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Recent Advances in Hagfish Developmental Biology in a Historical Context: Implications for Understanding the Evolution of the Vertebral Elements

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Reproductive and Developmental Strategies

Part of the book series: Diversity and Commonality in Animals ((DCA))

Abstract

Hagfish have been recognized as important for investigating the evolution of vertebral elements, because of their crucial phylogenetic position; however, the deep-sea habitat of most hagfish species limits the number of available embryos, thus impeding studies of their embryology in general and of their axial skeletogenesis in particular. This paucity of hagfish embryos has long impeded attempts to determine whether the absence of vertebral elements in this animal represents the ancestral morphological state. However, embryonic materials recently obtained from the Japanese inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) have provided an opportunity to investigate the fine histology of the embryonic somite and gene expression patterns of somite derivatives. These approaches identified segmentally arranged mesenchyme-derived nodules of cartilage at the ventral aspect of the notochord. On the basis of the clear gene expression patterns of Twist and Pax1/9 (known as sclerotomal markers in gnathostomes), it is presumed that hagfish and gnathostomes share similar molecular developmental mechanisms for the vertebral elements. In sum, the common ancestor of all vertebrates likely possessed the developmental mechanisms that control expression of Twist and Pax1/9 and the formation of segmentally arranged vertebral elements. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the hagfish vertebral elements, like the rest of the skeleton, represent a secondary degenerated condition.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan

    Kinya G. Ota

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  1. Kinya G. Ota
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Correspondence to Kinya G. Ota .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan

    Kazuya Kobayashi

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

    Takeshi Kitano

  3. Laboratory of Reproductive Developmental Biology, Division of Earth Sciences, Biology, and Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan

    Yasuhiro Iwao

  4. Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo, Miura, Japan

    Mariko Kondo

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Ota, K.G. (2018). Recent Advances in Hagfish Developmental Biology in a Historical Context: Implications for Understanding the Evolution of the Vertebral Elements. In: Kobayashi, K., Kitano, T., Iwao, Y., Kondo, M. (eds) Reproductive and Developmental Strategies. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_29

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