Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Chapter
Neoplasms of the Liver

Abstract

Of the various types of solid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is perhaps the most difficult to treat because of the frequently associated cirrhosis [1–5]. Although there are large differences in its global incidence and in the frequency of coexisting cirrhosis that varies with the ethnic group [6–9], the basic clinical features and the generally poor prognosis are the same regardless of race and place. The survival times of patients with HCC as a whole have been estimated to be several months at most [10–13] with rare exceptions of long survival [14–16] and spontaneous regression [17, 18].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Edmondson HA, Steiner PE (1954) Primary carcinoma of the liver. A study of 100 cases among 48 900 necropsies. Cancer 7:462–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Peters RL (1976) Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds). Hepatocellular carcinoma. Wiley, New York, pp 107–158

    Google Scholar 

  3. Nakashima T, Okuda K, Kojiro M, Jimi A, Yamaguchi K, Sakamoto S, Ikari T (1983) Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. 232 consecutive cases, autopsied in 10 years. Cancer 51: 863–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Mori W (1967) Cirrhosis and primary cancer of the liver. Comparative study in Tokyo and Cincinnati. Cancer 20:627–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anthony PP (1973) Primary carcinoma of the liver. A study of 282 cases in Ugandan Africans. J Pathol Bacteriol 110: 37–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Munoz N, Linsell A (1982) Epidemiology of primary liver cancer. In: Correa P, Haenszel W (eds) Epidemiology of cancer of the digestive tract. Nijhoff, The Hague, pp 161–195

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Kew MC, Geddes EW (1982) Hepatocellular carcinoma in rural southern African blacks. Medicine 61:98–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Okuda K, Mackay I (1982) Hepatocellular carcinoma. A series of workshops on the biology of human cancer, report no. 17. UICC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  9. Li FP, Shiang EL (1980) Cancer mortality in China. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:217–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. EL-Domeiri AL, Huvos AG, Goldsmith HS, Foote FW Jr (1971) Primary malignant tumors of the liver. Cancer 27:7–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Primack A, Vogel CL, Kyalwazi SK, Ziegler JL, Simon R, Anthony PP (1975) A staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: Prognostic factors in Ugandan patients. Cancer 35:1357–1364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Falkson G, Moertel CG, Lavin P, Pretorius FJ, Carbone PP (1978) Chemotherapy studies in primary liver cancer. A prospective randomized clinical trial. Cancer 42:2149–2156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lai CL, Lam KC, Wong KP, Wu PC, Todd D (1981) Clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma: Review of 211 patients in Hong Kong. Cancer 47:2746–2755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Okuda K (1976) Clinical aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of 134 cases. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Wiley, New York, pp 387–436

    Google Scholar 

  15. Berman MM, Libbey NP, Foster JH (1980) Hepatocellular carcinoma: Polygonal cell type with fibrous stroma. An atypical variant with a favorable prognosis. Cancer 46:1448–1455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yoshida T, Okazaki N, Yoshino M, Kitaoka H, Hirohashi S, Shimozato Y (1982) Minute hepatocellular carcinoma without appreciable change in size for 7 years: A case report. Cancer 49:1491–1495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gottfried E, Steller R, Paronetto F, Lieber CS (1982) Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology; 82:114–710

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lam KC, Ho JCI, Yeung RTT (1982) Sponta-neous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 50: 332–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Okuda K, Nakashima T, Obata H, Kubo Y (1977) Clinicopathological studies of minute hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of 20 cases, including 4 with hepatic resection. Gastroenterology 73: 109–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen DS, Sheu JC, Sung JL, Lai MY, Lee CS, Su CT, Tsang YM, How SW, Wang TH, Yu JY, Yang TH, Wang CY Hsu CY (1982) Small hepatocellular carcinoma: A clinicopathological study in thirteen patients. Gastroenterology 83: 1109–1119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Shinagawa T, Ohto M, Kimura K, Tsunetomi S, Morita M, Saisho H, Tsuchiya Y, Saotome N, Karasawa E, Miki M, Ueno T, Okuda K (1984) Diagnostic and clinical features of small hepatocellular carcinoma with emphasis on the utility of real-time ultrasonography: A study of 51 patients. Gastroenterology 86:496–502

    Google Scholar 

  22. Okazaki N, Yoshino M, Yoshida T, Ohkura H, Moriyama N, Matsue K (1981) Growth speed of hepatocellular carcinoma and early diagnosis. Acta Hepatol Jpn 22:1742 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Yoshino M (1983) Growth kinetics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 13:45–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mashima Y (1984) Growth rate of hepatocellular carcinoma by ultrasonography and its clinical significance. Acta Hepatol Jpn 25:754–765 (in Japanese)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS, Yang PM, Lai MY, Lee CS, Hsu HC, Chang CN, Yang PC, Wang TH, Lin JT, Lee CZ (1985) Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 89:259–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ebara M, Ohto M, Shinagawa T, Sugiura N, Kimura K, Matsutani S, Morita M, Saisho H, Tsuchiya Y, Okuda K (1986) Natural history of minute hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than three centimeters complicating cirrhosis. A study in 22 patients. Gastroenterology 90:289–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Berman C (1951) Primary carcinoma of the liver. Lewis, London, pp 46–48

    Google Scholar 

  28. Halpert B, Erickson EE (1955) Carcinoma of the liver. A study of twenty-eight cases. Cancer 8: 992–1002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Vogel CL, Linsell CA (1972) International symposium on hepatocellular carcinoma, Kampala, Uganda (July 1971). J Natl Cancer Inst 48:567–571

    Google Scholar 

  30. Steiner PE (1960) Cancer of the liver and cirrhosis in trans-Saharan Africa and the United States of America. Cancer 13:1085–1166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kew MC (1981) Clinical, pathologic, and etiologic heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence from southern Africa. Hepatology 1: 366–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Okuda K, Peters RL, Simson I (1984) Gross anatomical features of hepatocellular carcinoma from three disparate geographic areas: Proposal of new classification. Cancer 54:2165–2173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cochrane AMG, Murray-Lyon IM, Brinkley DM, Williams R (1977) Quadruple chemotherapy versus radiotherapy in treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 40:609–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Almersjo, O, Bengmark S, Rudenstam CM, Hafstrom L, Nilsson LAV (1972) Evaluation of hepatic dearterialization in primary and secondary cancer of the liver. Am J Surg 124: 5–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Idhe DC, Sherlock P, Winaxer SJ, Fortner JG (1974) Clinical manifestations of hepatoma: A review of 6 years’ experience at a cancer hospital. Am J Med 56:83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Okuda K, Ohtsuki T, Obata H, Tomimatsu M, Okazaki N, Hasegawa H, Nakajima Y, Ohnishi K (1985) Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients. Cancer 56:918–928

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Hori S, Yoshioka H, Kuroda C, Okamura J, Sakurai M (1983) Transcatheter embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: Assessment of efficacy in cases of resection following embolization. Radiology 147:401–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yamada Y, Sato M, Kawabata M, Nakatsuka H, Nakamura K, Takashima S (1983) Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology 148:397–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, Suzuki M, Yamada T, Kishi K, Hasegawa H, Okazaki N (1984) Hepatic arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of CT scans and resected specimens. Radiology 150:661–665

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kato T, Nemoto R, Mori H, Takahashi M, Tamakawa Y, Harada M (1981) Arterial chemoembolization with microencapsulated anticancer drug: An approach to selective cancer chemotherapy with sustained effects. JAMA 245:1123–1127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ohnishi K, Tsuchiya S, Nakayama T, Hiyama Y, Iwama S, Goto N, Takashi M, Kono K, Nakajima Y, Okuda K (1984) Arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with mitomycin C microcapsules. Radiology 152:51–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Iwatsuki S, Shaw BW, Starzl TE (1983) Experience with 150 liver resections. Ann Surg 197: 247–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tang Z, Yu Y, Zhou X (1981) Factors influencing primary liver cancer resection survival rate. Chin Med J 94:749–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Adson MA, Weiland LH (1981) Resection of primary solid hepatic tumors. Am J Surg 141: 18–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lin TL (1976) Surgical treatment of primary liver cell carcinoma. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Wiley, New York, pp 449–468

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kanematsu T, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, Furuta T, Sugimachi K, Inokuchi K (1984) Limited hepatic resection effect for selected cir-rhotic patients with primary liver cancer. Ann Surg 199:51–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nelson RS, DeElizalde R, Howe CD (1966) Clinical aspects of primary carcinoma of the liver. Cancer 19: 533–537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Okazaki N (1976) Systemic chemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds) Wiley, New York, pp 469–475

    Google Scholar 

  49. Link JS, Batemen JR, Paroly WS, Durkin WJ, Peters RL (1977) 5-Fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma: Report of 21 cases. Cancer 39:1936–1939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Vogel CL, Bayley AC, Borrker RJ, Anthony PP, Ziegler JL (1977) A phase II study of Adriamycin (NSC 123127) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from Zambia and the United States. Cancer 39:1923–1929

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Johnson PJ, Williams R, Thomas H, Sherlock S, Murray-Lyon IM (1978) Induction of remission in hepatocellular carcinoma with doxorubicin. Lancet 1:1006–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Olweny CLM, Katongole-Mbidde E, Bahendeka S, Otim D, Mugersa J, Kyalwazi SK (1980) Further experience in treating patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Uganda. Cancer 46: 2717–2722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kubo Y, Shimokawa Y (1976) Arterial injection chemotherapy. In: Okuda K, Peters RL (eds). Wiley, New York, pp 477–490

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kinami Y, Miyazaki I (1978) The superselective and the selective one shot methods for treating inoperable cancer of the liver. Cancer 41:1720–1727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Provan JL, Stokes JF, Edward D (1968) Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy in hepatoma. Br Med J 3:346–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Al-Sarraf M, Go TS, Kithier K, Vaikevicius VK (1974) Primary liver cancer: A review of the clinical features, blood groups, serum enzymes, therapy, and survival of 65 cases. Cancer 33: 574–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Okuda K, Musha H, Nakajima Y, Kubo Y, Shimokawa Y, Nagasaki Y, Sawa Y, Jinnouchi S, Obata H, Hisamitsu T, Okazaki N, Kojiro M, Sakamoto K, Nakashima T (1977) Clinicopatho-logical features of encapsulated hepatocellular carcinoma: A study of 26 cases. Cancer 40:1240–1245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Starzl TE, Iwatsuki S, Shaw BW Jr, Van Thiel DH, Gartner JC, Zitelli BJ, Malatack JJ, Schade RR (1984) Analysis of liver transplantation. Hepatology 4:47S–49S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Rolles K, Williams R, Neuberger J, Calne R (1984) The Cambridge and King’s College Hospital experience of liver transplantation, 1968–1983. Hepatology 4: 50S–55S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The First Department of Medicine, Chiba University School of Medicine, Inohana, Chiba, 280, Japan

    Kunihiko Ohnishi

Authors
  1. Kunio Okuda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kunihiko Ohnishi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. First Department of Medicine, Chiba University School of Medicine, Inohana, Chiba, 280, Japan

    Kunio Okuda M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Hepatic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 20306, USA

    Kamal G. Ishak M.D., Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Okuda, K., Ohnishi, K. (1987). Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Okuda, K., Ishak, K.G. (eds) Neoplasms of the Liver. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68349-0_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68349-0_33

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-68351-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-68349-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation