Abstract
Increasingly, maps developed in the field of system dynamics (SD) are combined with other mapping techniques. This has produced successful results; occasionally such experiments have ended in disappointment. Certain similarities between a variety of mapping techniques encourage experimentation. At the same time, these very similarities sometimes confuse clients and students with respect to the distinct differences between the methods supported by the various techniques. Confusion as to the purpose of a certain type of map relates to confusion about the use of mapping tools, down to individual symbols: what does the arrow mean in one map or another? This paper therefore attempts to explore the specific contribution that SD mapping can make and the potential usefulness of combining it with elements from other fields. The paper considers views from within the field of SD on the purpose of maps, their strengths and limitations. It shows how the prime purpose of maps within SD is the elucidation of the link between structure and behaviour but that the usage of maps with this purpose has changed since the field's beginning. The paper also explores a sample of other mapping techniques in their contexts, their distinctive nature as well as the similarities with SD mapping. The conclusion is that a complementarist attitude built on a clear acknowledgement of the distinct prime purpose of each approach and the distinct contribution that each tool was crafted to make offers many creative possibilities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackermann, F. and C. Eden (2004): Using Causal Mapping – individual and group, traditional and new. In: Pidd, M. (ed.): Systems Modelling: Theory and practice, Chichester: Wiley, 127–145.
Ackermann, F., C. Eden and T. Williams (1997): Modeling for Litigation: Mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches. Interfaces 27(2): 48–65.
Bowen, M. G. (1994): System Dynamics, Determinism and Choice: Toward a reconsideration of the image of “system man”. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 10(1): 87–90.
Brans, J. P., C. Macharis, P. L. Kunsch, A. Chevalier and M. Schwaninger (1998): Combining Multicriteria Decision Aid and System Dynamics for the Control of Socio-economic Processes: An iterative real-time procedure. Eur. J. Opl. Res. 109(2): 428–441.
Bryson, J. M., F. Ackermann, C. Eden and C. B. Finn (2004): Visible Thinking: Unlocking causal mapping for practical business results. London: Wiley.
Burns, J. R. (1977): Converting Signed Digraphs to Forrester Schematics and Converting Forrester Schematics to Differential Equations. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics smc-7(10): 695–707.
Burns, J. R., O. M. Ulgen and H. W. Beights (1979): An Algorithm for Converting Signed Digraphs to Forrester Schematics. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics smc-9(3): 115–124.
Cavana, R. Y. and E. D. Mares (2004): Integrating Critical Thinking and Systems Thinking. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 20(3): 223–235.
Checkland, P. and J. Poulter (2006): Learning for Action: A Short Definitive Account of Soft Systems Methodology and its use for Practitioners, Teachers and Students. Chichester: John Wiley.
Checkland, P. B. (1981): Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: Wiley.
Checkland, P. B. (1989): Chapter 4 Soft Systems Methodology. In: Rosenhead, J. (ed.): Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: problem structuring methods for complexity, uncertainty and conflict, Chichester: J. Wiley, 71–100.
Checkland, P. B. and J. Scholes (1990): Soft Systems Methodology in Action. Chichester: Wiley.
Churchman, C. W. (1968): The Systems Approach. New York: Delacorte Press.
Coyle, R. G. (1985): Representing Discrete Events in System Dynamics Models: a theoretical application to modelling coal production. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 36(4): 307–318.
Coyle, R. G. (2000): Qualitative and Quantitative Modelling in System Dynamics: Some research questions. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 16(3): 225–244.
Eden, C. (1989): Using cognitive mapping for strategic options development and analysis (SODA). In: Rosenhead, J. (ed.): Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: problem structuring methods for complexity, uncertainty and conflict, Chichester: Wiley, 21–42.
Eden, C. (2004): Analyzing cognitive maps to help structure issues or problems. Eur. J. Opl. Res. 159: 673–686.
Eden, C. and F. Ackermann (1992): The analysis of causal maps. Journal of Management Studies 29(3): 309–324.
Eden, C. and F. Ackermann (1998): Making Strategy: The journey of strategic management. London: Sage.
Eden, C., S. Jones and D. Sims (1983): Messing About In Problems. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Eden, C., S. Jones, D. Sims and H. Gunton (1979): Images into models: the subjective world of the policy maker. Futures (February): 56–62.
Edwards, W. (1991): Influence Diagrams, Bayesian Imperialism, and the Collins Case: An appeal to reason. Cardozo Law Review 13(2–3): 1025–1074.
Fine, P. E. M. (1993): Herd Immunity: History, theory, practice. Epidemiologic Reviews 15(2): 265–302.
Flood, R. L. and M. C. Jackson (1991): Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention. Chichester: Wiley.
Ford, D. and J. D. Sterman (1998): Expert Knowledge Elicitation for Improving Mental and Formal Models. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 14(4): 309–340.
Forrester, J. W. (1956): Dynamic Models of Economic Systems and Industrial Organizations (2003 republication of a ‘Note to the Faculty Research Seminar. November 5, 1956’ and MIT ‘D-memo’ zero). Sys. Dyn. Rev. 19(4): 331–345.
Forrester, J. W. (1958): Industrial Dynamics: A major breakthrough for decision makers. HBR 36(4): 37–66.
Forrester, J. W. (1960): The Impact of Feedback Control Concepts on the Management Sciences. In: Collected Papers of Jay W. Forrester (1975 collection). Cambridge, MA: Wright-Allen Press, 45–60.
Forrester, J. W. (1961a): Industrial Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Forrester, J. W. (1961b): Standard Symbols for Industrial Dynamics Flow Diagrams. MIT D-memo 41-1: 1–6.
Forrester, J. W. (1968a): Industrial Dynamics – A response to Ansoff and Slevin. Mgmt. Sci. 14(9): 601–618.
Forrester, J. W. (1968b): Market growth as influenced by capital investment. Industrial Management Review (now the Sloan Management Review) 9(2): 83–105.
Forrester, J. W. (1968c): Principles of Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Forrester, J. W. (1968d): Industrial Dynamics – After the first decade. Mgmt. Sci. 14(7): 398–415.
Forrester, J. W. (1970): Counterintuitive behaviour of social systems. In: Collected Papers of Jay W. Forrester (1975 collection). Cambridge, MA: Wright-Allen Press, 211–244.
Forrester, J. W. (1992): From the Ranch to System Dynamics. In: Bedeian, A. G. (ed.): Management Laureates: A collection of autobiographical essays (vol. 1), Greenwich CT: JAI Press, 335–370.
Forrester, J. W. (1994): System Dynamics, Systems Thinking, And Soft OR. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 10(2–3): 245–256.
Forrester, J. W. (2007): System Dynamics – The next fifty years. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 23(2–3): 359–370.
Forrester, J. W. and D. W. Packer (1962): A Model For The Study of Corporate Growth. MIT D-memo 151-1: 1–128.
French, S. (1988): Decision Theory. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited.
Gardiner, P. C. and A. Ford (1980): Which policy run is best, and who says so? In: Legasto, A. A., Forrester, J. W. and J. M. Lyneis (eds.): System Dynamics. TIMS Studies in the management sciences Vol. 14. Oxford: North-Holland, 241–257.
Goodman, M. R. (1974): Study Notes in System Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Größler, A. (2004a): Quantification Makes Sense Even When Empirical Data Is Limited: A model of the Bhopal crisis. In: Kennedy, M. and G. W. Winch (eds.): Proceedings of the 2004 International System Dynamics Conference (Oxford, England). Albany, NY: System Dynamics Society (CD based).
Größler, A. (2004b): Don't Let History Repeat Itself – Methodological issues concerning the use of simulators in teaching and experimentation. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 20(3): 263–274.
Homer, J. B. (1987): A Diffusion Model with Application to Evolving Medical Technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 31(3): 197–218.
Homer, J. B. (1996): Why we iterate: scientific modelling in theory and practice. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 12(1): 1–19.
Homer, J. B. (2007): Reply to Jay Forrester's “System dynamics – the next fifty years”. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 23(4): 465–267.
Homer, J. B. and R. Oliva (2001): Maps and Models in System Dynamics: A Response to Coyle. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 17(4): 347–355.
Howard, R. A. (1966): Decision Analysis: Applied decision theory. In: Herty, D. B. and J. Melese (eds.): Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Operational Methods, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 55–71.
Howard, R. A. and J. E. Matheson (1984): Influence Diagrams. In: Howard, R. A. and J. E. Matheson (eds.): Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis, Vol. II, Menlo Park CA: Strategic Decisions Group, 719–762.
Howick, S., F. Ackermann and D. Andersen (2006): Linking Event Thinking with Structural Thinking: Methods to improve client value in projects. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 22(2): 113–140.
Jackson, M. C. (2000): Systems Approaches To Management. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
Jackson, M. C. (2003): Systems Thinking: Creative holism for managers. Chichester: Wiley.
Jackson, M. C. and P. Keys (1984): Towards a system of system methodologies. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 35(6): 473–486.
Jarmain, W. E. (ed.) (1963): Problems in Industrial Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kelly, G. A. (1955): The Psychology of Personal Constructs. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Keys, P. (1988): System Dynamics: A methodological perspective. Trans. Inst. Measurement & Control 10(4): 218–224.
Klein, J. H. (1994): Cognitive Process and Operational Research: A human information processing perspective. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 45(8): 855–866.
Lane, D. C. (1994): With A Little Help From Our Friends: How system dynamics and ‘soft’ OR can learn from each other. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 10(2–3): 101–134.
Lane, D. C. (1998): Can We Have Confidence In Generic Structures? J. Opl. Res. Soc. 49(9): 936–947.
Lane, D. C. (1999): Social Theory and System Dynamics Practice. Eur. J. Opl. Res. 113(3): 501–527.
Lane, D. C. (2000): Should System Dynamics Be Described As A ‘Hard’ Or ‘Deterministic’ Systems Approach? Syst. Res. & Beh. Sci. 17(1): 3–22.
Lane, D. C. (2001): Rerum cognoscere causas: Part II – Opportunities generated by the agency/structure debate and suggestions for clarifying the social theoretic position of system dynamics. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 17(4): 293–309.
Lane, D. C. (2006): IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame – Jay Wright Forrester. Int. Trans. OR 13(5): 483–492.
Lane, D. C. (2008): The Emergence and Use of Diagramming in System Dynamics: A critical account. Syst. Res. & Beh. Sci. 25(1): 3–23.
Lane, D. C. and C. Smart (1996): Reinterpreting ‘generic structure’: evolution, application and limitations of a concept. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 12(2): 87–120.
Lane, D. C. and R. Oliva (1998): The Greater Whole: Towards a synthesis of system dynamics and soft systems methodology. Eur. J. Opl. Res. 107(1): 214–235.
Lane, D. C. and E. Husemann (2004): Movie Marketing Strategy Formation with System Dynamics: Towards a multidisciplinary adoption/diffusion theory of cinema-going. In: Maier, F (ed.): Komplexität und Dynamik als Herausforderung für das Management: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Peter Milling. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 179–222.
Lane, D. C. and M. Schwaninger (eds.) (2008): Theory Building with System Dynamics (Selected papers from the third European system dynamics workshop, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland). Special Edition of the international journal Systems Research and Behavioral Science 25(4).
Lane, D. C. and E. Husemann (2008a): System Dynamics Mapping of Acute Patient Flows. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 59(2): 213–224.
Lane, D. C. and E. Husemann (2008b): Steering without Circe: Attending to reinforcing loops in social systems. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 24(1): 37–61.
Macharis, C., J.-P. Brans and B. Mareschal (1998): The GDSS Promethee Procedure. J. Dec. Sys. 7(3): 283–307.
Machuca, J. A. D. (1992): Are we losing one of the best features of system dynamics? Sys. Dyn. Rev. 8(2): 175–177.
Miller, G. A. (1956): The Magical Number Seven, Plus Or Minus Two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63(1): 81–97.
Milling, P. M. (1974): Der technische Fortschritt beim Produktionsprozeß – Ein dynamisches Modell für innovative Industrieunternehmen, Wiesbaden: Gabler.
Milling, P. M. (1986): Diffusionstheorie und Innovationsmanagement. In: Zahn, E. (ed.): Technologie- und Innovationsmanagement, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 49–70.
Milling, P. M. (1996): Modeling Innovation Processes For Decision Support And Management Simulation. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 12(3): 211–234.
Milling, P. M. (1999): System Dynamics at Mannheim University. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 50(4): 309–310.
Milling, P. M. (2002): Understanding and Managing Innovation Processes (Jay Wright Forrester Prize 2001 Lecture). Sys. Dyn. Rev. 18(1): 73–86.
Milling, P. M. and F. Maier (1996): Invention, Innovation und Diffusion: Eine Simulationsanalyse des Managements neuer Produkte. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
Mingers, J. (2003): A Classification of the Philosophical Assumptions of Management Science Methods. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 54(6): 559–570.
Mingers, J. and A. Gill (eds.) (1997): Multimethodology: The theory and practice of combining management science methodologies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Montibeller, G. and V. Belton (2006): Causal maps and the evaluation of decision options – a review. In: Franco, A., D. Shaw and M. Westcombe (eds.): Problem Structuring Methods (Special Edition of the Journal of the Operational Research Society) 57(7): 779–791.
Morecroft, J. D. W. (1982): A critical review of diagramming tools for conceptualising feedback system models. Dynamica 8(1): 20–29.
Morecroft, J. D. W. (2007): Strategic Modelling and Business Dynamics: A feedback systems approach. Chichester: John Wiley.
Murray, J. D. (1989): Mathematical Biology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Paich, M. (1985): Generic Structures. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 1(1): 126–132.
Pfeffer, J. (2007): What Were They Thinking? Unconventional wisdom about management. Boston, MA: HBS.
Phillips, L. D. (1984): A Theory of Requisite Decision Models. Acta Psych. 56(1): 29–48.
Phillips, L. D. (1990): Decision analysis for group decision support. In: Eden, C. and J. Radford (eds.): Tackling Strategic Problems: The Role of Group Decision Support.
Pidd, M. (1996): Tools For Thinking: Modelling in management science. Chichester: John Wiley.
Pidd, M. (1999): Just Modeling Through: A Rough Guide to Modeling. Interfaces 29(2): 118–132.
Raiffa, H. (1968): Decision Analysis: Introductory lectures on choices under uncertainty. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Ramos, J. M. (1983): Some Modifications to the Burns Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics smc-13(1): 108–110.
Rand, G. (2006): IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame. Int. Trans. OR 13(6): 583–584.
Reagan-Cirincione, P., S. Schuman, G. P. Richardson and S. A. Dorf (1991): Decision Modelling: Tools for strategic thinking. Interfaces 21(6): 52–65.
Richardson, G. P. (1986): Problems with casual-loop diagrams (originally published in 1976). Sys. Dyn. Rev. 2(2): 158–170.
Richardson, G. P. and A. L. Pugh (1981): Introduction to System Dynamics Modelling with DYNAMO (republished edition). Cambridge, MA: Productivity.
Richardson, G. P., E. F. Wolstenholme and J. D. W. Morecroft (eds.) (1994): Systems Thinkers, Systems Thinking. System Dynamics Review 10(2–3).
Richmond, B. (1994): Systems Thinking/System Dynamics: Let's just get on with it. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 10(2–3): 135–157.
Riggs, J. L. and M. S. Inoue (1975): Introduction to Operations Research and Management Science: A general systems approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Roberts, E. B. (2007): Making System Dynamics Useful: A personal memoir. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 22(2–3): 119–136.
Roberts, N., D. F. Andersen, R. Deal, M. Garet and W. Shaffer (1983): Introduction to Computer Simulation: A System Dynamics Approach. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Schaffernicht, M. (2007): Causality and diagrams for system dynamics. Paper presented at the 2007 International System Dynamics Conference (Boston, USA). Program Chairs: John Sterman and Rogelio Oliva.
Senge, P. M. (1990): The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday/Currency.
Simon, H. (1976): From Substantive To Proceedural Rationality. In: Latsis, S. J. (ed.): Method And Appraisal In Economics, Cambridge: CUP, 129–148.
Sterman, J. D. (1988): A skeptic's guide to computer models. In: Grant, L. (ed.): Foresight and National Decisions, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 133–169.
Sterman, J. D. (1994): Learning In And About Complex Systems. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 10(2–3): 291–330.
Sterman, J. D. (2000): Business Dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
Sterman, J. D. (2006): Learning from Evidence in a Complex World. American Journal of Public Health 96(3): 505–514.
Stoneman, P. (2002): The Economics of Technological Diffusion. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tsouvalis, C. and P. B. Checkland (1996): Reflecting on SSM: the dividing line between ‘real world’ and ‘systems thinking world’. Syst. Res. 13(1): 35–45.
Tufte, E. R. (2006): Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Vennix, J. A. M. (1996): Group Model-building: Facilitating team learning using system dynamics. Chichester: Wiley.
Watson, S. R. and D. M. Buede (1987): Decision Synthesis: the principles and practise of decision analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
White, M. M. and S. W. Palocsay (1999): Decision Explorer (Software Review). OR/MS Today (October): 62–64.
Williams, T., C. Eden, F. Ackermann and A. Tait (1995): The effects of design changes and delays on project costs. J. Opl. Res. Soc. 46(7): 809–818.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Gabler | GWV Fachverlage GmbH
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lane, D.C., Husemann, E. (2009). What Does the Arrow Mean? Observations on System Dynamics Mapping and the Potential for Experimentation with Other Methods. In: Strohhecker, J., Größler, A. (eds) Strategisches und operatives Produktionsmanagement. Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8401-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8401-2_16
Publisher Name: Gabler
Print ISBN: 978-3-8349-1766-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-8349-8401-2
eBook Packages: Business and Economics (German Language)