Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Membrane Structure

  • Chapter
Membrane Structure

Part of the book series: Protoplasmatologia ((2120,volume 2 / E / 1))

Abstract

The boundary of all cells is delineated by a thin membrane which separates the protoplasm from its environment. The existence of this membrane was first suggested by de Vries (1885), Pfeffer (1897) and Overton (1899), who demonstrated that plant cells respond osmotically to variations in external osmolarity. However, the physical reality of the cell membrane remained controversial for many years. Cell membranes are too thin to be directly visualized in the light microscope, and their boundaries were confused with other structures at the cell surface such as the cytoplasmic cortex in animal cells or the cell wall in plant cells. Therefore, early notions about membrane structure were indirectly derived from studies of membrane function, and in fact the chemical composition of the plasma membrane was inferred from its permeability properties before any direct analyses of individual membranes could be attempted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Arnold, W., 1933: The effect of ultraviolet light on photosynthesis. J. gen. Physiol. 17, 135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arntzen, C. J., R. A. Dilley, and F. L. Crane, 1969: A comparison of chloroplast membrane surfaces visualized by freeze-etch and negative staining techniques; and the ultrastructural characterization of membrane fractions obtained from digitonin-treated spinach chloroplasts. J. Cell Biol. 43, 16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bader, H., R. Post, and G. Bond, 1968: Comparison of sources of a phosphorylated intermediate in transport ATPase. Biochim. biophys. Acta 150, 41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar, R. S., D. W. Deamee, and D. G. Coenwell, 1966: Surface area of human erythrocyte lipids: reinvestigation of experiments on plasma membrane. Science 153, 1010.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, L. J., 1958: Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, A. A., 1964: Plant membrane lipids. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 15, 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, A. A., and S. J. Singer, 1965: The lipoprotein model for membrane structure. Amer. Chem. Soc. Abstracts of Papers 150, 8 c.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., 1966: Fracture faces of frozen membranes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 55, 1048.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., 1967: Fracture faces of frozen myelin. Exp. Cell Res. 45, 703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., 1968: Structure of the photosynthetic apparatus. Photophysiology 3, 197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., 1969: Membrane structure. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 20, 209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., and A. W. Clark, 1968: Fracture faces in frozen outer segments from the guinea pig retina. Z. Zeilforsch. 91, 586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., and H. Moor, 1964: Fine structure in freeze-etched Allium cepa L. root tips. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 11, 401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, D., and R. B. Park, 1967: Subunits in chloroplast lamellae. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 19, 283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullivant, S., and A. Ames, 1966: A simple freeze-fracture replication method for electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 29, 435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caspar, D. L. D., and D. A. Kirschener, 1971: Myelin membrane structure at 10 Å resolution. Nature 231, 46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., D. J. Fluck, S. A. Penkett, and G. G. Shipley, 1968 a: Physical studies of phospholipids. X. The effect of sonication on aqueous dispersions of egg lecithin. Biochim. biophys. Acta 163, 255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., V. B. Kamat, J. DeGier, and S. A. Penkett, 1968 b: Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of erythrocyte membranes. J. molec. Biol. 31, 101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., and R. J. Levene, 1968 c: Infrared spectra and the chain organization of erythrocyte membranes. Science 160, 314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., R. B. Leslie, R. Hirz, and A. M. Scanu, 1969: 220 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of high density serum lipoprotein. Nature 221, 260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., and S. A. Penkett, 1966: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the interaction of phospholipids with cholesterol. Nature 211, 1304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., and D. F. H. Wallach, 1968: Recent physical studies of phospholipids and natural membranes. In: Biological Membranes, Physical Fact and Function, 125. Chapman, D., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D., R. M. Williams, and B. D. Ladbrooke, 1967: Physical studies of phospholipids. VI. Thermotropic and lytotropic mesomorphism of some 1,2-diacylphosphatidyl-chloines (lecithins). Chem. Phys. Lipids 1, 445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J., and B. A. Pethica, 1964: Properties of micellar solutions, Part 2: N. M. R. chemical shift of water protons in solutions of sodium alkyl sulphates. Trans. Faraday Soc. 60, 1483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, R., and J. B. Finean, 1966: Preparation and properties of isolated plasma membranes from guinea pig tissues. Biochim. biophys. Acta 125, 197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, R., J. B. Finean, S. Knutton, and A. R. Limbrick, 1970: A structural study of the modification of erythrocyte ghosts by phosphopholipase c. Biochim. biophys. Acta 219, 81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, F. L., J. W. Stiles, K. S. Prezbindowski, F. J. Ruzicka, and F. A. Sun, 1968: The molecular organization of mitochondrial cristae. In: Regulatory Functions of Biological Membranes, 21. Jarnefelt, J., ed., New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielli, J. F., 1954: The present position in the field of facilitated diffusion and selective active transport. Colston Papers 7, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielli, J. F. and H. Davson, 1935: A contribution to the theory of permeability of thin films. J. Cell comp. Physiol. 5, 495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davison, A. N., and J. Dobbing, 1960: Phospholipid metabolism in nervous tissue, 2. metabolic stability. Biochem. J. 75, 565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., 1970: An alternative model for molecular organization in biological membranes. Bioenergetics 1, 237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., and D. Branton, 1967: Fracture planes in an ice-bilayer model membrane system. Science 158, 655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., R. Leonard, A. Tardieu, and D. Branton, 1970: Lamellar and hexagonal lipid phases visualized by freeze-etching. Biochim. biophys. Acta 219, 47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Bernard, L., 1958: Associations moleculaire entre les lipides. Bull. Soc. Chini. Biol. 40, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • de-The, G., 1968: Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the cellular membranes. In: The Membranes, 122. Dalton, A. J., and F. Haguenau, eds., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, H., 1885: Plasmolytische Studien über die Wand der Vacuolen. Jb. wiss. Bot. 16, 465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, J. T., C. Mitchell, and D. J. Hanahan, 1963: The preparation and chemical characteristics of hemoglobin-free ghosts of human erythrocytes. Arch. Biochem. 100, 119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreher, K. D., J. H. Schulman, O. R. Anderson, and O. A. Roels, 1967: The stability and structure of mixed lipid monolayers and bilayers. I. Properties of lipid and lipoprotein monolayers on OsO4 solutions and the role of cholesterol, retinol, and tocopherol in stabilizing lecithin monolayers. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 19, 586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebashi, S., 1958: A granule-bound relaxation factor in skeletal muscle. Arch. Biochem. 76, 410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekwall, P., R. Ekholm, and A. Norman, 1957: Surface balance studies of bile acid monolayers. I. Cholanic and glycocholanic acid monolayers. Acta Chem. Scand. 11, 693.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elbers, P. F., 1964: The cell membrane: image and interpretation. In: Recent Progress in Surface Science 2, 443. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, R., and W. Arnold, 1932: The photochemical reaction in photosynthesis. J. gen. Physiol. 16, 191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., 1969 a: Surface area per lipid molecule in human red cell membrane. Nature 223, 1279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., 1969 b: X-ray diffraction studies of phase transitions in the membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. J. molec. Biol. 47, 115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., and H. J. Morowitz, 1968 a: Characterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. III. The formation and aggregation of small lipoprotein structures derived from sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized membrane components. Biochim. biophys. Acta 150, 376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deamer, D. W., and H. J. Morowitz, 1968 b: Characterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. IV. Structure and composition of membrane and aggregated components. Biochim. biophys. Acta 150, 385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engstrom, L. H., 1970: Structure in the erythrocyte membrane. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Moran, H., and J. B. Finean, 1957: Electron microscope and low angle diffraction studies of the nerve myelin sheath. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 3, 725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Moran T. Oda, P. V. Blair, and D. E. Green, 1964: A macromolecular repeating unit of mitochondrial structure and function. J. Cell Biol. 22, 63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fill, A., and D. Branton, 1969: Changes in the plasma membrane of Escherichia coli during magnesium starvation. J. Bact. 98, 1320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finean, J. B., 1962: The nature and stability of the plasma membrane. Circulation 26, 1151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finean, J. B., 1966: The molecular organization of cell membranes. Progress in Biophys. and molec. Biology 16, 143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finean, J. B., and R. E. Burge, 1963: The determination of the Fourier transform of the myelin layer from a study of swelling phenomena. J. molec. Biol. 7, 672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finean, J. B., R. Coleman, W. G. Green, and A. R. Limbrick, 1966: Low-angle X-ray diffraction and electron microscope studies of isolated cell membranes. J. Cell Sci. 1, 287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finean, J. B., S. Knutton, A. R. Limbrick, and J. E. Thompson, 1968: Structural studies of cell membrane preparations. J. gen. Physiol. 51, 19s.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, S., B. Fleischer, and W. Stoeckenius, 1967: Fine structure of lipid-depleted mitochondria. J. Cell Biol. 32, 193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forrestor, A. R., J. M. Hay, and R. H. Thomson, 1968: Organic Chemistry of Stable Free Radicals. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, H. S., and M. W. Evans, 1945: Free volume and entropy in condensed systems. III. Entropy in binary liquid mixtures; partial molai entropy in dilute solutions; structure and thermodynamics in aqueous electroytes. J. chem. Phys. 13, 507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling, A., and E. Steinmann, 1948: Die Schichtendoppelbrechung großer Chloroplasten. Biochim. biophys. Acta 2, 254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling, A., and E. Steinmann, 1953: Ergebnisse der Feinbauanalyse der Chloroplasten. Vierteljahrsschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich 98, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frye, L. D., and M. Edidin, 1970: The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of mouse-human heterokaryons. J. Cell Sci. 7, 319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gainer, H., 1967: Plasma membrane structure: effects of hydrolases on muscle resting potentials. Biochim. biophys. Acta 135, 560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gent, W., N. Gregson, D. Gammack, and J. Raper, 1964: The lipid-protein unit in myelin. Nature 204, 553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geren, B. B., 1954: The formation from the Schwann cell surface of myelin in the peripheral nerves of chick embryos. Exp. Cell Res. 7, 558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilula, N. B., D. Branton, and P. Satir, 1970: The septate junction: a structural basis for intercellular coupling. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 67, 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, M., H. Simpkins, S. J. Singer, M. Sheetz, and S. I. Chan, 1970: On the interactions of lipids and proteins in the red blood cell membrane. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 65, 721.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glauert, A. M., and J. A. Lucy, 1968: Globular micelles and the organization of membrane lipids. In: The Membranes, 1. Dalton, A. J., and F. Haguenau, eds., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goedheer, J. C., 1957: Optical properties and in vivo orientation of photosynthetic pigments. Proefschrift. Nijmegen: Drukkerij Gebr. Janssen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorter, E., and F. Grendel, 1925: On bimolecular layers of lipoids on the chromo-cytes of the blood. J. exp. Med. 41, 439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. E., D. W. Allmann, E. Bachmann, H. Baum, K. Kopaczyk, E. F. Korman, S. Lipton, D. H. MacLennan, D. G. McConnell, J. F. Perdue, J. S. Rieske, and A. Tzagoloff, 1967: Formation of membranes by repeating units. Arch. biochem. Biophys. 119, 312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. E., and S. Fleischer, 1964: Role of lipid in mitochondrial function. In: Metabolism and Physiological Significance of Lipids, 581. Dawson, R. M. C., and A. N. Rhodes, eds., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. E., and K. Kopaczyk, 1966: The repeating units of membranes. Acta Biochim. Polonie. 13, 417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. E., and J. F. Perdue, 1966: Membranes as expressions of repeating units. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 55, 1295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, N., B. Davidson, and G. D. Fasman, 1967: The use of computed optical rotary dispersion curves for the evaluation of protein conformation. Biochem. 7, 1630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, O. H., and A. S. Waggonner, 1969: Mtroxide free radicals: spin labels for probing bimolecular structure. Accounts chem. Res. 2, 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulik-Krzywicki, T., E. Shechter, V. Luzzati, and M. Fatjre, 1969: Interactions of proteins and lipids: structure and polymorphism of protein-lipid-water phases. Nature 223, 1116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habeeb, A., and R. Hiramoto, 1968: Reaction of proteins with glutaraldehyde. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 126, 16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hake, T., 1965: Studies on the reactions of OSO4 and KMO4 with amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Lab. Invest. 14, 1208, and in: Quantitative Electron Microscopy, 470. Bahr, G. F., and E. H. Zeitler, eds., Wash., D. C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, C. L., and H. M. McConnell, 1968: Spin labels. In: Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology, 115. Rich, A., and N. Davidson, eds., San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, E. N., 1954: Tension at the cell surface. Protoplasmatologia 2/E/5, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, E. N., and H. Shapiro, 1934: The interfacial tension between oil and protoplasm within the living cell. J. Cell comp. Physiol. 5, 255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haselkorn, R., H. Fernandez-Moran, F. Kieras, and E. van Brugger, 1965: Electron microscopic and biochemical characterization of fraction 1 protein. Science 150, 1598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henninger, M., and F. Crane, 1966: Electron transport in chloroplasts: a new redox protein, rubimedin. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 24, 386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henninger, M., C. Gelardi, and F. Crane, 1966: Rubimedin particles on chloroplast lamellae. Exp. Cell Res. 44, 655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogeveen, J. T., R. Juliano, J. Coleman, and A. Rothstein, 1970: Water soluble proteins of the human red cell membrane. J. Membrane Biol. 3, 156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, S. H., and E. N. Moudrianakis, 1967: Hill reaction site in chloroplast membranes: non-participation of the quantasome particle in photoreduction. J. molec. Biol. 27, 323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbell, W. L., and H. M. McConnell, 1968: Spin label studies of the excitable membranes of nerve and muscle. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 61, 12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbell, W. L., and H. M. McConnell, 1969: Orientation and motion of amphiphilic spin labels in membranes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 64, 20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izawa, S., and N. E. Good, 1965: The number of sites sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-l, 1-dime thy lurea, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-l, 1-dime thy lurea and 2-chloro-4-(2 propylamino)-6 ethylamino-5-triazine in isolated chloroplasts. Biochim. biophys. Acta 102, 20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, R., and D. Branton, 1971: The correlation between the saturation of membrane fatty acids and the presence of membrane fracture faces after osmium fixation. Biochim. biophys. Acta 233, 504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkinson, T. J., V. B. Kamat, and D. Chapman, 1969: Physical studies of myelin. II. Proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Biochim. biophys. Acta 183, 427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, M., 1965: Die Ultrastructur von Oscillatoria rubescens D. C. Arch. Mikrobiol. 50, 211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaback, H. R., 1969: Studies on sugar transport by isolated bacterial preparations. In: The Molecular Basis of Membrane Function, 421. Tosteson, D. C., ed., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaback, H. R., 1970: The transport of sugars across isolated bacterial membranes. In: Current Topics in Membranes and Transport 1, 36. Kleinzeller, A., and F. Beonner, eds., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagawa, Y., and E. Racker, 1966: Partial resolution of the enzymes catalysing oxidative phosphorylation. J. biol. Chem. 241, 2475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, S., J. M. Steim, and J. H. Gibbs, 1970: Nuclear relaxation in phospholipids and biological membranes. Nature 225, 743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kausche, G. A., and H. Ruska, 1940: Zur Frage der Chloroplasten-Struktur. Naturwiss. 28, 303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kauzmann, W., 1959: Some factors in the interpretation of protein denaturation. Advances protein Chem. 14, 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanau, J. L., 1965: Structure and Function in Biological Membranes, Vols. 1 and 2. San Francisco: Holden Day.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, A., G. Bulfield, and W. Snipes, 1970: Spin labeled Neurospora mitochondria. Biophys. J. 10, 618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, A. D., A. S. Waggoner, and O. H. Griffith, 1968: Spin labeled mitochondrial lipids in Neurospora crassa. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 61, 819.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, E. P., 1971: The lactose permease system of E.coli. In: The Lactose Operon. Beckwith, J. R., and D. Zipser, eds., New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klingenberg, M., 1968: The respiratory chain. In: Biological Oxidations, 3. Singer, T. P., ed., New York: Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, J., 1968: The technique and application of freeze-etching in ultrastructure research. Advan. biol. med. Phys. 12, 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korn, E. D., 1966: Structure of biological membranes. Science 153, 1491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korn, E. D., 1967: A chromatographic and spectrophotometric study of the products of the reaction of osmium tetroxide with unsaturated lipids. J. Cell Biol. 34, 627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korn, E. D. 1969: Cell Membranes: structure and synthesis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 38, 263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreutz, W., 1966: The structure of the lamellar system of chloroplasts. In: Biochemistry of Chloroplasts 1, 83. Goodwin, T. W., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreutz, W., 1969: X-ray structure research on the thylakoid. In: Progress in Photosynthesis Research 1, 91. Metzner, H., ed., Tübingen: H. Laupp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladbrooke, B. D., and D. Chapman, 1969: Thermal analysis of lipids, proteins and biological membranes. A review and summary of some recent studies. Chem. Phys. Lipids 3, 304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreutz, W., R.M. Williams, and D. Chapman, 1968: Studies of lecithin-cholesterol-water interactions by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Biochim. biophys. Acta 150, 333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenard, J., and S. J. Singer, 1966: Protein conformation in cell membrane preparations as studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 56, 1828.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenard, J., and S. J. Singer, 1968: Structure of membranes: reaction of red blood cell membranes with phospholipase c. Science 159, 738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, R. B., 1968: Membranes and bioenergetics, in: Biological Membranes, Physical Fact and Function, 289. Chapman, D., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucy, J. A., 1964: Globular lipid micelles and cell membranes. J. theor. Biol. 7, 360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucy, J. A., and A. M. Glauert, 1963: The structure of lipid complexes and their relation to cell membranes. In: From Molecule to Cell, Symposium on Electron Microscopy, 233. Buffe, P., ed., Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luzzati, W., 1968: X-ray diffraction studies of lipid-water system. In: Biological Membranes, Physical Fact and Function, 71. Chapman, D., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElhaney, R. N., and M. E. Tourtellotte, 1969: Mycoplasma membrane lipids: variations in fatty acid composition. Science 164, 433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maddy, A. H., 1966: The chemical organization of the plasma membrane of animal cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 20, 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maddy, A. H., and B. R. Malcolm, 1965: Protein conformations in the plasma membrane. Science 150, 1616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maddy, A. H., and B. R. Malcolm, 1966: Protein conformations in biological membranes. Science 153, 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchesi, V.T., 1970: Isolation and characterization of a sialic acid-containing glycoprotein from red cell membranes. Fed. Proc. 29, 600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martonosi, A., 1968 a: Effect of phospholipase c on surviving muscle preparations. Biochim. biophys. Acta 150, 309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martonosi, A., 1968b: Sarcoplasmic reticulum: IV. Solubilization of microsomal adenosine triphosphatase. J. biol. Chem. 243, 71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matile, P., and H. Moor, 1968: Vacuolation: origin and development of the lysosomal apparatus in root-tip cells. Planta 80, 159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matile, P., H. Moor, and K. Mühlethaler, 1967: Isolation and properties of the plasma-lemma in yeast. Arch. Mikrobiol. 58, 201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melchior, D. L., H. J. Morowitz, J. M. Sturtevant, and T. Y. Tsong, 1970: Charracterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. VII. Phase transitions of membrane lipids. Biochim. biophys. Acta 219, 114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menke, W., 1962: Structure and chemistry of plastids. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 13, 27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, H. W., und H. Winkelmann, 1969: Die Gefrierätzung und die Struktur biologischer Membranen. Protoplasma 68, 253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, W., and D. W. Deamer, in preparation: Action of phospholipases on erythrocyte ghosts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., 1957: A general theory of membrane transport from studies of bacteria. Nature 180, 134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., 1961: Biological transport phenomena and the spatially anisotropic characteristics of enzyme systems causing a vector component of metabolism. In: Membrane Transport and Metabolism, 22. Kleinzeller, A., and A. Kotyk, eds., London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., 1963: Molecule, group and electron translocation through natural membranes. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 22, 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., 1967: Proton-translocation phosphorylation in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria: natural fuel cells and solar cells. Fed. Proc. 26, 1370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., and J. Moyle, 1958: Group-translocation: a consequence of enzyme catalysed group transfer. Nature 182, 372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moor, H., 1964: Die Gefrierfixation lebender Zellen und ihre Anwendung in der Elektronenmikroskopie. Z. Zellforsch. 62, 546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., 1966: Use of freeze-etching in the study of biological ultrastructure. Int. Rev. exp. Path. 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., and K. Mühlethaler, 1963: Fine structure in frozen-etched yeast cells. J. Cell Biol. 17, 609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., C. Ruska, and H. Ruska, 1968: Elektronenmikroskopische Darstellung tierischer Zellen mit der Gefrierätztechnik. Z. Zellforsch. 62, 581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moretz, R. C., C. K. Akers, and D. F. Parsons, 1969: Use of small angle X-ray diffraction to investigate disordering of membranes during preparation for electron microscopy. Biochim. biophys. Acta 193, 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moudrianakis, E. N., S. H. Howell, and A. E. Karu, 1968: Characterization of the “quantasome” and its role in photosynthesis. In: Comparative Biochemistry and Biophysics of Photosynthesis, 67. Shibata, K., A. Takamiya, A. T. Jagendorf, and R. C. Fuller, eds., Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühlethaler, K., 1960: Die Struktur der Grana- und Stromalamellen in Chloroplasten. Z. wiss. Mikroskop. 64, 444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühlethaler, K., H. Moor, and J. W. Szarkowski, 1965: The ultrastructure of the chloroplast lamellae. Planta 67, 305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano, L., F. LeBaron, and J. Scaletti, 1967: Preservation of myelin lamellar structure in the absence of lipid. J. Cell Biol. 58, 817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northcote, D. H., and D. R. Lewis, 1968: Freeze-etched surfaces of membranes and organelles in the cells of pea root tips. J. Cell Sci. 3, 199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, W. T., S. E. Poduslo, and K. Suzuki, 1966: Subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis. II. Chemical studies including abnormal myelin and an abnormal ganglioside pattern. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol. 25, 582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J. S., 1965: Stability of the myelin membrane. Science 147, 1099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J. S., 1967: Cell membranes — composition: structure: function. J. theor. Biol. 15, 307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J. S., and E. L. Sampson, 1965: Lipid composition of the normal human brain: gray matter, white matter, and myelin. J. Lipid Res. 6, 537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oda, F., and H. Huzisige, 1965: Macromolecular repeating particles in the chloroplast membrane. Exp. Cell Res. 37, 481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R., W. Butler, and W. Jennings, 1962: The orientation of chlorophyll molecules, in vivo: further evidence from dichroism. Biochim. biophys. Acta 58, 144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R., W. Butler, and W. Jennings, 1966: The orientation of chlorophyll molecules in vivo: evidence from polarized fluorescence. Biochim. biophys. Acta 54, 615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R., W. Butler, and W. Jennings, W. Jennings, and W. Butler, 1964: Molecular orientation: spectral dependence of bifluorescence of chloroplasts in vivo. Biochim. biophys. Acta 88, 331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottolenghi, A. C., and M. H. Bowman, 1970: Membrane structure: morphological and chemical alterations in phospholipase c treated mitochondria and red cell ghosts. J. Membrane Biol. 2, 180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, E., 1899: Über die allgemeinen osmotischen Eigenschaften der Zelle, ihre vermutlichen Ursachen und ihre Bedeutung für die Physiologie. Vierteljahrsschr. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich 44, 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardee, A. B., 1968: Membrane transport proteins. Science 162, 632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. B., 1962: Advances in photosynthesis. J. chem. Education 39, 424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. B., and J. Biggins, 1964: Quantosome: size and composition. Science 144, 1009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. B., and D. Branton, 1966: Freeze-etching of chloroplasts from glutaraldehyde fixed leaves. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 19, 341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. B., and A. O. A. Pfeifhofer, 1968: The continued presence of quantasomes in ethy-lenediaminetetraacetate-washed chloroplast lamellae. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 60, 337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. B., and N. G. Pon, 1961: Correlation of structure with function in Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts. J. molec. Biol. 3, 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. B., and N. G. Pon, 1963: Chemical composition and the substructure of lamellae isolated from Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts. J. molec. Biol. 6, 105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penkett, S. A., A. G. Floor, and D. Chapman, 1968: Physical studies of phospholipids. IX. Nuclear studies of lipid-water systems. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2, 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perutz, M. F., 1965: Structure and function of haemoglobin. J. molec. Biol. 13, 646.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, W., 1897: The Physiology of Plants (translated by A. J. Ewart). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto da Silva, P. G., and D. Branton, 1970: Membrane splitting in freeze-etching. J. Cell Biol. 45, 598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto da Silva, S. D. Douglas, and D. Branton, 1970: Location of A1 antigens on the human erythrocyte membrane. J. Cell Biol. 47, 159 a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto da Silva, S. D. Douglas, and D. Branton, 1971: Localization of A antigen sites on human erythrocyte ghosts. Nature 232, 194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plowe, J. Q., 1931: Membranes in the plant cell. I. Morphological membranes at protoplasmic surfaces. Protoplasma 12, 196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponder, E., 1948: Hemolysis and Related Phenomena. New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand, R. P., and V. Luzzati, 1968: X-ray diffraction study in water of lipids extracted from human erythrocytes. The position of cholesterol in lipid lamellae. Biophys. J. 8, 125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, S., 1967: The cell membrane of Mycoplasma. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 143, 115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, S., B. J. Cosenza, and M. E. Tourtellotte, 1966 a: Variations in Mycoplasma morphology induced by long-chain fatty acids. J. gen. Microbiol. 42, 139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, S., B. J. Cosenza, and M. E. Tourtellotte, 1967: Filamentous growth of Mycoplasma. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 143, 66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, S., H. J. Morowitz, and T. M. Terry, 1965: Membrane subunits of Mycoplasma laidlawii and their assembly to membrane-like structures. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 54, 219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, S., A. Ne’eman, and I. Ohad, 1969: Selective reaggregation of solubilized Mycoplasma membrane proteins and the kinetics of membrane reformation. Biochim. biophys. Acta 193, 277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razin, S., M. E. Tourtellotte, R. N. McElhaney, and J. D. Pollak, 1966 b: Influence of lipid components of Mycoplasma laidlawii membranes on osmotic fragility of cells. J. Bact. 91, 609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss-Husson, G., 1967: Structure des phases liquide-cristallines de différents phospholipides, monoglycerides, sphingolipides, anhydres ou en présence d’eau. J. molec. Biol. 25, 363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, S. H., H. O. Hultin, and D. E. Green, 1963: Structural proteins of membrane systems. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 50, 821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. D., 1959: The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 16, 3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. D., 1964: Unit membranes: a review with recent new studies of experimental alterations and a new subunit structure in synaptic membranes. Symp. Soc. Study of Development and Growth 22, 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. D., 1966: Granulo-fibrillar and globular substructure in unit membranes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 137, 421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roodyn, D. V., 1967: Enzyme Cytology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, S., 1969: The transport of carbohydrates by a bacterial phosphotransferase system. J. gen. Physiol. 54, 138 s.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, S. A., and G. Guidotti, 1968: The protein of human erythrocyte membranes. J. biol. Chem. 243, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, S. A., and G. Guidotti, 1969: Fractionation of the protein component of human erythrocyte membranes. J. biol. Chem. 244, 5118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothfield, L., and A. Finkelstein, 1968: Membrane biochemistry. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 37, 463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rottem, S., W. L. Hubbell, L. Hayflick, and H. McConnell, 1970: Motion of fatty acid spin labels in the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma. Biochim. biophys. Acta 219, 104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouser, G., G. J. Nelson, S. Fleischer, and G. Simon, 1968: Lipid composition of animal cell membranes, organelles and organs. In: Biological Membranes, Physical Fact and Function, 5. Chapman, D., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruesink, A. W., and K. V. Thimann, 1965: Protoplasts from the Avena coleoptile. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 54, 56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatini, D., L. Bensch, and R. J. Barrnett, 1963: Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. J. Cell Biol. 17, 19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, K., and M. Calvin, 1962: Molecular orientation in quantasomes. I. Electric dichroism and electric birefringence of quantasomes from spinach chloroplasts. J. molec. Biol. 4, 451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schidlovsky, G., 1965: Contrast in multilayer systems after various fixations. Lab. Invest. 14, 1213, and in: Quantitative Electron Microscopy, 475. Bahr, G. F., und E.H. Zeitler, eds., Washington, D. C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W. J., 1936: Doppelbrechung und Feinbau der Markscheide der Nervenfasern. Z. Zellforsch. mikroskop. Anat. 23, 657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., R. S. Bear, and G. L. Clark, 1935: X-ray diffraction studies on nerve. Radiology 25, 131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., R. S. Bear, and K. Palmer, 1941: X-ray diffraction studies on the structures of the nerve myelin sheath. J. Cell comp. Physiol. 18, 31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, A. S., M. T. Schneider, and K. Rosenheck, 1970: Optical activity of biological membranes: scattering effects and protein conformation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 66, 793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheard, B., 1969: Internal mobility in phospholipids. Nature 223, 1057.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shockman, G. D., J. J. Kolb, B. Bakay, M. J. Conover, and G. Toennies, 1963: Protoplast membrane of Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 85, 168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, I., and I. Tasaki, 1968: Nerve excitability and membrane macromolecules. In: Biological Membranes, Physical Fact and Function, 347. Chapman, D., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. J., 1971: The molecular organization of biological membranes. In: Membrane Structure and Function. Rothfield, L. I., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjostrand, F. S., 1963: A new ultrastructural element of the membranes in mitochondria and of some cytoplasmic membranes. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 9, 340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sjostrand, F. S., 1968: Ultrastructure and function of cellular membranes. In: The Membranes, 151. Dalton, A. J., and F. Hagtjenau, eds., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjostrand, F. S., and L. Barajas, 1969: Effect of modifications in conformation of protein molecules on structure of mitochondrial membranes. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25, 121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sjostrand, F. S., and L. Barajas, 1970: A new model for mitochondrial membranes based on structural and biochemical information. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 32, 293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snipes, W., and A. Keith, 1970: Spin labels extend applications of ESR. Res. Devel. Feb. 1970, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staehelin, L. A., 1968: The interpretation of freeze-etched artificial and biological membranes. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 22, 326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steck, T. L., J. H. Straus, and D. F. H. Wallach, 1970: A model for the behavior of vesicles in density gradients: implications for fractionation. Biochim. biophys. Acta 203, 385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steim, J. M., 1968: Spectroscopic and calorimetric studies of biological membrane structure. Advances in Chem. 84, 259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steim, J. M., 1970: Thermal phase transitions in biomembranes. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. on Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals, 1969, Proceedings, 1. Porter, R. S., and J. F. Johnson, eds., New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steim, J. M., O. J. Edner, and F. G. Bargoot, 1968: The structure of human serum lipoproteins: nuclear magnetic resonance supports a micellar model. Science 162, 909.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steim, J. M., O. J. Edner, and S. Fleischer, 1967: Aggregation-induced red shift of the cotton effect of mitochondrial structural protein. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 58, 1292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steim, J. M., O. J. Edner, M. E. Tourtellotte, J. C. Reinert, R. N. McElhaney, and R. L. Rader, 1969: Calorimetricevidence for the liquid-crystalline state of lipids in a biomembrane. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 63, 104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, W. D., 1967: The movement of molecules across cell membranes. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmann, E., 1952: An electron microscope study of the lamellar structure of chloroplasts. Exp. Cell Res. 3, 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeckenius, W., 1959: An electron microscope study of myelin figures. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 5, 491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeckenius, W., 1970: Electron microscopy of mitochondrial and model membranes. In: Membranes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, 53. Racker, E., ed., New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoeckenius, W., and D. M. Engelman, 1969: Current models for the structure of biological membranes. J. Cell Biol. 42, 613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeckenius, W., and S. C. Mahr, 1965: Studies on the reaction of osmium tetroxide with lipids and related compounds. Lab. Invest. 14, 1196, and in: Quantitative Electron Microscopy, 458. Bahr, G. F., and E. H. Zeitler, eds., Washington, D. C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, T. M., D. M. Engelman, and H. J. Morowitz, 1967: Characterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. II. Modes of aggregation of solubilized membrane components. Biochim. biophys. Acta 135, 391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. E., R. Coleman, and J. B. Finean, 1967: Some biochemical and X-ray diffraction studies of mitochondrial outer membrane. Biochim. biophys. Acta 135, 1074.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. E., and F. A. Henn, 1970: Experimental phospholipid model membranes. In: Membranes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, 1. Racker, E., ed., New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W., and D. F. Parsons, 1970: Unpublished data, quoted by D. Chapman, and R. B. Leslie in: Membranes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, 90. Racker, E., ed., New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillack, T. W., R. E. Scott, and V. T. Marchesi, 1970: Cell membrane ultrastructure studied by freeze-etching. Fed. Proc. 29, 489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillack, T. W., R. E. Scott, and V. T. Marchesi, 1970: Demonstration of the outer surface of freeze-etched red blood cell membranes. J. Cell Biol. 45, 649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timasheff, S. N. H. Susi, R. Townend, L. Stevens, M. J. Gorbunov, and T. F. Kumosinski, 1967: Application of circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy to the conformation of proteins in solution 1, 173. In: Conformation of Biopolymers. Ramachandran, G. N., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourtellotte, M. E., D. Branton, and A. Keith, 1970: Membrane structure: spin labelling and freeze-etching of Mycoplasma laidlawii. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 66, 909.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trebst, A. V., H. Y. Tsujimoto, and D. I. Aenon, 1958: Separation of light and dark phases in the photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts. Nature 182, 351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trown, P. W., 1965: An improved method for the isolation of carboxydismutase. Probable identity with fraction 1 protein and the protein moiety of protochlorophyll holochrome. Biochemistry 4, 908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urry, D. W., and T. H. Ji, 1968: Distortions and circular dichroism patterns of particulate (or membranous) systems. Arch. Biochim. Biophys. 128, 802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urry, D. W., M. Mednieks, and E. Bejnarowicz, 1967: Optical rotation of mitochondrial membranes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 57, 1043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Deenen, L. L. M., 1965: Phospholipids and biomembranes. Progress in Chem. Fats Lipids 8, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Deenen, U. M. T. Houtsmuller, G. H. de Hass, and E. Mulder, 1962: Monomolecular layers of synthetic phosphatides. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 14, 429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Hetjvel, F. A., 1963: Study of biological structure at the molecular level with stereomodel projections. I. The lipids in the myelin sheath of nerve. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 40, 455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderkooi, G., and D. E. Green, 1970: Biological membrane structure. I. The protein crystal model for membranes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 66, 615.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vegh, K., P. Spiegler, C. Chamberlain, and W. F. H. M. Mommaerts, 1968: The molecular size of the calcium-transport ATPase of sarcotubular vesicles estimated from radiation inactivation. Biochim. biophys. Acta 163, 266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Wettstein, D., 1966: On the physiology of chloroplast structures. In: Biochemistry of Chloroplasts 1, 19. Goodwin, T. W., ed., New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waggoner, A. S., T. J. Kingzett, S. Rottschaefer, O. H. Griffith, and A. D. Keith, 1969: A spin-labeled lipid for probing biological membranes. Chem. Phys. Lipids 3, 245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D. F. H., and A. Gordon, 1967: Protein conformation in cellular membranes. In: Protides of the Biological Fluids 15, 47. Peeters, H., ed., New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D. F. H., and A. Gordon, 1968: Lipid protein interactions in cellular membranes. Fed. Proc. 27, 1263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D. F. H., and A. Gordon, J. M. Graham, and B. R. Fernbach, 1969: Beta-conformation in mitochondrial membranes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 131, 322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D. F. H., and A. Gordon, and P. H. Zahler, 1966: Protein conformations in cellular membranes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 56, 1552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, D. F. H., and A. Gordon, and P. H. Zahler, 1969: Infrared spectra of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of Ehrlich acites carcinoma. Biochim. biophys. Acta 150, 186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wartiovaara, J., and D. Branton, 1970: Visualization of ribosomes by freeze-etching. Exp. Cell Res. 61, 403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weier, T. E., and A. A. Benson, 1967: The molecular organization of chloroplast membranes. Amer. J. Botany 54, 389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, R. S., and S. Bullivant, 1967: The application of freeze-cleaving technics to studies on red blood cell fine structure. Blood 29, 780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerman, M. P., L. E. Pierce, and W. N. Jensen, 1961: A direct method for the quantitative measurement of red cell dimensions. J. Lab. clin. Med. 57, 819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whaley, W. G., H. H. Mollenhauer, and J. H. Leech, 1960: The ultrastructure of the meristematic cell. Amer. J. Botany 47, 401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, M. H. P., A. E. Blaurock, and D. M. Engleman, 1971: X-ray diffraction from membrane dispersions: bilayer structure in membranes. Nature New Biology 230, 72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz, K. W. A., and D. B. Zilversmit, 1968: Exchange of phospholipids between liver mitochondria and microsomes in vitro. J. biol. Chem. 243, 3596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, C. R., and A. E. Blaurock, 1969 a: A low angle X-ray diffraction study of the swelling behavior of peripheral nerve myelin. Biochim. biophys. Acta 173, 427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, C. R., and A. E. Blaurock, 1969 a: A structural analysis of nerve myelin. Biophys. J. 9, 970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wrigglesworth, J. M., and L. Packer, 1968: Optical rotation of mitochondria and its relation to conformation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 30, 476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, W. H., 1900: The minute structure of the medullary sheath of nerve fibers. J. Anat. 34, 381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagida, M., and H. Noda, 1969: Molecular organization of cell membranes isolated from Myxarnoebae of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoidecum. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 65, 721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B. P., F. D. DeMartinis, and E. J. Masoro, 1968: Relation of lipid structure of sarcotubular vesicles to calcium transport activity. J. Lipid Res. 9, 492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahler, P., 1969: The structure of the erythrocyte membrane. Experientia 25, 449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Daniel Branton

  2. Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    David W. Deamer

Authors
  1. Daniel Branton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David W. Deamer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Branton, D., Deamer, D.W. (1972). Membrane Structure. In: Membrane Structure. Protoplasmatologia, vol 2 / E / 1. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5600-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-5600-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-5602-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-5600-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation