Summary
Previously we tested simultaneous recordings of electroencephalograms and respiration in normal subjects during threshold and recognition levels of olfaction. The study identified changes of respiratory pattern during odor stimuli and found that inspiratory phase-locked alpha oscillation (I-α) from the averaged potentials were triggered by inspiration onset. We performed dipole analysis of I-α and found the dipoles were located in the olfactory-related areas: the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and the orbitofrontal cortex. As we often experienced that olfaction is habituated with constant exposure of odor presentation, we compared the respiratory patterns, I-α, and dipole localizations of I-α during recognition of odor with those of adaptation in odor. We found that changes in tidal volume and respiratory rate returned to the normal breathing level during the adaptation period. From averaging EEGs triggered as the inspiration onset, I-a was observed in all electrodes positions during perception of odor; on the other hand, power spectra of frontal areas decreased during the adaptation period. During the adaptation period, dipoles were not estimated in the orbitofrontal cortex, but sustained activations in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus were observed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Boiten FA, Frijda NH, Wientjes CJE (1994). Emotions and respiratory pattern: Review and critical analysis. International J of Psychophysiol 17: 103–128.
Davis M (1992). The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Ann Rev of Neurosci 15: 353–375.
Ekman G, Berglund B, Berglund U, (1967). Lindvall T. Perceived intensity of odor as a function of time of adaptation. Scand. J. Psychol 8: 177–86.
Homma I, Masaoka Y, Hirasawa K, Yamane F, Hori T (2001) Comparison of source localization of interictal epileptic spike potentials in patients estimated by the dipole tracing method with the focus directly recorded by the depth electrodes. Neurosci Lett 304: 1–4.
Inoue M, Masaoka Y, Kawamura M, Okamoto Y and Homma I (2008) Differences in areas of human frontal medial wall activated by left and right motor execution: Dipole-tracing analysis of grand-averaged potentials incorporated with MM three-layer head model. Neurosci Lett 437: 82–87.
Kurahashi T, Menini A (1997) Mechanism odorant adaptation in the olfactory receptor cell. Nature 385: 725–729.
Levy LM, Henkin RI, Hutter A, Lin CS, Martins D, Schellinger D (1997) Functional MRI of human olfaction. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21:849–56.
Masaoka Y, Homma I (2004) Amygdala and emotional breathing. In: Champagnat J (ed) Post-genomic perspectives in modeling and control of breathing. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp9–14.
Masaoka Y, Koiwa N, Homma I (2005) Inspiratory phase-locked alpha oscillation in human olfaction: source generators estimated by a dipole tracing method. J Physiol 566(3): 979–97.
Masaoka Y, Yoshimura N, Kawamura M, Inoue M, Homma I (2006) Impairment of odor recognition in Parkinson’s disease caused by weak activations of the orbitofrotal cortex. Neuroscience Letter 412:45–50.
Okamoto Y, Homma I (2004) Development of a user-friendly EEG analyzing system specialized for the equivalent dipole method Int J Bioelectromagn [serial online; Vol 6: No1] Available at: http://www.ijbem.org/volume6/numberl/005.htm.
Poellinger A, Thomas R, Lio P, Lee A, Makris N, Rosen BR, Kwong KK (2001) Activation and habituation in olfaction-An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 13: 547–560.
Rolls ET (2001) The rules of formation of the olfactory representations found in the orbitofrontal cortex olfactory areas in primates. Chem Senses 26: 595–604.
Royet JP, Zald D, Versace R, Costes N, Lavenne F, Koenig O, Gervais R (2000) Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci 20: 7752–59.
Shipley MT, Ennis M (1996) Functional organization of olfactory system. J Neurobiol 30: 123–176.
Sobel N, Prabhakaran V, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Goode RL, Sullivan EV, Gabrieli JDE (1998) Sniffing and smelling: separate subsystems in the human olfactory cortex. Nature 392: 282–286.
Wilson DA (1998) Habituation of odor responses in the rat anterior piriform cortex. J Neurophysiol 79: 1425–1440.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer
About this paper
Cite this paper
Masaoka, Y., Homma, I. (2009). Breathing is to live, to smell and to feel. In: Shioda, S., Homma, I., Kato, N. (eds) Transmitters and Modulators in Health and Disease. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99039-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99039-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-99038-3
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-99039-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)