011b) Measurement and prediction of enteric methane emission. Int J Biometeorol 55:1–16
Sejian V, Rotz A, Lakritz J, Ezeji T, Lal R (2011c) Modeling of green house gas emissions in dairy farms. J Anim Sci Adv 1(1):12–20
Sejian V, Indu S, Ujor V, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (2012a) Global climate change: enteric methane reduction strategies in livestock. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SMK, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (eds) Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 469–502
Sejian V, Valtorta S, Gallardo M, Singh AK (2012b) Ameliorative measures to counteract environmental stresses. In: Sejian V, Naqvi SMK, Ezeji T, Lakritz J, Lal R (eds) Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer-Verlag GMbH Publisher, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 153–180
Sejian V, Maurya VP, Kumar K, Naqvi SMK (2013) Effect of multiple stresses (thermal, nutritional and walking stress) on growth, physiological response, blood biochemical and endocrine responses in Malpura ewes under semi-arid tropical environment. Trop Anim Health Prod 45:107–116
Sejian V, Singh AK, Sahoo A, Naqvi SMK (2014a) Effect of mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation on growth, reproductive performance and adaptive capability of Malpura ewes subjected to heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 98:72–83
Sejian V, Bahadur S, Naqvi SMK (2014b) Effect of nutritional restriction on growth, adaptation physiology and estrous responses in Malpura ewes. Anim Biol 64:189–205
Sere CH, Gronewold J (1996) World livestock production systems: current status, issues and trends. FAO animal production health paper, 127. FAO, Rome, p 84
Sirohi S, Michaelowa A (2008) Implementing CDM for Indian dairy sector: prospects and issues. Clim Policy 8(1):62–74
Sirohi S, Michaelowa A, Sirohi SK (2007) Mitigation options for enteric methane emissions from dairy animals: an evaluation for potential CDM projects in India. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12:259–274
Slenning BD (2010) Global climate change and implications for disease emergence. Vet Pathol 47(1):28–33
Storm IMLD, Hellwing LF, Nielsen NI, Madsen J (2012) Methods for measuring and estimating methane emission from ruminants. Animals 2(2):160–183
St. Pierre NR, Cobanov B, Schnitkey G (2003) Economic loss from heat stress by US livestock industries. J Dairy Sci 86(E Suppl.): E52–E77
Tabbaa MJ, Alnimer MA, Shboul M, Titi HH (2008) Reproductive characteristics of Awassi rams. Anim Reprod 5(1):23–29
Tavendale MH, Meagher LP, Pacheco D, Walker N, Attwood GT, Sivakumaran S (2005) Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 123:403–419
Tubiello FN, Salvatore M, Rossi S, Ferrara A, Fitton N, Smith P (2013) The FAOSTAT database of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Environ Res Lett 8(1):015009
Ungerfeld EM, Kohn RA (2006) The role of thermodynamics in the control of ruminal fermentation. In: Sejrsen K, Hvelplund T, Nielsen MO (eds) Ruminant physiology: digestion, metabolism and impact of nutrition on gene expression, immunology and stress. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, pp 55–85
Vinoles C, Forsberg M, Martin GB, Cajarville C, Repetto J, Meikle A (2005) Short term nutritional supplementation of ewes in low condition affects follicle development due to an increase in glucose and metabolic hormones. Reproduction 129:299–309
Wang CJ, Wang SP, Zhou H (2009) Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane emission from sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 148:157–166
Wilkerson VA, Casper DP, Mertens DR (1995) Nutrition, feeding, and calves: the prediction of methane production of Holstein cows by several equations. J Dairy Sci 78:2402–2414
Yurtseven S, Gorgulu M (2004) Effects of grain sources and feeding methods, free choice vs. total mixed ration, on milk yield and composition of German Fawn × Hair crossbred goats in mid lactation. J Anim Feed Sci 13:417–428
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sejian, V. et al. (2015). Introduction to Concepts of Climate Change Impact on Livestock and Its Adaptation and Mitigation. In: Sejian, V., Gaughan, J., Baumgard, L., Prasad, C. (eds) Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2264-4
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2265-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)