S-100b as a Screening Marker of the Severity of Minor Head Trauma (MHT) — a Pilot Study

Abstract

Due to its neural tissue specificity S-100b is considered as a screening marker of cerebral injury in head trauma patients. However, the occurrence and relevance of an increased S-100b serum level in minor head trauma (MHT) is still debated. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of S-100b measurements in a level I trauma center emergency room (ER). Eighty patients presenting with clinical symptoms of MHT (GCS score of 13–15, transitory loss of consciousness, amnesia, nausea) were prospectively recruited. Blood samples were drawn at 0 h, 6 h and 24 h after admission, and a cerebral computed tomography (CT) was performed. The reference group consisted of 10 patients with severe head injury (GCS score < 8), the control group of 20 healthy volunteers. Concentrations of S-100b in serum were determined by an immunoluminometric assay. The results were compared with the plasma levels of polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase as an established general trauma marker.

In the MHT group, the S-100b serum level revealed 1.26 ± 0.57 ng/ml at study entry (73.46 ± 47.53 min after trauma). In comparison, the S-100b concentration was significantly elevated in patients with severe head trauma (5.26 ± 1.65 ng/ml, p = 0.009), but no significant difference became evident in relation to the control group (0.05 ± 0.01 ng/ml). Starting values of PMN elastase in plasma amounted to 66.40 ± 14.92 ng/ml in severe trauma, and to 60.52 ± 10.75 ng/ml in MHT showing significant differences only in relation to the control group (23.36 ± 1.53 ng/ml). When correlated with the severity of the later clinical course, the first S-100b measurements exhibited steadily increasing values as demonstrated in MHT outpatients (0.29 ± 0.11 ng/ml), MHT in-hospital patients (0.70 ± 0.19 ng/ml) and MHT intensive care unit patients (5.03 ± 3.18 ng/ml). PMN elastase levels revealed no significant differences concerning the three MHT subgroups.

Thus, in contrast to the general trauma marker PMN elastase, assessment of the specific neuroprotein S-100b early after traumatic insult appears to be a promising laboratory marker for the prognosis of the severity of brain injury in MHT patients. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to better understand its predictive value.