Skip to main content

Traditional systemic therapy I: methotrexate and cyclosporine

  • Chapter
Treatment of Psoriasis

Part of the book series: Milestones in Drug Therapy ((MDT))

  • 1225 Accesses

Abstract

Many medications have been discovered for the treatment of psoriasis, with methotrexate and cyclosporine being the earliest treatment options. They are complex structures that have shown efficacy, but both carry possible side effects and complications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ryan TJ, Vickers HR, Salem SN, Callender ST, Badenoch J (1964) The treatment of psoriasis with folic acid antagonist. Br J Dermatol 76: 555–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Boffa M, Chalmers R (1996) Methotrexate for psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 21: 399–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ryan TJ, Baker H (1969) Systemic corticosteroids and folic acid antagonists in the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis: evaluation and prognosis based on the study of 104 cases. Br J Dermatol 81: 134–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Rosenbaum MM, Roenigk HH Jr, (1984) Treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis with etretinate and methotrexate. J Am Acad Dermatol 102: 357–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Black RL, O’Brien WM, Van Scott EJ, Auerbach R, Eisen AZ, Bunim JJ (1964) Methotrexate therapy in psoriatic arthritis. J Am Med Assoc 189: 743–747

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Espinoza LR, Zakraoui L, Espinoza CG, Gutierrez F, Jara LJ, Silveira LH, Cuellar ML, Martinez-Osuna P (1992) Psoriatic arthritis: clinical response and side effects to methotrexate therapy. J Rheumatol 19: 872–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bright R (1999) Methotrexate in the treatment of psoriasis. Cutis 64: 332–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Seeger DR, Cosalich DDB, Smith JM, Hultquist ME (1949) Analogs of pteroylglutamic acid. II. 4-aminoderivatives. J Am Chem Soc 71: 1297–1301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gubner R, August S, Ginsberg V (1951) Therapeutic suppression of tissue reactivity. II. Effect of aminopterin in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Am J Med Sci 221: 176–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ward JR (1985) Historical perspective on the use of methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheum 12: 3–6

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cronstein BN (1996) Molecular therapeutics: Methotrexate and its mechanism of action. Arthritis Rheum 39: 1951–1960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Goodsell DS (1999) The molecular perspective: Methotrexate. The Oncologist 4: 430–441

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lynch JP 3rd, McCune J (1997) Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic pharmacotherapy for pulmonary disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: 395–420

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kremer JM (1996) Methotrexate update. Scand J Rheumatol 25: 341–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Goodman TA, Polisson RP (1994) Methotrexate: Adverse reactions and major toxicities. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 20: 513–528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cronstein BN, Naime D, Ostad E (1993) The anti-inflammatory mechanism of methotrexate: increased adenosine release at inflamed sites diminishes leukocyte accumulation in an in vivo model of inflammation. J Clin Invest 92: 2675–2682

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bouma MG, Stad RK, van der Wildenberg FA, Buuman WA (1994) Differential regulatory effects of adenosine on cytokine release by activated human monocytes. J Immunol 153: 4159–4168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jeffes EWB, McCullough JL, Pittelkow MR, McCormick A, Almanzor J, Liu G, Dang M, Voss K, Voss J, Schlotzhauer A (1995) Methotrexate therapy of psoriasis: differential sensitivity of proliferating lymphoid and epithelial cells to the cytotoxic and growth-inhibitory effects of methotrexate. J Invest Dermatol 104: 183–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Miller LC, Cohen FE, Orencole SF, Schaller JG, Savage N, Dinarello CA (1988) Interleukin-1 beta is structurally related to dihydrofolate reductase: effects of methotrexate on IL-1. Lymphokine Res 7: 272A

    Google Scholar 

  20. Brody M, Bohm I, Bauer R (1993) Mechanism of action of methotrexate: experimental evidence that methotrexate blocks the binding of interleukin 1 beta to the interleukin 1 receptor on target cells. Eur J Chem Clin Biochem 31: 667–674

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Olsen EA (1991) The pharmacology of methotrexate. J Am Acad Dermatol 25: 306–618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jolivet J, Cowan KH, Curt GA, Clendeninn NJ, Chabner BA (1983) The pharmacology and clinical use of methotrexate. N Engl J Med 309: 1094–1104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Thomson Micromedex Healthcare Series. The Drugpoint summary for methotrexate. Available at: http://www.micromedex.com (accessed 23 January 2007)

  24. Huffman DH, Wan SH, Azarnoff DL, Hoogstraten B (1973) Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 14: 572–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Roenigk HH Jr, Auerbach R, Maibach H, Weinstein G, Lebwohl M (1998) Methotrexate in psoriasis: Consensus conference. J Am Acad Dermatol 38: 478–485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Singh Y, Aggarwal A, Misra R, Agarwal V (2007) Low-dose methotrexate-induced pancytopenia. Clin Rheumatol 26: 84–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kremer HM, Phelps CT, Lightfoot RW Jr, Willkens RF, Furst DE, Williams HJ, Dent PB, Weinblatt ME (1994) Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Suggested guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. American College of Rheumatology. Arthritis Rheum 37: 316–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Weinstein GD, Frost P (1971) Methotrexate for psoriasis — a new therapeutic schedule. Arch Dermatol 103: 33–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Strober BE, Menon K (2005) Folate supplementation during methotrexate therapy for patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 53: 652–659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gutierrez-Urena S, Molina JF, Garcia CO, Cuellar ML, Espinoza LR (1996) Pancytopenia secondary to methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39: 272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Weinstein GD, Roenigk H, Maibach HI, Cosmides J, Halprin K, Millard M (1973) Psoriasis-liver-methotrexate interactions. Arch Dermatol 108: 36–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nyfors A (1977) Liver biopsies from psoriatics related to methotrexate therapy: 3. Findings in post-methotrexate liver biopsies from 160 psoriatics. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 85: 511–518

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Furst DE, Kremer JM (1988) Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31: 305–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kremer JM, Kaye GI, Kaye NW, Ishak KG, Axiotis CA (1995) Light and electron microscope analysis of sequential liver biopsy samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving longterm methotrexate therapy. Follow up over long treatment intervals and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables. Arthritis Rheum 38: 1194–1203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kremer JM, Furst ED, Weinblatt ME, Blotner SD (1996) Significant changes in serum AST across hepatic histological biopsy grades: prospective analysis of 3 cohorts receiving methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 23: 459–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Maurice PD, Maddox AJ, Green CA, Tatnall F, Schofield JK, Stott DJ (2005) Monitoring patients on methotrexate: hepatic fibrosis not seen in patients with normal serum assays of aminoterminal peptide of type III procollagen. Br J Dermatol 152: 451–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Phillips TJ, Jones DH, Baker H (1987) Pulmonary complications following methotrexate therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 16: 373–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zitnik RJ, Cooper JA Jr, (1990) Pulmonary disease due to antirheumatic agents. Clin Chest Med 11: 139–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wolverton SE (1991) Systemic drug therapy for psoriasis: the most critical issues. Arch Dermatol 127: 565–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shiroky JB, Frost A, Skelton JD, Hoegert DG, Newkirk MM, Neville C (1991) Complications of immunosuppression associated with weekly low dose methotrexate. J Rheumatol 18: 1172–1175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Weinblatt ME (1996) Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: toxicity issues. Br J Rheumatol 35: 403–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kamel OW, van de Rijn M, Weiss LM, Del Zoppo GJ, Hench PK, Robbins BA, Montgomery PG, Warnke RA, Dorfman RF (1993) Brief report: Reversible lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus occurring during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 328: 1317–1321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bologna C, Picot MC, Jorgensen C, Viu P, Verdier R, Sany J (1997) Study of 8 cases of cancer in 426 rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 56: 97–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. McClure SL, Valentine J, Gordon KB (2002) Comparative tolerability of systemic treatments for plaque-type psoriasis. Drug Saf 25: 913–927

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Paul C, Le Tourneau A, Cayuela JM, Devidas A, Robert C, Molinie V, Dubertret L (1997) Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease during methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 133: 867–871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wolfe F, Micahaud K (2004) Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18′572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 50: 1740–1751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stern RS, Laird N (1994) The carcinogenic risk of treatments for severe psoriasis. Photochemotherapy Follow-Up Study. Cancer 73: 2759–2764

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lindskov R (1983) Skin carcinomas and treatment with photochemotherapy (PUVA). Acta Derm Venereol 63: 223–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stern RS, Zierler S, Parrish JA (1982) Methotrexate used for psoriasis and the risk of noncutaneous or cutaneous malignancy. Cancer 50: 869–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Conaghan PG, Quinn DI, Brooks PM, Day RO (1995) Hazards of low dose methotrexate. Aust N Z J Med 25: 670–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Buckley LM, Bullaboy CA, Leichtman L, Marquez M (1997) Multiple congenital anomalies associated with weekly low dose methotrexate treatment of the mother. Arthritis Rheum 40: 971–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Milunsky A, Graef JW, Gaynor MF Jr, (1968) Methotrexate induces congenital malformations. J Pediatr 72: 790–795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Georgouras KE, Zagarella SS, Cains GD, Brown PJ (1997) Systemic treatment of severe psoriasis. Australas J Dermatol 38: 171–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jeffes EW 3rd, Weinstein GD (1995) Methotrexate and other chemotherapeutic agents used to treat psoriasis. Dermatol Clin 13: 875–890

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wolverton SE (1991) Systemic drug therapy for psoriasis: the most critical issues. Arch Dermatol 127: 565–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dogra S, Handa S, Kanwar AJ (2004) Methotrexate in severe childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol 21: 283–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kumar B, Dhar S, Handa S, Kaur I (1994) Methotrexate in childhood psoriasis. Pediatr Dermatol 11: 271–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Leman J, Burden D (2001) Psoriasis in children: a guide to its diagnosis and management. Paediatr Drugs 3: 673–680

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kapoor R, Kapoor JR (2006) Cyclosporine resolves generalized pustular psoriasis of pregnancy. Arch Dermatol 142: 1373–1375

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Picascia DD, Garden JM, Freinkel RK, Roenigk HH (1987) Treatment of resistant severe psoriasis with systemic cyclosporine. J Am Acd Dermatol 17(3): 480–514

    Google Scholar 

  61. Mueller W, Herrmann B (1979) Cyclosporin A for psoriasis. N Engl J Med 301: 555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Tugwell P, Bombardier C, Gent M, Bennett KJ, Bensen WG, Carette S, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM, Klinkhoff AV, Kraag GR (1990) Low-dose cyclosporine versus placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 335: 1051–1055

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bombardier C, Buchbinder R, Tugwell P (1992) Efficacy of cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis: long-term follow-up data and the effect on quality of life. Scand J Rheumatol 21: 29–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Pistoia V, Buoncompagni A, Scribanis R, Fasce L, Alpigiani G, Cordone G, Ferrarini M, Borrone C, Cottafava F (1993) Cyclosporin A in the treatment of juvenile chronic arthritis and childhood polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Results of a preliminary study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 11: 203–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Reiff A, Rawlings DJ, Shaham B, Franke E, Richardson L, Szer IS, Bernstein BH (1997) Preliminary evidence for cyclosporin A as an alternative in the treatment of recalcitrant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 24: 2436–2443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Zeller V, Cohen P, Prieur AM, Guillevin L (1996) Cyclosporin A therapy in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis. Experience and long term follow up of 6 cases. J Rheumatol 23: 1424–1427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tellus MM, Buchanan RR (1995) Effective treatment of anti Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis with cyclosporine. Br J Rheumatol 34: 1187–1188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Qushmaq KA, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM (2000) Cyclosporin A in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis: population based experience in 6 patients and literature review. J Rheumatol 27: 2855–2859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tokuda M, Kurata N, Mizoguchi A, Inoh M, Seto K, Kinashi M, Takahara J (1994) Effect of lowdose cyclosporin A on systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 37: 551–558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hallegua D, Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, Rinaldi RZ, Klinenberg JR (2000) Cyclosporine for lupus membranous nephritis: experience with ten patients and review of the literature. Lupus 9: 241–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Carbonnel F, Boruchovicz A, Duclos B, Soule JC, Lerebours E, Lemann M, Belaiche J, Colombel JF, Cosnes J, Gendre JP (1996) Intravenous cyclosporine in attacks of ulcerative colitis. Shortterm and long-term responses. Dig Dis Sci 41: 2471–2476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ciafaloni E, Nikhar NK, Massey JM, Sanders DB (2000) Retrospective analysis of the use of cyclosporine in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 55: 448–450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fry L (1992) Psoriasis: immunopathology and long-term treatment with cyclosporine. J Autoimmun 5: 277–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Mahrle G, Schulze HJ, Farber L, Weidinger G, Steigleder GK (1995) Low-dose short-term cyclosporine versus etretinate in psoriasis: improvement of skin, nail, and joint involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol 32: 78–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ellis CN, Fradin MS, Hamiton TA, Voorhees JJ (1995) Duration of remission during maintenance cyclosporine therapy for psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 131: 791–795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sneader W (1985) Drug Discovery: The Evolution of Modern Medicines. John Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  77. Handschumacher RE, Harding MW, Rice J, Drugge RJ, Speicher DW (1984) Cyclophilin: a specific cytosolic binding protein for cyclosporin A. Science 226: 544–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Wiederrecht G, Lam E, Hung S, Martin M, Sigal N (1993) The mechanism of action of FK506 and cyclosporin A. Ann NY Acad Sci 696: 9–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR (1992) The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol Today 13: 136–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Timmerman LA, Clipstone NA, Ho SN, Northrop JP, Crabtree GR (1996) Rapid shuttling of NFAT in discrimination of Ca2+ signals and immunosuppression. Nature 383: 837–840

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kahan BD (1989) Drug therapy: Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 321: 1725–1738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Klintmalm GB (1994) FK506: an update. Clin Transplant 8: 207–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Xu Q, Leiva MC, Fischkoff SA, Handschumacher RE, Lyttle CR (1992) Leukocyte chemotactic activity of cyclophilin. J Biol Chem 267: 11968–11971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Billich A, Winkler G, Aschauer H, Rot A, Peichl P (1997) Presence of cyclophilin A in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med 185: 975–980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Thomson Micromedex Healthcare Series. The Drugpoint summary for cyclosporine. Available at: http://www.micromedex.com (accessed 23 January 2007)

  86. Kolars JC, Awni WM, Merion RM, Watkins PB (1991) First-pass metabolism of cyclosporine by the gut. Lancet 338: 1488–1490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Lebwohl M, Ellis C, Gottlieb A, Koo J, Krueger G, Linden K, Shupack J, Weinstein G (1998) Cyclosporine consensus conference: with emphasis on the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 39: 464–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gruber SA, Hewitt JM, Sorenson AL, Barber DL, Bowers L, Rynders G, Arrazola L, Matas AJ, Rosenberg ME, Canafax DM (1994) Pharmacokinetics of FK506 after intravenous and oral administration in patients awaiting renal transplantation. J Clin Pharmacol 34: 859–864

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Panayi GS, Tugwell P (1997) The use of cyclosporin A microemulsion in rheumatoid arthritis: Conclusions of an international review. Br J Rheumatol 36: 808–811

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Berth-Jones J (2005) The use of cyclosporin in psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat 16: 258–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ho VC, Griffiths CE, Berth-Jones J, Papp KA, Vanaclocha F, Dauden E, Beard A, Puvanarajan L, Paul C (2001) Intermittent short courses of cyclosporine microemulsion for the long-term management of psoriasis: a 2-year cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 44: 643–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Burdmann EA, Andoh TF, Yu L, Bennett WM (2003) Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Semin Nephrol 23: 465–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lamas S (2005) Cellular mechanisms of vascular injury mediated by calcineurin inhibitors. Kidney Int 68: 898–907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Williams D, Haragsim L (2006) Calcineurin nephrotoxicity. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 13: 47–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Lanese DM, Conger JD (1993) Effects of endothelin receptor antagonist on cyclosporine-induced vasoconstriction in isolated rat renal arterioles. J Clin Invest 91: 2144–2149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Myers BD, Newton L (1991) Cyclosporine-induced chronic nephropathy: an obliterative microvascular renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: S45–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Di Paolo S, Teutonico A, Stallone G, Infante B, Schena A, Grandaliano G, Battaglia M, Ditonno P, Schena PF (2004) Cyclosporin exposure correlates with 1 year graft function and histological damage in renal transplanted patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 2107–2112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Chapman JR, Nankivell BJ (2006) Nephrotoxicity of ciclosporin A: short-term gain, long-term pain? Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 2060–2063

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shihab FS, Bennett WM, Tanner AM, Andoh TF (1997) Angiotensin II blockade decreases TGF-β1 and matrix proteins in cyclosporine nephropathy. Kidney Int 52: 660–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Islam M, Burke JF Jr, McGowan TA, Zhu Y, Dunn SR, McCue P, Kanalas J, Sharma K (2001) Effect of anti-transforming growth factor-beta antibodies in cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction. Kidney Int 59: 498–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Shihab FS, Yi H, Bennett WM, Andoh TF (2000) Effect of nitric oxide modulation on TGF-beta1 and matrix proteins in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 58: 1174–1185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Pichler RH, Franceschini N, Young BA, Hugo C, Andoh TF, Burdmann EA, Shankland SJ, Alpers CE, Bennett WM, Couser WG (1995) Pathogenesis of cyclosporine nephropathy: Roles of angiotensin II and osteopontin. J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 1186–1196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Feutren G, Mihatsch MJ (1992) Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced nephropathy in patients with autoimmune diseases. International Kidney Biopsy Registry of Cyclosporine in Autoimmune Diseases. N Engl J Med 326: 1654–1660

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Taler SJ, Textor SC, Canzanello VJ, Schwartz L (1999) Cyclosporin-induced hypertension. incidence, pathogenesis and management. Drug Safety 20: 437–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Bennett WM, Porter GA (1988) Cyclosporin-associated hypertension. Am J Med 85: 131–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Bennett WM (1997) Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: implications for dermatology. Int J Dermatol 36: 11–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kamel KS, Ethier JH, Quaggin S, Levin A, Albert S, Carlisle EJ, Halperin ML (1992) Studies to determine the basis for hyperkalemia in recipients of a renal transplant who are treated with cyclosporine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 1279–1284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ling BN, Eaton DC (1993) Cyclosporin A inhibits apical secretory K+ channels in rabbit cortical collecting tubule principal cells. Kidney Int 44: 974–984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Barton CH, Vaziri ND, Martin DC, Choi S, Alikhani S (1987) Hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine. Am J Med 83: 693–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Schwartz RB, Bravo SM, Klufas RA, Hsu L, Barnes PD, Robson CD, Antin JH (1995) Cyclosporine neurotoxicity and its relationship to hypertensive encephalopathy: CT and MR findings in 16 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165: 627–631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, Breen J, Pao L, Wang A, Pessin MS, Lamy C, Mas JL, Caplan LR (1996) A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 334: 494–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Wijdicks EF, Wiesner RH, Krom RA (1995) Neurotoxicity in liver transplant recipients with cyclosporine immunosuppression. Neurology 45: 1962–1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Marcil, I, Stern RS (2001) Squamous-cell cancer of the skin in patients given PUVA and ciclosporin: nested cohort crossover study. Lancet 358: 1042–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Paul CF, Ho VC, McGeown C, Christophers E, Schmidtmann B, Guillaume JC, Lamarque V, Dubertret L (2003) Risk of malignancies in psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine: a 5 y cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 120: 211–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. HO VC (2004) The use of cyclosporin in psoriasis: a clinical review. Br J Dermatol 150: 1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Behnam SM, Behnam SE, Koo JY (2005) Review of cyclosporine immunosuppressive safety data in dermatology patients after two decades of use. J Drugs Dermatol 4: 189–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Hojo M, Morimoto T, Maluccio M, Asano T, Morimoto K, Lagman M, Shimbo T, Suthanthiran M (1999) Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Nature 397: 530–534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Thomas DW, Newcombe RG, Osborne GR (2000) Risk factors in the development of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth. Transplantation 69: 522–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Wong W, Hodge MG, Lewis A, Sharpstone P, Kingswood JC (1994) Resolution of cyclosporininduced gingival hypertrophy with metronidazole. Lancet 343: 986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gomez E, Sanchez-Nunez M, Sanchez JE, Corte C, Aguado S, Portal C, Baltar J, Alvarez-Grande J (1997) Treatment of cyclosporin-induced gingival hyperplasia with azithromycin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 2694–2697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Ishida Y, Matsuda H, Kida K (1995) Effect of cyclosporin A on human bone marrow granulocytemacrophage progenitors with anti-cancer agents. Acta Paediatr Jpn 37: 610–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. van der Heide JJ, Bilo HJ, Donker JM, Wilmink JM, Tegzess AM (1993) Effect of dietary fish oil on renal function and rejection in cyclosporine-treated recipients of renal transplants. N Engl J Med 329: 769–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Homan van der Heide JJ, Bilo HJ, Tegzess AM, Donker AJ (1990) The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on renal function in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 49: 523–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Berthoux FC, Guerin C, Burgard G, Berthoux P, Alamartine E (1992) One-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid-fish oil in clinical renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 24: 2578–2582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Ruggenenti P, Perico N, Mosconi L, Gaspari F, Benigni A, Amuchastegui CS, Bruzzi I, Remuzzi G (1993) Calcium channel blockers protect transplant patients from cyclosporine-induced daily renal hypoperfusion. Kidney Int 43: 706–711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Rahn KH, Barenbrock M, Fritschka E, Heinecke A, Lippert J, Schroeder K, Hauser I, Wagner K, Neumayer HH (1999) Effect of nitrendipine on renal function in renal-transplant patients treated with cyclosporin: a randomised trial. Lancet 354: 1415–1420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Hunley TE, Fogo A, Iwasaki S, Kon V (1995) Endothelin A receptor mediates functional but not structural damage in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 1718–1723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Burdmann EA, Andoh TF, Nast CC, Evan A, Connors BA, Coffman TM, Lindsley J, Bennett WM (1995) Prevention of experimental cyclosporine-induced interstitial fibrosis by losartan and enalapril. Am J Physiol 269: F491–499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Smith JR, Kubacki VB, Rakhit A, Martin LL, Schaffer AV, Jasani MK, Hefty DJ, Johnston T, Cannon C, Bennett WM (1993) Chronic thromboxane synthesis inhibition with CGS 12970 in human cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Transplantation 56: 1422–1426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lacour M, Mehta-Nikhad B, Atherton DJ, Harper JI (1996) An appraisal of acitretin therapy in children with inherited disorders of keratinization. Br J Dermatol 134: 1023–1029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Pereira TM, Vieira AP, Fernandes JC, Sousa-Basto A (2006) Cyclosporin A treatment in severe childhood posriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20: 651–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Berth-Jones H, Finlay AY, Zaki I, Tan B, Goodyear H, Lewis-Jones S, Cork MJ, Bleehen SS, Sale MS, Allen BR et al. (1996) Cyclosporine in severe childhood atopic dermatitis: a multicenter study. J Am Acad Dermatol 34: 1016–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Harper JI, Berth-Jones J, Camp RD, Dillon MJ, Finlay AY, Holden CA, O’Sullivan D, Veys PA (2001) Cyclosporin for atopic dermatitis in children. Dermatology 203: 3–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Robitaille P, Chartrand S, Stanley C, Chartrand C (1991) Long-term assessment of renal function under cyclosporine in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 10: 460–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Mahe E, Bodemer C, Pruszkowski A, Teillac-Hamel D, de Prost Y (2001) Cyclosporine in childhood psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 137: 1532–1533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Cooney GF, Habucky K, Hoppu K (1997) Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in pediatric transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacokinet 32: 481–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Nandakumaran M, Eldeen AS (1990) Transfer of cyclosporine in the perfused human placenta. Dev Pharmacol Ther 15: 101–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Armenti VT, Ahiswede KM, Ahlsweded BA, Jarrell BE, Moritz MJ, Burke JF (1994) National transplantation pregnancy registry outcomes of 154 pregnancies in cyclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 57: 502–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Olshan AF, Mattison DR, Zwanenburg TS (1994) International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Cyclosporine A: review of genotoxicity and potential for adverse human reproductive and developmental effects. Report of a Working Group on the genotoxicity of cyclosporine A, 18 August 1993. Mutat Res 317: 163–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Petri M (2003) Immunosuppressive drug use in pregnancy. Autoimmunity 36: 51–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Griffiths CEM, Clark CM, Chalmers RJG, Li Wan PO A, Williams HC (2000) A systematic review of treatments for severe psoriasis. Health Technol Assess 4: 1–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Naldi L, Griffiths CEM (2005) Traditional therapies in the management of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: an assessment of the benefits and risks. Br J Dermatol 152: 597–615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Griffiths CEM, Dubertret L, Ellis CN, Finlay AY, Finzi AF, Ho VC, Johnston A, Katsambas A, Lison AE, Naeyaert HM et al. (2004) Ciclosporin in psoriasis clinical practice: an international consensus statement. Br J Dermatol 150: 11–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Heydendael VM, Spuls PI, Opmeer BC, de Borgie CA, Reitsma JB, Goldschmidt WF, Bossuyt PM, Bos JD, de Rie MA (2003) Methotrexate versus cyclosporine in moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med 349: 658–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Birkhäuser Verlag/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Prodanovic, E.M., Korman, N.J. (2008). Traditional systemic therapy I: methotrexate and cyclosporine. In: Weinberg, J.M. (eds) Treatment of Psoriasis. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7724-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics