Zusammenfassung
Trizyklische Antidepressiva lassen sich nach strukturchemischen und pharmakologischneurobiochemischen Gesichtspunkten sowie aufgrund ihrer psychotropen Wirkprofile einteilen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abernethy DR, Todd EL (1986) Doxepin-cimetidine interaction: increased doxepin bio-availability during cimetidine treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 6: 8–12
Abernethy DR, Greenblatc DJ, Shader RI (1985) Imipramine and desipramine disposition in the elderly. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 232: 183–188
Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LP, Garrone G (1989) High blood concentrations of imipramine or clomipramine and therapeutic failure: a case report study using drug monitoring data. Ther Drug Monit 11: 415–420
Bickel MH (1980) Metabolism of antidepressants. In: Hoffmeister F, Stille G (eds) Psychotropic agents. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 551–572 (Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 55/I)
Boyer WF, Lake CR (1987) Initial severity and diagnosis influence the relationship of tricyclic plasma levels to response: a statistical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 67–71
Breyer-Pfaff U (1980) Bestimmung der Plasmaspiegel von Psychopharmaka: ein Beitrag zur Optimierung der Therapie? In: KRYSPINEXNER K et al. (Hrsg) Therapie akuter psychiatrischer Syndrome. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 39–50
Breyer-Pfaff U, Gaertner HJ (1987) Antidepressiva. Pharmakologie, therapeutischer Einsatz und Klinik der Depression. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 148–150
Breyer-Pfaff U, Brinkschulte M (1989) Binding of tricyclic psychoactive drugs in plasma: contribution of individual proteins and drug interactions. In: Baumann P et al. (eds) Alphas-acid glycoprotein: genetics, biochemistry, physiological functions, and pharmacology. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 351–361
Breyer-Pfaff U, Giedke H, Gaertner HJ, Nill K (1989) Validation of a therapeutic plasma level range in amitriptyline treatment of depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 9: 116–121
Brinksci-Iulte M, Breyer-Pfaff U (1979) Binding of tricyclic antidepressants and perazine to human plasma. Methodology and findings in normals. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 308: 1–7
Brosen K, Gram LF (1989) Clinical significance of the sparteine/debrisoquine oxidation polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36: 537–547
Brçsen K, Gram LF, Klysner R, Bech P (1986) Steady-state levels of imipramine and its metabolites: significance of dose dependent kinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 30: 43–49
Burgh JE, Hullin RP (1981) Amitriptyline pharmacokinetics. Single doses of lentizol compared with ordinary amitriptyline tablets. Psycho-pharmacology 74: 43–50
Burch JE, Roberts SG, Raddats MA (1981) Binding of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma determined from their equilibrium distribution between red cells and plasma, and between red cells and buffer solution. Psycho-pharmacology 75: 262–272
Crome P, Dawling S, Braithwaite RA, Masters J, Walkey R (1977) Effect of activated charcoal on absorption of nortriptyline. Lancet ii: 1203–1205
Dawling S (1988) Is there a practical alternative to therapeutic drug monitoring in therapy with tricyclic antidepressants? Clin Chem 34: 841–847
Dawling S, Lynn K, Rosser R, Braithwaite R (1982) Nortriptyline metabolism in chronic renal failure: metabolite elimination. Clin Pharmacol Ther 32: 322–329
Faravelli C, Ballerini A, Ambonetti A, Broadhurst AD, Das M (1984) Plasma levels and clinical response during treatment with clomipramine. J Affective Disord 6: 95–107
Faulkner RD, Pitsw M, Lee CS, Lewis WA, Fann WE (1983) Multiple-dose doxepin kinetics in depressed patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34: 509–515
Filser JG, Kaumeier S, Brand T, Schanz H, Terlinden R, Müller WE (1988) Pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and amitriptylinoxide after intravenous or oral administration in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 381–383
Gauch R, Modestin J (1973) Zur Pharmakokinetik von Dibenzepin. Arzneimittelforschung 23: 687–690
Geller B, Cooper TB, Chestnut E, Abel AS, Anker JA (1984) Nortriptyline pharmacokinetic parameters in depressed children and adolescents: preliminary data. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 265–269
Glassman AH, Perel JM, Shostak M, Kantor SJ, Fleiss JL (1977) Clinical implications of imipramine plasma levels for depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 197–204
Gram LF (1977) Plasma level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2: 237–251
Gram LF (1980) Pharmacokinetics and clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants. Acta Psychiatr Scand 61 [Suppl 2801: 169–177
Kragh-Sorensen P (1980) The use of clinical kinetic data in treatment with antidepressant drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 61 [Suppl 280]: 157–167
Kragh-Sorensen P, Larsen NE (1980) Factors influencing nortriptyline steady-state kinetics: plasma and saliva levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 796–803
Kristensen CB (1983) Imipramine serum protein binding in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34: 689–694
Kuss HJ, Jungkunz G, Johannes KJ (1985) Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of amitriptylineoxide and amitriptyline in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 259–262
Lancaster SG, Gonzalez JP (1989a) Lofepramine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs 37: 123–140
Lancaster SG, Gonzalez JP (1989b) Dothiepin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs 38: 123–147
Linnoii.A M, George L, Guthrie S, Leventhal B (1981) Effect of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on antidepressant levels of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 138: 84 1842
Linnoii.A M, George L, Guthrie S (1982) Interaction between antidepressants and perphenazine in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1329–1331
Maguire KP, Burrows GD, Norman TR, Scoggins BA (1980) Blood/plasma distribution ratios of psychotropic drugs. Clin Chem 26: 1624–1625
Martensson E, Axelsson R, Nyberg G, Svensson C (1984) Pharmacokinetic properties of the antidepressant drugs amitriptyline, clomipramine, and imipramine: a clinical study. Curr Ther Res 36: 228–238
Midgley I, Hawkins DR, Chasseaud LF (1978) The metabolic fate of the antidepressive agent amitriptylinoxide in man. Arzneimittelforschung 28: 1911–1916
Nagy A, Johansson R (1977) The demethylation of imipramine and clomipramine as apparent from their plasma kinetics. Psychopharmacology 54: 125–131
Nelson JC, Mazure C, Jatlow PI (1988) Antidepressant activity of 2-hydroxydesipramine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 283–288
Nordin C, Bertilsson L, Siwers B (1985) CSF and plasma levels of nortriptyline and its 10-hydroxy metabolite. Br J Clin Pharmacol 20: 411413
Perry PJ, Pfohl BM, Holstad SG (1987) The relationship between antidepressant response and tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations: a retrospective analysis of the literature using logistic regression analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet 13: 381–392
Petit JM, Spiker DG, Ruwitch JF, Ziegler VE, Weiss AN, Biggs JT (1977) Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and adverse effects after overdose. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21: 47–51
Potter WZ, Calil HM, Sutfin TA, Zavadil AP III, Jusko WJ, Rapoport J, Goodwin FK (1982) Active metabolites of imipramine and desipramine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31: 393–401
Preskorn SH, Jerkovich GS (1990) Central nervous system toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants: phenomenology, course, risk factors, and role of therapeutic drug monitoring. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10: 88–95
Rollins DE, Alvan G, Bertilsson L, gillecie JR, Mellström B, Sjöqvist F, Träskman L (1980) Interindividual differences in amitriptyline demethylation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 28: 12 1129
Schulz P, Dick P, Blaschke TF, Hollister L (1985) Discrepancies between pharmacokinetic studies of amitriptyline. Clin Pharmacokinet 10: 257–268
Stancer HC, Reed KL (1986) Desipramine and 2hydroxydesipramine in human breast milk and the nursing infant’s serum. Am J Psychiatry 143: 1597–1600
Vandel B, Sandoz M, Vandel S, Allers G, Volmat R (1982) Biotransformation of amitriptyline in depressive patients: urinary excretion of seven metabolites. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 22: 239–245
Young RC, Alexopoulos GS, Shamoian CA, Man-Ley MW, Dhar AK, Kurr H (1984) Plasma 10hydroxynortriptyline in elderly depressed patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35: 540–544
Breyer-Pfaff U, Gaertner HJ (1987) Antidepressiva, Pharmakologie, therapeutischer Einsatz und Klinik der Depression. In: AMMON HPT, WERNING C (Hrsg) Medizinisch-pharmakologisches Kompendium, Bd 5. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart
Delini-Stula A (1987) Biochemische Klassifizierung der Antidepressiva und deren klinische Validierung. In: Simhandl C, Berner P, Loccioni H, Alf C (Hrsg) Psychiatrie. Klassifikationsprobleme in der Psychiatrie. MVP, Purkersdorf, S 131–148
Delini-Stuta A (1989) Animal models in the research of antidepressants and their experimental validation. Habilitation, Universität Basel
Delini-Stula A, Vassout A (1981) The effects of antidepressants on aggressiveness induced by social deprivation in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 14 [Suppl 1]: 33–41
Kielholz P (1971) Diagnose und Therapie der Depression für den Praktiker. Lehmann, München
Langer G, Schönbeck G (1983) Psychiatrische Indikationen der Therapie mit Antidepressiva. In: Langer G, Heimann H (Hrsg) Psychopharmaka. Grundlagen und Therapie. Springer, Wien New York, S 118–136
Lapin LP, Oxenkrug GF (1969) Intensification of the central serotoninergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect. Lancet i: 132–136
Maître L, Moser P, Baumann PA, Waldmeier PC (1980) Amine uptake inhibitors: criteria of selectivity. Biogenic amines and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 61 [Suppl 2801: 97–110
Maître L, Baumann PA, Jaekel J, Waldmeier PC (1982) 5-HT-uptake inhibitors: psychopharmacological and neurobiological criteria of selectivity. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 34: 229–246
Mai J, Przegalinski E, Mogilnicka E (1984) Hypothesis concerning the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 100: 1–74
Randrup A, Braestrup C (1977) Uptake inhibition of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology 53: 309–314
Richelson E (1989) Antidepressants: pharmacology and clinical use. In: KARASU TB (ed) Treatments of psychiatric disorders: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association, vol 3, 1st ed. Am Psych Press, Washington DC, pp 1775–1787
Richelson E (1991) Biological basis of depression and therapeutic relevance. J Clin Psychiatry 52 [Suppl 61: 4–10
Richelson E, Pfennig M (1984) Blockade by antidepressants and related compounds of bio-genic amine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes: most antidepressants selectively block norepinephrine uptake. Eur J Pharmacol 104: 227–286
Richelson E, Nelson A (1984) Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230: 94–102
Roos SP, Glassman AH (1990) Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with and without heart disease. In: Dekker M (ed) Pharmacotherapy of depression. Applications for the outpatient practioner. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York Basel, pp 267–280
Schildkraut JJ (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 122: 509–522
Spiegel R (1988) Einführung in die Psychopharmakologie. Huber, Bern, S 271
Sulser F (1978) Functional aspects of the nor-epinephrine receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system in the limbic forebrain and its modification by drugs which precipitate of alleviate depression: molecular approaches to an understanding of affective disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 11: 42–43
Thompson PJ, Trimble MR (1982) Non-MAOI antidepressant drugs and cognitive functions: a review. Psychol Med 12: 539–548
Vetulani J, Sulser F (1975) Actions of various antidepressant treatments reduces reactivity of noradrenergic cyclic AMP-generating sy- stem in limbic forebrain. Nature 257: 495–496
Wachtel H (1988) Defective second-messenger function in the etiology of endogenous depression. Novel therapeutic approaches. In: Briley M, FiLiou G (eds) New concepts in depression. MacMillan, London, pp 277–293
Waldmeier PC (1983) Neurobiochemische Wirkungen antidepressiver Substanzen. In: Langer G, Heinemann H (Hrsg) Psychopharmaka. Grundlagen und Therapie. Springer, Wien New York, S 65–81
Willner P (1985) Depression. A psychobiological synthesis. Wiley, New York
Willner P (1989) Sensitisation of the action of antidepressant drugs. In: GONDIL AJ, EMMETrOGLESBY M (eds) Psychoactive drugs. Humana Press, Clifton NJ, pp 407–459
Alexander GE, Delong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 9: 357–381
Arango V, Ernsberger P, Marzuk PM et al. (1990) Autoradiographic demonstration of increased serotonin 5-HT2 and 13-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1038–1047
Avissar S, Schreiber G (1989) Muscarinic receptor subclassification and G-proteins: significance for lithium action in affective disorders and for the treatment of the extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics. Biol Psychiatry 26: 113–130
Bakker M, Mckernan RM, Wong EHF, Foster AC (1991) [3H]MK-801 binding to N-methyl-daspartate receptors solubilized from rat brain: effects of glycine site ligands, polyamines, ifenprodil, and desipramine. J Neurochem 57: 39–45
Biegon A, Israeli M (1988) Regionally selective increase in (3-adrenergic receptor density in the brains of suicide victims. Brain Res 442: 199–203
Birkmayer W, Riederer P (1975) Biochemical post-mortem findings in depressed patients. J Neural Transm 37: 95–109
Birkmayer W, Riederer P (1988) Depression, 4. Aufl. Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, Köln
Blakely RD, Berson HE, fremeau RT, Caron MC, Peek MM, Prince HK, Bradley CC (1991) Cloning and expression of functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature 354: 66–70
Braak H, Braak E (1992) The human entorhinal cortex: normal morphology and lamina-specific pathology in various diseases. Neurosci Res 15: 6–31
Brücke T, Sofic E, Riederer P, Gabriel E, Jellinger K, Danielczyk W (1984) Die Bedeutung der serotonergen Raphe-Kortex-Projektion für die Beeinflussung der ß-adrenergen Neurotransmission durch Antidepressiva. Neuropsychiatr Clin 3: 249–255
Bunney WE, Bunney BG (1990) A view of psycho-pharmacology, neuro-science, and the major psychoses. In: Bunney WE, Hippius H, Laakmann G, Schmauss G (eds) Neuropsychopharmacology 1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 11–26
Cheetham SC, Crompton MR, Katona CLE, Norton RW (1988) Brain 5-HT2 receptor binding sites in depressed suicide victims. Brain Res 443: 272–280
Coppen A (1967) The biochemistry of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 113: 1235–1264 Cortes
R, Soriano E, Pazos A, Probst A, Palacios JM (1988) Autoradiography of antidepressant binding sites in the human brain: localization using [3H] imipramine and [3H1 paroxetine. Neuroscience 27: 473–496
Crane GE (1957) Iproniazid (Marsilid) phosphate, a therapeutic agent for mental disorders and debilitating disease. Psychiatry Res Rep 8: 142–152
Crow TJ, Cross AJ, Cooper SJ, Deakin JEW, Ferrier IN, Johnson JA, Joseph MH, Owen F, Paulter M, Lofthouse R, Corsellis JAN, Chambers DR, Blessed G, Perry EK, Perry RH, Tomlinson BE (1984) Neurotransmitter receptors and monoamine metabolites in the brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and depression and suicides. Neuropharmacology 23: 1561–1569
Delay J, Deniker P (1952) Le traitement des psychoses par une méthode neurolytique dérivee le l’hibernothérapie. In: Cossa P, Maison P (eds) Congres de Médicins alienistes et neurologists de France, vol 50. Libraire del’académie de Médicine, Paris, pp 497–502
Paermentier F, Cheetham SC, Crompton MR et al. (1990) Brain a-adrenoceptor binding sites in antidepressant-free depressed suicide victims. Brain Res 525: 71–77
Dixon JF, Lee CH, Los GV, Hokin LE (1992) Lithium enhances accumulation of [3H]inositol radioactivity and mass of second messenger inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate in monkey cerebral cortex slices. J Neurochem 59: 2332–2335
Dudley M, Baron M (1989) The 5-HT,,, site is involved in the rapid down-regulation of cortical j3-adrenoreceptors ((3-rec). 22nd Winter Conf Brain Res, January 21–28, 1989. Snowbird, Utah
Emrich HM, Berger M, Riemann D et al. (1987) Serotonin reuptake inhibition vs. norepinephrine reuptake inhibition: a double-blind differential-therapeutic study with fluvoxamine and oxaprotiline in endogenous and neurotic depressives. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 60–63
Fritze J, Koronakis P, Riederer P (1989) Erythrozyten-Membran-proteine bei Schizophrenien und affektiven Psychosen. In: Saletu B (Hrsg) Biologische Psychiatrie. G Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 246–247
Fritze J, Deckert J, Lanczik M, Strik W, Struck M, Wodarz N (1992) Zum Stand der Aminhypothesen depressiver Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 63: 3–13
Garratini S, Samanin R (1988) Biochemical hypotheses on antidepressant drugs: a guide for clinicians or a toy for pharmacologists? Psychol Med 18: 287–304
Goodwin FK, Ebert MH, Bunney WE (1972) Mental effects of reserpine in man: a review. In: Shader EE (ed) Psychiatric complications of medical drugs. Raven Press, New York, pp 73–101
Graham D, Langer SZ (1992) Advances in sodium-ion coupled biogenic amine transportes. Life Sci 51: 631–645
Heimer L, Wilson RD (1975) The subcortical projections of the allocortex. Similarities in the neural associations of the hippocampus, the piriform cortex and the neocortex. In: Santini M (ed) Golgi centenary symposium: perspectives in neurology. Raven Press, New York, pp 177–193
Hoffman BJ, Mezey E, Brownstein M (1991) Cloning of a serotonin transporter affected by antidepressants. Science 254: 579–580
Jakob H, Beckmann H (1986) Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J Neural Transm 65: 303–326
Janowsky DS, El-Yousef MK, Davis JM, Sekerke HJ (1972) A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothe- sis of mania and depression. Lancet ii: 632–635
Jellinger K, Braak H, Braak E, Fischer P (1991) Alzheimer lesions in the entorhinal region and isocortex in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 640: 203–209
Kraepelin E (1892) Über die Beeinflussung einfacher psychischer Vorgänge durch einige Arzneimittel. Fischer, Jena
Lancaster JM, Davies JA (1991) Desmethylimipramine potentiates NMDA responses in a mouse cortical slice preparation. Neuro Report 2: 665–668
Leonard BE (1991) Antidepressants — current concepts of mode of action. L’Encéphale 17: 127–131
Lesch KP, Rupprecht R (1989) Psychoneuroendocrine research in depression. II. Hormonal responses to releasing hormones as a probe for hypothalamic-pituitary-endorgan dysfunction. J Neural Transm 75: 179–194
Lesch KP, Aulakh CS, Tolliver TJ, Hill JL, Murphy DL (1991) Regulation of G proteins by chronic antidepressant drug treatment in rat brain: tricyclics but nor clorgyline increase Go a subunits. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 207: 361–364
Lesch KP, Hough CJ, Aulakh CS, Wolozin BL, Tolliver TJ, Hill JL, Akiyoshi J, Chuang DM, Murphy DL (1992) Fluoxetine modulates G protein a,, aq and aie subunit mRNA expression in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 227: 233–237
Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Estler HC, Murphy DL, Riederer P (1993) Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human brain serotonin transporter. J Neural Transm 91: 67–73
Tam YK, Young LT, Warsh JJ (1991) Lithium decreases Gi-1, Gi2 a-subunits mRNA levels in rat cortex. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 206: 165–167
Lloyd KG, Zivkovic B, Scatton B, Morselli PL, Bartholini G (1989) The GABAergic hypothesis of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 13: 341–351
Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skuza G, Sowinska H (1992) Effects of MK-801 and antidepressant drugs in the forced swimming test in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2: 37–41
Manji H, Brown JH (1987) The antidepressant effect of beta-adrenoreceptor subsensitivity: a brief review and clinical implications. Can J Psychiatry 32: 788–797
Mann JJ, Stanley M, Mcbride A, Mcewan BS (1986) Increased serotonin2 and a-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of sui- cide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 954–959
Maurer K, Riederer P, Heinsen H, Beckmann H (1989) Altered P300 topography due to functional and structural disturbances in the limbic system in dementia and psychoses and to pharmacological conditions. Psychiatry Res 29: 391–393
Mayser W, Betz H, Schloss P (1991) Isolation of cDNA encoding a novel member of the neurotransmitter transporter gene family. FEBS Lett 295: 203–206
Neumayer E, Riederer P, Danielczyk W, Seemann D (1975) Biochemische Hirnbefunde bei endogener Depression. Wien Med Wochenschr 21: 344–349
Ozawa H, Rasenick MM (1989) Coupling Of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein G, to rat synaptic membrane adenylate cyclase is enhanced subsequent to chronic antidepressant treatment. Mol Pharmacol 36: 803–808
Ozawa H, Rasenick MM (1991) Chronic electroconvulsive treatment augments coupling of the GTP-binding protein G, to the catalytic moiety of adenylyl cyclase in a manner similar to that seen with chronic antidepressant drugs. J Neurochem 56: 330–338
Ozawa H, Katamura Y, Hatta S, Saito T, Katada T, Gsell W, Frölich L, Takahata N, Riederer P (1993) Alterations of guanine nucleotide bindinc proteins in post-mortem human brain in alcoholism. Brain Res (in Druck)
Perez J, Tinelli D, Brunello N, Racagni G (1989) cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of soluble and crude microtubule fractions of rat cerebral cortex after prolonged desmethylimipramine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sect 172: 305–316
Perry EK, Marshall EF, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH (1983) Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 142: 188–192
Praag HM, Korf J (1971) Retarded depression and the dopamine metabolism. Psychopharmacologia 19: 199
Racagni G, Brunello N (1984) Transsynaptic mechanisms in the action of antidepressant drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 5: 527
Richardson JS (1991) Animal models of depression reflect changing views on the essence and etiology of depressive disorders in human. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 15: 199–204
Richelson E (1991) Biological basis of depression and therapeutic relevance. J Clin Psychiatry 52 [Suppl]: 4–10
Riederer P, Birkmayer W (1993a) Pathobiochemie bei Depressionen. 1. Alle Defizitmodelle sind heute überholt. Ärztl Prax 45 (14): 27–29
Riederer P, Birkmayer W (1993b) Pathobiochemie bei Depressionen. 2. Ungleichgewicht zwischen den Überträgersystemen? Ärztl Prax 45 (15): 26–30
Riederer P, Beckmann H, Brücke T (1985) Aktuelle biochemische Hypothesen der endogenen Depression. Wien Min Wochenschr 97: 190–196
Rupprecht R, Kornhuber J, Wodarz N, Lugauer J, Göbel C, Riederer P, Beckmann H (1991) Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding during depression and after clinical recovery. J Affect Dis 22: 31–35
Schildkraut JJ (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 122: 509522
Seeman P (1980) Brain dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 32: 229–313
Tol HHM, Binzow JR, Guan HC, Sunahara RK, Seeman P, Niznik HB, Cive O (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350: 610–614
Vetutani J, Sulser F (1975) Action of various antidepressant treatments reduces reactivity of noradrenergic cyclic AMP-generating system in limbic forebrain. Nature 257: 495–497
Willner P (1985) Antidepressants and serotonergic neurotransmission: an integrative review. Psychopharmacology 85: 387–404
Wodarz N, Rupprecht R, Kornhuber J, Schmitz B, Wild K, Riederer P (1992) Cell-mediated immunity and its glococorticoid-sensitivity after clinical recovery from severe major depressive disorder. J Affect Dis 25: 31–38
Yamaoka K, Nauba T, Namura S (1988) Direct influence of antidepressants on GTP binding protein of adenylate cyclase in cell membranes of the cerebral cortex of rats. J Neural Transm 71: 165–175
Yates M, Leake A, Candy JM, Fairbairn AF, Keith IG, Ferrier IN (1990) 5HT2 receptor changes in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 27: 489–496
Young LT, Li PP, Kish SJ, Siu KP, Warsh JJ (1991) Postmortem cerebral cortex Gsa-subunit levels are elevated in bipolar affective disorder. Brain Res 553: 323–326
Zemlan FP, Garver DL (1990) Depression and antidepressant therapy: receptor dynamics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14: 503–523
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed, revised. APA, Washington DC
Andersen OK, Bergsaker-Aspsy J, Halvorsen L, Giercksky K-E (1984) Doxepin in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 19: 923–925
Angst J (1987) Begriff der affektiven Erkrankungen. In: KISKER KP, LAUTER H, Meyer J-E, Müller C, Strömgren E (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart 5. Affektive Psychosen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 1–50
Angst J, Theobald W (1970) Tofranils (Imipramin). Stämpfli & Cie, Bern
Arzneimittelkommission der Deutschen Arzteschaft (1989) Möglicher Mißbrauch des Antidepressivums Doxepin hei Suchtkranken. Dtsch Ärztebl 86: 1467
Baldessarini RJ (1989) Current status of antidepressants: clinical pharmacology and therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 117–126
Baldessarini RJ, Fleischhacker WW, Speak G (1991) Pharmakotherapie in der Psychiatrie. Thieme, Stuttgart
Buller R, Benkert O (1990) Panikattacken und Panikstörungen — Diagnose, Validierung und Therapie. Nervenarzt 61: 647–657
Brown-Cartwright D, Brater DC, Barnett CC, Richardson CT (1986) Effect of doxepin on basal gastric acid and salivary secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer. Ann Int Med 104: 204–206
Cassano GB, Perugi G, Mcnair DM (1988) Panic disorder: review of the empirical and rational basis of pharmacological treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 157–165
Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group (1991) Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 730–738
Degkwitz R, Helmchen H, Kockott G, Mombour W (Hrsg) (1980) Diagnoseschlüssel und Glossar psychiatrischer Krankheiten, 5. Aufl, korrigiert nach der 9. Revision der ICD. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH (Hrsg)Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-10 Kapitel V (F). Huber, Bern Göttingen Toronto
Fava GA, Sonino N, Wise TN (1988) Management of depression in medical patients. Psychother Psychosom 49: 81–102
Fedoroff JP, Robinson RG (1989) Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of poststroke depression. J Clin Psychiatry 50 [Suppl]: 18–23
Feinmann C (1991) Trizyklische Antidepressiva als Analgetika. In: WORZ R, BASLER H-D (Hrsg) Schmerz und Depression. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Köln, S 55–60
Fighter MM (1991) Behandlung bulimischer Eßstörungen mit Antidepressiva. In: Hippius H, Ortner M, Ruther E (Hrsg) Psychiatrische Erkrankungen in der ärztlichen Praxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 71–76
Gastpar M (1986) Unterschiedliche Pharmakoneffekte bei Angst und Depression: In: Helmchen H, Linden M (Hrsg) Die Differenzierung von Angst und Depression. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 167–176
Huber G (1987) Psychiatrie. Schattauer, Stuttgart HUDSON JI, POPE HG (1989) Psychopharmakologische Behandlung der Bulimia. In: FICHTER M (Hrsg) Bulimia nervosa. Enke, Stuttgart, S 284–292
Joyce PR, Paykel ES (1989) Predictors of drug response in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 89–99
Katon W, Roybyrne PP (1988) Antidepressants in the medically ill: diagnosis and treatment in primary care. Clin Chem 34: 829–836
Kielholz P (1965) Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie in Klinik und Praxis. Huber, Bern
Klein DF, Giiielmann R, Quitkin F, Rifkin A (1980) Diagnostic and drug treatment of psychiatric disorders: adults and children. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Klerman G (1986) Scientific and ethical considerations in the use of placebo controls in clinical trials in psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 25–29
Kramer MS, Vogel WH, Johnson C, Dewey DA et al. (1989) Antidepressants in „depressed“ schizophrenic inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 922–928
Kuhn R (1957) Über die Behandlung depressiver Zustände mit einem Iminodibenzylderivat. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 87: 1135–1140
Lacey JH, Crisp AH (1980) Hunger, food intake and weight: the impact of clomipramine on a refeeding anorexia nervosa population. Postgrad Med J 56: 79–85
Leber P (1986) The placebo control in clinical trials (a view from the FDA). Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 30–32
Liebowitz MR (1989) Antidepressants in panic disorders. Br J Psychiatry [Suppl 61: 46–52
Lydiard RB, Ballinger JC (1987) Antidepressants in panic disorder and agoraphobia. J Affect Disord 13: 153–168
Magni G, Conlon P, Arsie D (1987) Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of cancer pain: a review. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 160–164
Maier W, Benkert O (1987) Methodenkritik des Wirksamkeitsnachweises antidepressiver Pharmakotherapie. Nervenarzt 58: 595–602
Marneros A, Tsuang MT (eds) (1986) Schizoaffective psychoses. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Mctavish D, Benfield P (1990) Clomipramine-an overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. Drugs 39: 136–153
Moller HJ, Morin C (1989) Behandlung schizo-depressiver Syndrome mit Antidepressiva. In: Marneros A (Hrsg) Schizoaffektive Psychosen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 159–178
Modigh K (1987) Antidepressant drugs in anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 335 [Suppl]: 57–74
Morris JB, Beck AT (1974) The efficacy of antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30: 667–674
Murphy DL, Siever LJ, Insel TR (1985) Therapeutic responses to tricyclic antidepressants and related drugs in non-affective disorder patient populations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 9: 3–13
Nelson JC, Mazure CM, Jatlow PI (1990) Does melancholia predict response in major depression? J Affect Disord 18: 157–165
Nutzinger DO, de Zwaan M, Schönbeck G (1991) Serotonin und Eßstörungen. Nervenarzt 62: 198–201
Parker G, HALL W, Boyce P et al. (1991) Depression sub-typing: unitary, binary or arbitrary? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 25: 63–76
Paykel ES, Hollyman JA, Ereeling P, Sedgwick P (1988) Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitriptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 14: 83–95
Pfaffenrath V, Diener HC, Isler H et al (1993) Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit von Amitriptylinoxid beim chronischen Spannungskopfschmerz–Eine multizentrische Doppelblindstudie versus Amitriptylin versus Plazebo. Nervenarzt 64: 114–120
Philipp M, Beck V, Glocke M, Metz K, Scherhag R, Schmidt R (1985) Vorhersagbarkeit des Therapieansprechens depressiver Patienten auf Doxepin. In: Philipp M (Hrsg) Grundlagen und Erfolgsvorhersage der ambulanten Therapie mit Antidepressiva. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 29–45
Puszia SR (1987) Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of children with attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26: 127–132
Pope HG, Hudson JI (1982) Treatment of bulimia with antidepressants. Psychopharmacology 78: 176–179
Rapoport JL (1991) Medikamentöse Behandlung der Zwangserkrankung. Nervenarzt 62: 318320
Rickels K (1986) Use of placebo in clinical trials. Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 19–24
Schmidt LG, Grohmann R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Poser W, Rüther E, Wolf B (1990) Mißbrauch von Antidepressiva bei Suchtkranken. Dtsch Ärztebl 87: 92–96
Schulz E, Remschidt H (1990) Die Stimulanzien–Therapie des hyperkinetischen Syndroms im Kindes-und Jugendalter. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiat 18: 157–166
Small GW (1989) Tricyclic antidepressants for medically ill geriatric patients. J Clin Psychiatry 50 [Suppll: 27–31
Stimmel GL, Escobar JI (1986) Antidepressants in chronic pain: a review of efficacy. Pharmacotherapy 6: 262–267
Sundblad C, Modigh K, Andersch B, Eriksson E (1992) Clomipramine effectively reduces pre- menstrual irritability and dysphoria: a placebo- controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85: 39–47
Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Rapoport JL, Lenane MC et al. (1989) A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). N Engl J Med 321: 497–501
Weiss RD, Mirin SM (1989) Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse. J Clin Psychiatry 50 [Suppll: 4–9
Wörz R, Basler H-D (Hrsg) (1991) Schmerz und Depression. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Köln
Angst J, Bech P, Boyer P, Bruinvels J, Engel E et al. (1989) Consensus Conference on the Methodology of Clinical Trials of Antide- pressants, Zurich, March 1988. Report of the Consensus Comittee. Pharmacopsychiatry 22: 3–7
Appleton WS (1982) Fourth psychoactive drug usage guide. J Clin Psychiatry 43: 12–27
Asberg M, Crönholm B, Sjöqvist F, Tuck D (1971) Relationship between plasma level and thera- peutic effect of nortriptyline. Br Med J 3: 331–334
Baumann P (1990) Pharmakokinetische Aspekte der Therapieresistenz mit Antidepressiva. In: MÖLLER HJ (Hrsg) Therapieresistenz unter Antidepressiva-Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 85–96
Beckmann H (1981) Die medikamentöse Therapie der Depression. Nervenarzt 52: 135–146
Brandon S (1986) Management of depression in general practice.Br Med J 292: 287–289
Bridges PK (1983),,… and a small dose of an antidepressant might help“. Br J Psychiatry 142: 626–628
Buller R, Benkert O (1990) Panikattacken und Panikstörungen — Diagnose, Validierung und Therapie. Nervenarzt 61: 647–657
Oliveira IR, Prado-Lima PAS, Samuel-Lajeunesse B (1989a) Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response: a review of the literature. Part I. Psychiatr Psychobiol 4: 43–60
Oliveira IR, Prado-Lima PAS, Samuel-Lajeunesse B (1989b) Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response: a review of the literature. Part II. Psychiatr Psychobiol 4: 81–90
Eggers C (1992) Psychopharmakotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Pöldinger W (Hrsg) Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd. 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Pharmakopsychiatrie. Springer, Wien New York, S 381–390
Feinmann C (1991) Trizyklische Antidepressiva als Analgetika. In: Wörz R, Basler H-D (Hrsg) Schmerz und Depression. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Köln, S 55–60
Guthrie S, Lane EA, Linnoila M (1987) Monitoring of plasma drug concentrations in clinical psychopharmacology. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology. The third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 13251338
Keller MG, Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Fawcett JA, Coryell W, Endicotf J (1982) Treatment received by depressed patients. J Am Med Assoc 248: 1848–1855
Laux G (1990) Dosiserhöhung, Titration eines optimalen Wirkspiegels und Infusionstherapie als effiziente Möglichkeiten der Behandlung therapieresistenter Depressionen mit Antidepressiva. In: Moller HJ (Hrsg) Therapieresistenz unter Antidepressiva-Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 99–112
Linden M (1987) Phase-IV-Forschung. Antidepressiva in der Nervenarztpraxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Linden M, Schüssler G (1985) Low dosage antidepressant treatment in private psychiatric practice — a replication study. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 44 45
Preskorn SH (1989) Tricyclic antidepressants: the whys and hows of therapeutic drug monitoring. J Clin Psychiatry 50 [Suppl]: 34 42
Quitkin FM (1985) The importance of dosage in prescribing antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry 147: 593–597
Risch SC, Huey LY, Janowsky DS (1979a) Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and clinical efficacy: review of the literature. Part I. J Clin Psychiatry 40: 4–16
Risen SC, Huey LY, Janowsky DS (19796) Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and clinical efficacy: review of the literature. Part II. J Clin Psychiatry 40: 58–69
Schüssler G (1987) Wie sind Antidepressiva in der Praxis zu dosieren? Wie ist die Einnahmesicherheit in der ambulanten Behandlung zu gewährleisten? In: Hippius H, Wither E (Hrsg) Antidepressiva und Depressionsbehandlung in der ärztlichen Praxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 30–33
Simpson GM, Lee JH, Cuculica A, Kellner R (1976) Two dosages of imipramine in hospitalised endogenous and neurotic depressives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33: 1093–1102
Task Force on The Use of Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry (1985) Tricyclic antidepressants–blood level measurements and clinical outcome: an APA task force report. Am J Psychiatry 142: 155–162
Tyrer P (1987) Drug treatment of psychiatric patients in general practice. Br Med J 2: 1008–1010
Brunt N (1983) A clinical utility of tricyclic antidepressant blood levels: a review of the literature. Ther Drug Monit 5: 1–10
Watt DC, Crammer JL, Elkes A (1972) Metabolism, anticholinergic effects, and therapeutic outcome of desmethyl-imipramine in depressive illness. Psychol Med 2: 397–405
Who (World Health Organization) (1986) Dose effects of antidepressant medication in different populations. A World Health Organization Collaborative Study. J Affect Disord [Suppl] 2: 1–67
Woggon B (1990) Frühansprechen auf Antidepressiva: die prognostische Bedeutung der Probetherapie. In: Moller HJ (Hrsg) Therapieresistenz unter Antidepressiva-Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 33–39
Wörz R, Basler H-D (Hrsg) (1991) Schmerz und Depression. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Köln
Alßertini RS, Pender TM (1978) Agranulocytosis associated with tricyclics. J Clin Psychiatry 39: 483–485
Bergener M, Friedel B (Hrsg) (1987) Unfall-und Sicherheitsforschung Straßenverkehr. Psychopharmaka und Verkehrssicherheit. Verlag für neue Wissenschaft, Bremerhaven
Blackwell B (1981) Adverse effects of antidepressant drugs. Part 1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclics. Drugs 21: 201–219; Part 2. Second generation antidepressants and rational decision making in antidepressant therapy. Drugs 21: 273
Boning J (1980) Spezielle Gedächtnis-und Bewußtseinsstörungen unter der Therapie mit Antidepressiva und endogener Depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 13: 72–78
Boning J (1982) Zentralmotorische und extrapyramidale Nebenwirkungen unter Therapie mit Antidepressiva. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 50: 35–47
Cassidy SL, Henry JA (1987) Fatal toxicity of antidepressant drugs in overdose. Br Med J 295: 1021–1024
Cohen LS (1989) Psychotropic drug use in pregnancy. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 40: 5–66
Cole JO, Bodkin JA (1990) Antidepressant drug side effects. J Clin Psychiatry 51 [Suppl 11: 21–26
Committee on Safety of Medicines (1985) Adverse reactions to antidepressants. Br Med J 291: 16–38
Crome P (1990) Adverse effects of antidepressants in the elderly. In: Leonard B, Spencer P (eds) Antidepressants: thirty years on. CNS ( Clinical Neuroscience) Publishers, London, pp 465–474
Curran HV, Sakulskriprong M, Lader M (1988) Antidepressants and human memory: an investigation of four drugs with different sedative and anticholinergic profiles. Psychopharmacology 95: 520–527
Dilsaver SC, Greden JF (1984) Antidepressant withdrawal phenomena. Biol Psychiatry 19: 237–256
Dolle W, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Schwabe K (Hrsg) (1986) Grundlagen der Arzneimitteltherapie. Wissenschaftsverlag, Mannheim Wien Zürich
Edwards JG, Long SK, Sedgwick EM, Wheal HV (1986) Antidepressants and convulsive seizures: clinical, eletroencephalographic, and pharmacological aspects. Clin Neuropharmacol 9: 329–360
Fann W, Sullivan IL, Richman B (1976) Dyskinesia associated with tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry 128: 490–493
Frommer DA, Kulig KE, Marx JA, Rumack B (1987) Tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Am Med Assoc 257: 521–526
Garvey MJ, Tollefson GD (1987) Occurence of myoclonus in patients treated with cyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 269–272
Girard M, Biscos-Garreau M (1989) Reliability of data on haematotoxicity of antidepressants. A retrospective assessment of haematological monitoring in clinical studies on tricyclics. J Affect Disord 17: 153–158
Glassman AH (1984) The newer antidepressant drugs and their cardiovascular effects. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 272–279
Glassmann AH, Bigger JT JR (1981) Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 815–820
Gottfries CG (1981) Influence of depression and antidepressants on weight. Acta Psychiatr Scand 63: 353–360
Harris B, Young J, Heykes B (1984) Changes occurring in appetite and weight during short-term antidepressant treatment. Br J Psychiatry 145: 645–648
Henry JA (1990) Toxic effects of antidepressants. In: LEONARD B, SPENCER P (eds) Antidepressants: thirty years on. CNS ( Clinical Neuroscience) Publishers, London, pp 385–397
Hindmarch I (1986) The effects of psychoactive drugs on car handling and related psychomotor ability: a Ieview. In: O’hanlon JF, Gier JJ (eds) Drugs and driving. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 71–82
Hindmarch I, Barwell F, Alford C (1990) Behavioural toxicity of antidepressants. In: LEONARD B, SPENCER P (eds) Antidepressants: thirty years on. CNS, London, pp 403–409
Jackson WK, Roose SP, Glassman AH (1987) CaIdiovalcular toxicity and tricyclic antidepressants. Biomed Pharmacother 41: 377–382
Jabbari B, Bryan GE, Marsh EE et al. (1982) Incidence of seizures with tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants. Arch Neurol 42: 480–481
Jan NN, Wise TN (1988) Antidepressants and inhibited female orgasm: a literature review. J Sex Marital Ther 14 (4): 279–284
Koeppen D, Mohr R, Streichenwein S (1989) Assessment of adverse drug events during the clinical investigation of a new drug. Pharmacopsychiatry 22: 93–98
Lewis JL, winokur G (1982) The induction of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 303
Lieberman E, Stoudemire A (1987) Use of tricyclic antidepressants in patients with glaucoma. Psychosomatics 28: 145–148
Mirin SM, Schatzberg AF, Creasey DE (1981) Mania after tricyclic antidepressant withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 138: 87
Mitchell JE, Popkin MK (1983) Antidepressant drug therapy and sexual dysfunction in men: a review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 76–79
Möller HJ, Meier K, Wernicke T (1988) Empirical investigation on the risk of agranulocytosis/ leucopenia under medication with antidepressants. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 304–305
Pentel PR, Benowitz NL (1986) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: management of arrhythmias. Med Toxicol 1: 101–121
Pinder RIVI (1988) The benefits and risks of antidepressant drugs. Human Psychopharmacol 3: 73–86
Preskorn SH, Jerkovich GS (1990) Central nervous system toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants: phenomenology, course, risk factors, and role of therapeutic drug monitoring. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10: 88–95
Ragheb M (1981) Drug interactions in psychiatric practice. Int Pharmacopsychiatryl6: 92–118
Rawlins MD (1981) Clinical pharmacology: adverse reactions to drugs. Br Med J 282: 974–976
Rhoades HM, Overall JE (1984) Side effect potentials of different antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 83–88
Roose SP, Glassman AH, Giardina EGV, Walsh BT, Woodring S, Bigger T (1987) Tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with cardiac conduction disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 273–275
Schmidt LG, Grohmann R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ochsenfarth H, Schonhofer PS (1986) Adverse drugs reactions to first and second-generation antidepressants: a critical evaluation of drugs surveillance data. Br J Psychiatry 148: 38–43
Schmidt LG, Schüssler G, Linden M, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (1988) Zur Häufigkeit und Therapierelevanz unerwünschter Wirkungen von Antidepressiva im Rahmen der ambulanten nervenärztlichen Behandlung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 56: 111–118
Schneider H (1985) Medikamente in der Schwangerschaft. Therapiewoche 35: 645–654
Snyder SH, Peroutka SJ (1985) Antidepressants and neurotransmitter receptors. In: Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds) Neurobiology of mood disorders. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore London, p 686–697
Strauss B, Gross J (1984) Auswirkungen psychopharmakologischer Behandlung auf die sexuellen Funktionen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 52: 293–301
Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Biedeman J, Weilburg JB, Pollack MH, Gross CC, Falk WE, Gastfriend DR, Zusky PM, Bouckoms A (1987) Orthostatic hypotension and antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 182–186
Thomann P, Hess R (1981) Toxicology of antidepressant drugs. In: HOFFMEISTER F, STILLE G (eds) Psychotropic agents. Part 1. Antipsychotics and antidepressants. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 527
Veith RC, Raskind MA, Caldwell JH, Barnes RF, Bumbrecht G, Ritchie JL (1982) Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with chronic heart disease. N Engl J Med 306: 954–959
Vincent PC (1986) Drug-induced aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis. Incidence and mechanisms. Drugs 31: 52–63
Warnock JK, Knesevich JW (1988) Adverse cutaneous reactions to antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 145: 4–25
Weeke A, Juel K, Vaeth M (1987) Cardiovascular death and manic-depressive psychosis. J Affect Disord 13: 287–292
Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (1987) Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry 144: 1403–1411
Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF (1987) Antidepressant-related akathisia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 254–257
Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI (1984) Imipramine — cimetidine interaction: impairment of clearance and enhanced bioavailability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229: 702–705
Alexanderson B, Evans DA, Sjoqvist F (1969) Steady state plasma levels of nortriptyline in twins: influence of genetic factors and drug therapy. Br Med J 4: 764
Ananth J, Luchins D et al. (1977) A review of combined tricyclic and MAOI therapy. Compr Psychiatry 18: 121–134
Austin LS, Arana GW, Melvin JA (1990) Toxicity resulting from lithium augmentation of antidepressant treatment in elderly patients. J Clin Psychiatry 51: 344–345
Bergstrom RF, Peyton AL, Lemberger L (1992) Quantification and mechanism of the fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressant interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 239–248
Bernstein M (1990) Pimozide and tricyclics (I). Hosp Community Psychiatry 41: 454
Bigger JT, Giardina EV, Perel JM et al. (1977) Cardiac antiarrhythmic effect of imipramine hydrochloride. N Engl J Med 296: 206
Blazer HG, Federspiel CF, Ray WA et al. (1983) The risk of anticholinergic toxicity in the elderly: a study prescribing practices in two populations. J Gerontol 38: 31–35
Boakes AJ, Laurence DR, Teoh PC et al. (1973) Interactions between sympathomimetic amines and antidepressant agents in man. Br Med J 1: 311–315
Briant RH, Rub JL, Dollery CT (1973) Interaction between clonidine and desipramine in man. Br Med J 1: 522–523
Brown CS, Wells BG, Cold JA et al. (1990) Possible influence of carbamazepine on plasma imipramine concentrations in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10: 359–362
Bruckner HW, Schleifer SJ (1983) Orthostatic hypotension as a complication of hexamethylmelamine antidepressant interaction. Cancer Treat Rep 67: 516
Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Boxenbaum H (1985) Pharmacokinetic interaction between disulfiram and antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 142: 1373–1374
Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH (1988) Clinical pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in alcoholics and normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43: 509–518
Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ, Creelman W (eds) (1989) Drug interactions in psychiatry. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Edelbroek PM, Zitman FG et al. (1987) Therapeutic drug monitoring of amitriptyline: impact of age, smoking and contraceptives on drug and metabolite levels in bulimic women. Clin Chim Acta 165: 177–187
Edwards RP, Miller RD, Roizen MF et al. (1979) Cardiac responses to imipramine and pancuronium during anaesthesia with halothane or enflurane. Anesthesiology 50: 421–425
Flemenbaum A (1972) Hypertensive episodes after adding methylphenidate (Ritalin®) to tricyclic antidepressants. Psychosomatics 13: 265
Goodwin FK, Prange AJ, Post RM et al. (1982) Potentiation of antidepressant effects by L-triiodothyronine in tricyclic nonresponders. Am J Psychiatry 139: 34–38
Gram LF, Brosen K (1989) Inhibitors of the microsomal oxidation of psychotropic drugs: selectivity and clinical significance. In: DAHL SG, GRAM LF (eds) Clinical pharmacology in psychiatry. From molecular studies to clinical reality. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Tokyo, pp 172–180
Gundert-Remy U, Amann E, Hildebrandt R et al. (1983) Lack of interaction between the tetra-cyclic antidepressant maprotiline and the centrally acting antihypertensive drug clonidine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 25: 595–599
Joe A, Annoni F, Bianchetti A (1968) Metabolic effects induced by the interaction of reserpine with desipramine. J Pharm Pharmacol 20: 862–866
Kantor SJ, Glassman AH, Bigger JT et al. (1978) The cardiac effects of therapeutic plasma concentrations of imipramine. Am J Psychiatry 135: 534
Khurana RC (1972) Estrogen — imipramine interaction. JAMA 222: 702
Koch-Weser J, Sellers EM (1971) Drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants, part 2. N Engl J Med 285: 547–558
Korn A, Eichler HG, Fischbach R et al. (1986) Moclobemide, a new reversible MAO inhibitor — interaction with tyramine and tricyclic antidepressants in healthy volunteers and depressive patients. Psychopharmacology 88: 153–157
Landauer AA, Milner G, Patman J (1969) Alcohol and amitriptyline effects on skills related to driving behaviour. Science 163: 1467
Lasswell WL, Weber SS, Wilkins JM (1984) In vitro interaction of neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants with coffee, tea, and gallotannic acid. J Pharm Sci 73: 1056–1058
Leishman AWD, Matthews AL, Smith AJ (1963) Antagonism of guanethidine by imipramine. Lancet ii: 112
Linnoila M, George L, Guthrie S et al. (1981) Effect of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on antidepressant levels of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 138: 841–842
Linnoila M, George L, Guthrie S (1982) Interaction between antidepressants and perphenazine in psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1329–1331
Maany I, Hayashida M, Pfeffer SL et al. (1982) Possible toxic interaction between disulfiram and amitriptyline. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 743–744
Meyer JF, Mcallister CK, Goldberg L (1970) Insidious and prolonged antagonism of guanethidine by amitriptyline. JAMA 213: 1487
Milner G (1969) Gastro-intestinal side effects and psychotropic drugs. Med J Aust 2: 153
Moody JP, Whyte SF, Macdonald AJ et al. (1977) Pharmacokinetic aspects of protriptyline plasma levels. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 11: 51–56
Morgan JP, Rivera-Calimlim L, Messiha F et al. (1975) Imipramine - mediated interference with levodopa absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in man. Neurology 25: 1029
Prange AJ, Wilson IC, Rabon AM et al. (1969) Enhancement of imipramine-antidepressant activity by thyroid hormone. Am J Psychiatry 126: 457
Razani J, White KL, White J et al. (1983) The safety and efficacy of combined amitriptyline and tranylcypromine antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 657–661
Rivera-Calimlim L, Nasrallah H, Strauss J et al. (1976) Clinical response and plasma levels: effect of dose, dosage schedules, and drug interactions on plasma chlorpromazine levels. Am J Psychiatry 133: 646–652
Sandyk R, Gillman MA (1985) Baclofen - induced memory impairment. Clin Neuropharmacol 8: 294
Schuckit M, Robins E, Feighner J (1971) Tricyclic antidepressant and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Combination therapy in the treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 24: 509–514
Seppäla T, Stromberg C, Bergman I (1984) Effects of zimeldine, mianserin and amitriptyline on psychomotor skills and their interaction with ethanol. A placebo cross-over study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 27: 181–189
Skjelbo E, Brosen K (1992) Inhibitors of imipramine metabolism by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 34: 256–261
Spiker DG, Pugh DD (1976) Combining tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33: 828–830
Spina E, Campo GM, Avenoso A, Pollicino. MA, Caputi AP (1992) Interaction between fluvoxamine and imipramine/desipramine in four patients. Ther Drug Monit 14: 194–196
Sutherland DL, Remillard AJ, Haight KR et al. (1987) The influence of cimetidine versus ranitidine on doxepin pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32: 159–164
Vaughan DA (1988) Interaction of fluoxetine with tricyclic antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 145: 1478
Weber E (Hrsg) (1991) Taschenbuch der unerwünschten Arzneiwirkungen. Fischer, Stuttgart
Wharton RN, Perel JM, Dayton PG et al. (1971) A potential clinical use for methylphenidate with tricyclic antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 127: 1619–1625
Zimmer R, Gieschke R, Fischbach R et al. (1990) Interaction studies with moclobemide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 360 [Suppll: 84–86
Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Pro Gram (1972) Adverse reactions to the tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Lancet is 529–531
Edwards JG (1985) Antidepressants and seizures: epidemiological and clinical aspects. In: TRIMBLE MR (ed) The psychopharmacology of epilepsy. Wiley, Chichester, pp 119–139
Glassman AH, Bigger JT (1981) Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 815–820
Grohmann R, Hippius H, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Rüther E, Scherer J, Schmidt LG, Strauss A, Wolf B (1984) Assessment of adverse drug reactions in psychiatric hospitals. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26: 727–734
Hartl O, Dejaco R, Friedl H, Pürgyi P (1972) EKG-Veränderungen unter Infusionsbehand- lung mit trizyklischen Antidepressiva. Phar- makopsychiatrie 5: 20–25
Helmchen H, Hippius H, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ruttier E (1985) Arzneimittel-Überwachung in der Psychiatrie. Nervenarzt 56: 12–18
Hobi V (1992) Psychopharmaka und Fahrtauglichkeit. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Pöldinger W (Hrsg) Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Pharmakopsychiatrie. Springer, Wien New York, S 335–352
Inman WHW (1988) Blood disorders and suicide in patients taking mianserin or amitriptyline. Lancet 9: 90–93
Linden M (1987) Phase-IV-Forschung. Antidepressiva in der Nervenarztpraxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Linden M (1991) Antidepressiva-Langzeitmedikation. In: Hippius H, Ortner M, Rüther E (Hrsg) Psychiatrische Erkrankungen in der ärztlichen Praxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 1–11
Luchins DJ (1983) Review of clinical and animal studies comparing the cardiovascular effects of doxepin and other tricyclic antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 140: 1006–1009
Luchins DJ, Oliver AP, Wyatt RJ (1984) Seizures with antidepressants: an in vitro technique to assess relative risk. Epilepsia 25: 25–32
Möller HJ, Meier K, Wernicke T (1988) Empirical investigation on the risk of agranulocytosis/ leucopenia under medication with antidepressants. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 304–305
Schmidt LG, Schüssler G, Linden M, Muller-Oerlinghausen B (1985) Unerwünschte Arznei- mittelwirkungen von Psychopharmaka in der nervenärztlichen Praxis. Nervenarzt 56: 19–24
Schmidt LG, Grohmann R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ochsenfahrt H, Schönhöfer PS (1986) Adverse drug reactions to first-and second-generation antidepressants: a critical evaluation of drug surveillance data. Br J Psychiatry 148: 38–43
Spiess-Kiefer C, Grohmann R (1987) Psychopharmaka-induzierte Blutbildveränderungen. Minch Med Wochenschr 129: 173–175
Tornatore FL, Sramek JJ, Okeya BL, Pi EH (1991) Unerwünschte Wirkungen von Psychopharmaka. Thieme, Stuttgart
Ancill RJ, Holliday SG (1990) Treatment of depression in the elderly: a Canadian view. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14: 655–661
Angst J, Bech P, Boyer P, Bruinvels J, Engel E et al. (1989) Consensus Conference on the Methodology of Clinical Trials of Antidepressants, Zurich, March 1988. Report of the Consensus Committee. Pharmacopsychiatry 22: 3–7
Ayd FJ (1984) Long-term treatment of chronic depression: 15-year experience with Doxepin HC1. J Clin Psychiatry 45: 3–39
Beck AT (1991) Cognitive therapy. A 30-year retrospective. Am Psychol 46: 368–375
Beckmann H, Goodwin FK (1980) Urinary MHPG in subgroups of depressed patients and normal controls. Neuropsychobiology 6: 91–100
Beckmann H, Moises HW (1982) The cholinolytic biperiden in depression. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 231: 213–220
Bergener M (Hrsg) (1989) Depressive Syndrome im Alter. Thieme, Stuttgart
Bielski RJ, Friedel RO (1976) Prediction of tricyclic antidepressant response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33: 1479–1489
Blackwell B (1982) Antidepressant drugs: side-effects and compliance. J Clin Psychiatry 43: 14–18
Brown RP, Frances A, Kocsis JH, Mann JJ (1982) Psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression: comparison of treatment response. J Nery Ment Dis 170: 635–637
Buist A, Norman TR, Dennerstein L (1990) Breast-feeding and the use of psychotropic medication: a review. J Affect Disord 19: 197–206
Cassano GB, Placidi GF (1984) The long-term course of unipolar depressions: implications for antidepressant treatments. In: Kryspinexner K, HINTERHUBER H, SCHUBERT H (Hrsg) Langzeittherapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 17–31
Christensen P, Lolk A, Gram LF, Kragh-Sorensen P, Pedersen OL, Nielsen S (1989) Cortisol and treatment of depression: predictive value of spontaneous and suppressed cortisol levels and course of spontaneous plasma cortisol. Psychopharmacology 97: 471–475
Cohen BM, Baldessarini RJ (1985) Tolerance to therapeutic effects of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 142: 489–490
Dilsaver SC (1989) Antidepressant withdrawal syndromes: phenomenology and pathophysiology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79: 113–117
Dilsaver SC, Greden JF (1984) Antidepressant withdrawal phenomena. Biol Psychiatry 19: 237–256
Dobson KS (1989) A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 57: 414–419
Eggers C (1992) Psychopharmakotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In: Biederer P, Laux G, Poldinger W (HrSg) Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Pharmakopsychiatrie. Springer, Wien New York, S 381–390
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Elkin J, Shea MT, Watkins JT, Imber SD et al. (1989) National Institute of Mental Health treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 971–982
Emrich HM, Berger M, Riemann D, Zerssen Dv (1987) Serotonin reuptake inhibition vs. nor-epinephrine reuptake inhibition: a double-blind differential-therapeutic study with fluvoxamine and oxaprotiline in endogenous and neurotic depressives. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 60–63
Fähndrich E (1983a) Clinical and biological parameters as predictors for antidepressant drug responses in depressed patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 16: 179–185
Fähndrich E (1983b) Effect of sleep deprivation as a predictor of treatment response to antidepressant medication. Acta Psychiatr Scand 68: 341–344
Fähndrich E (1990) Biologische Prädiktoren für eine erfolgreiche antidepressive medikamentöse Behandlung. In: MOLLER H-J (Hrsg) Therapieresistenz unter Antidepressiva-Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 43–57
Fairchild CJ, Rush J, Vasavada N, Giles DE, Khatami M (1986) Which depressions respond to placebo? Psychiatry Res 18: 217–226
Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM et al. (1990) Three-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1093–1099
Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, Rustl AJ, Weissman MM (1991) Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions in major depressive disorder. Remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 851–855
Friedel RO (1983) Clinical predictors of treatment response: an update. In: Davis JM, Maas JW (eds) The affective disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 379–384
Fritze J, Lanczik M, Boning J (1992) Adrenergcholinerge Gleichgewichtshypothese der Depression: Therapie mit Biperiden adjuvant zu Mianserin und Viloxazin. In: Gaebel W, Laux G (Hrsg) Biologische Psychiatrie. Synopsis 1990/91. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 327–331
Georgotas A, Mccue RE, Hapworth W et al. (1986) Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry 21: 1155–1166
Georgotas A,Mccue RE,Cooper TB (1989) A placebo-controlled comparison of nortriptyline and phenelzine in maintenance therapy of elderly depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 783–786
Gerner RH (1985) Present status of drug therapy of depression in late life. J Affect Disord [Suppl 1]: S 23–31
Gerson SC, Plotkin DA, Jarvik LF (1988) Antidepressant drug studies, 1964 to 1986: empirical evidence for aging patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 8: 311–322
Hale AS, Sandler M, Hannah P, Bridges PK (1989) Tyramine conjugation test for prediction of treatment response in depressed patients. Lancet i: 234–236
Harkness L, Giller EL, Bialos D, Waldo MC (1982) Chronic depression: response to amitriptyline after discontinuation. Biol Psychiatry 17: 913917
Helmchen H (1990) Gestuftes Vorgehen bei Resistenz gegen Antidepressiva-Therapie. In: Moller HJ (Hrsg) Therapieresistenz unter Antidepressiva-Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 237–250
Jarrett RB, Eaves GG, Grannemann BD, Rush AJ (1991) Clinical, cognitive, and demographic predictors of response to cognitive therapy for depression: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Res 37: 245–260
Jungkunz G (1989) Strategien und Hintergründe der medikamentösen Depressionsbehandlung. Stellung des Amitriptylinoxids in der Reihe der Antidepressiva. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Katz MM, Koslow SH, Maas JW et al. (1987) The timing, specificity and clinical prediction of tricyclic drug effects in depression. Psychol Med 17: 297–309
Khan A, Brown WA (1991) Who should receive antidepressants: suggestions from placebo treatment. Psychopharmacol Bull 27: 271–274
Khan A, Dager SR, Cohen S, Avery DH, Scherzo BA, DUNNER DL (1991) Chronicity of depressive episode in relation to antidepressant-placebo response. Neuropsychopharmacology 4: 125–130
Kielholz P, Adams C (Hrsg) (1984) Tropfinfusionen in der Depressionsbehandlung. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Klein HE, Rother E, Staedt J (1992) Kombinierte Psychopharmakotherapie einschließlich Behandlung chronischer Schmerzsyndrome. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Pöldinger W (Hrsg) Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Pharmakopsychiatrie. Springer, Wien New York, S 425–458
Klerman GL (1990) Treatment of recurrent unipolar major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1158–1162
Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM (1989) The advantage of early treatment intervention in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 771775
Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Mceachran AB, Grochocinski VJ (1990) Delta sleep ratio. A biological correlate of early recurrence in unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1100–1105
Lancaster SG, Gonzalez JP (1989) Dothiepin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs 38: 123–147
Langer G, Aschauer H, Koinig G, Resch F, Schönbeck G (1983) The TSH-response to TRH: a possible predictor of outcome to antidepressant and neuroleptic treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7: 335–342
Lapierre YD (1989) A review of trimipramine: 30 years of clinical use. Drugs 38 [Suppll: 17–24
Laux G (1983) Drip infusion therapy with clomipramine and maprotiline or the combination of both preparations. Vortrag VII. Weltkongreß für Psychiatrie (Abstract No F 643 )
Laux G, König W (1992) Infusionstherapie bei Depressionen, 3. Aufl. Hippokrates, Stuttgart
Laux G, Riederer P (Hrsg) (1992) Plasmaspiegelbestimmung von Psychopharmaka. Therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring. Versuch einer ersten Standortbestimmung. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart
Laux G, König W, Pfaff G, Becker U, Bauerle R (1988) Antidepressant combination therapy of endogenous depressions with benzodiazepines or neuroleptics — a study comparing adjuvant treatment with oxazolam versus chlorprothixene. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 87–92
Linden M (1987) Phase-IV-Forschung. Antidepressiva in der Nervenarztpraxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Linden M (1991) Antidepressiva-Langzeitmedikation. In: Hippius H, Ortner M, Wither E (Hrsg) Psychiatrische Erkrankungen in der ärztlichen Praxis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 1–17
Loudon JB (1987) Prescribing in pregnancy: psy- chotropic drugs. Br Med J 294: 167–169
Maas JW, Koslow S, Katz M et al. (1984) Pretreatment neurotransmitter metabolite levels and response to tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Am J Psychiatry 141: 1159–1171
Martinsen EW (1990) Benefits of exercise for the treatment of depression. Sports Med 9: 380389
Mcevoy JP, Mccue M, Spring B, Mohs RC, Lavori PW, Farr RM (1987) Effects of amantadine and trihexyphenidyl on memory in elderly normal volunteers. Am J Psychiatry 44: 573–577
Möller HJ, Fischer G, V Zerssen D (1987) Prediction of therapeutic response in acute treatment with antidepressants. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci 236: 349–357
Montgomery S, Rouillon F (1992) (eds) Longterm treatment of depression. Wiley, Chichester New York
Morris JB, Beck AT (1974) The efficacy of antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30: 667–674
Nagayama H, Nagano K, Ikezaki A, Tashiro T (1991) Prediction of efficacy of antidepressant by 1-week test therapy in depression. J Affect Disord 23: 213–216
Nelson JC(1991) Current status of tricyclic antidepressants in psychiatry: their pharmacology and clinical applications. J Clin Psychiatry 52: 193–200
Nelson JC, Bowers MB (1987) Delusional unipolar depression. Description and drug response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1321–1328
Nimh/NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement (1985) Mood disorders: pharmacologic prevention of recurrences. Am J Psychiatry 142: 469–476
Perry S (1990) Combining antidepressants and psychotherapy: rationale and strategies. J Clin Psychiatry 51 [Suppl: 16–20
Peselow ED, Dunner DL, Fieve RR, Difiglia C (1991) The prophylactic efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants–a five year follow-up. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 15: 71–82
Peselow ED,Difiglia C, Fieve RR (1991b) Relationship of dose to antidepressant prophylactic efficacy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84: 571–574
Schmidt R (1985) Vorhersagbarkeit des Therapieansprechens depressiver Patienten auf Doxepin. In: PhilippM (Hrsg) Grundlagen and Erfolgsvorhersage der ambulanten Therapie mit Antidepressiva. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 29–45
Priebe S (1987) Early subjective reactions predicting the outcome of hospital treatment in depressive patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76: 134–138
Prien RF, Kupfer DJ (1986) Continuation drug therapy for major depressive episodes: how long should it be maintained? Am J Psychiatry 143: 18–23
Prien RF, Carpenter LL, Kupfer DJ (1991) The definition and operational criteria for treatment outcome of major depressive disorder. A review of the current research literature. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 796–800
Quitkin FM, Rabkin JG, ross D, MC Grath PJ (1984) Duration of antidepressant drug treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 238–245
Quitkin FM, MC Grath PJ, Rabkin JG et al. (1991) Different types of placebo response in patients receiving antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 148: 197–203
Rabkin JE, Stewart JW, MC Grath PJ, Markowitz JS, Harrison W, Quitkin FM (1987) Baseline characteristics of 10-day placebo washout responders in antidepressant trials. Psychiatry Res 21: 9–22
Rockwell E, Lam RW, Zisook S (1988) Antidepressant drug studies in the elderly. Psychiatry Clin North Am 1: 215–233
Rush AJ, Roffwarg HP, Giles DE, Schlesser MA, Fairchild C, Tarell J (1983) Psychobiological predictors of antidepressant drug response. Pharmacopsychiatry 16: 192–194
Rush AJ, Giles DE, Jarrett RB et al. (1989) Reduced REM latency predicts response to tricyclic medication in depressed outpatients. Biol Psychiatry 26: 61–72
Sauer H, Lauter H (1987) Elektrokrampftherapie. Nervenarzt 58: 201–218
Sauer H, Kick H, Minne HW, Schneider B (1986) Prediction of the amitriptyline response: psychopathology versus neuroendocrinology. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1: 284–295
Schmidt LG, Schussler G, Linden M, Mulleroerlinghausen B (1988) Zur Häufigkeit und Therapierelevanz unerwünschter Wirkungen von Antidepressiva im Rahmen der ambulanten nervenärztlichen Behandlung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 56: 111–118
Sieberns S (1985) Internationale Erfahrungen mit Saroten® retard. In: Beckmann H, Sieberns S (Hrsg) Wie aktuell ist Amitriptylin für die Therapie der Depression? pmi Verlag, Frankfurt, S 183–190
Sotsky SM, Glass DR, Shea MT, Pilkonis PA et al. (1991) Patient predictors of response to psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy: findings in the NIMH treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Am J Psychiatry 148: 997–1008
Spiker DG, Weiss JC, Dealy RS, Griffin SJ, Hanin I et al. (1985) The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 142: 4309–4436
Stein MK, Rickels K, Weise CC (1980) Maintenance therapy with amitriptyline: a controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 137: 370–371
Stravynski A, Greenberg D (1992) The psychological management of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85: 407–414
Thase ME, Simons AD, Cahalane J, MC Geary J, Harden T (1991) Severity of depression and response to cognitive behavior therapy. Am J Psychiatry 148: 784–789
Thiels C (1992) Psychopharmaka in der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit. In: Riederer P, Laux G, Poldinger W (Hrsg) Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Pharmakopsychiatrie. Springer, Wien New York, S 353–380
Tyrer P (1984) Clinical effects of abrupt withdrawal from tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors after long-term treatment. J Affect Disord 6: 1–7
Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (1987) Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry 144: 1403–1411
Wirtz-Justice A, Pühringer W, Hole G (1979) Response to sleep deprivation as a predictor of therapeutic results with antidepressant drugs. Am J Psychiatry 136: 1222–1223
Woggon B (1983) Prognose der Psychopharmakatherapie. Klinische Untersuchungen zur Voraussagbarkeit des Kurzzeittherapieerfolges von Neuroleptika und Antidepressiva. Enke, Stuttgart
Woggon B (1987) Psychopharmakotherapie affektiver Psychosen. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer J-E, Müller C, Strömgren E (Hrsg )Psychiatrie der Gegenwart 5. Affektive Psychosen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 273-325
Woggon B (1992) Prädiktoren für das Ansprechen auf Psychopharmaka. In: Riederer P, LAUX G, POLDINGER W (Hrsg) Neuro-Psycho-pharmaka, Bd 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Pharmakopsychiatrie. Springer, Wien New York, S 475–484
Wolfersdorf M, Wohlt R, Hole G (Hrsg) (1985) Depressions-Stationen. Roderer, Regensburg
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Laux, G. et al. (1993). Trizyklische Antidepressiva. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Pöldinger, W. (eds) Neuro-Psychopharmaka. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3317-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3317-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3318-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3317-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive