European Space Activities in the Global Context

Al-Ekabi, Cenan

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1827-6_1

Cenan Al-Ekabi⁶

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

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Abstract

According to the United Nations’ Annual Report “World Economic Situation and Prospects”, the thread of this reporting period, covering 2012 and 2013, was the underperformance of the world economy, which was observed across almost all regions and major economic groups.

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Notes

1.
“World Economic Situation and Prospects 2014.” 2014. United Nations 20 May 2014 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/wesp2014.pdf.
2.
“World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013.” 2013. United Nations 20 May 2014 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_archive/2013wesp.pdf.
3.
“World Economic Situation and Prospects 2014.” 2014. United Nations 20 May 2014 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/wesp2014.pdf.
4.
Ibid.
5.
Ibid.
6.
“Global Economic Prospects | Coping with Policy Normalization in High-Income Countries.” Jan. 2014. The World Bank 20 May 2014. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/GEP/GEP2014a/GEP2014a.pdf.
7.
“World Economic Situation and Prospects 2014.” 2014. United Nations 20 May 2014. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/wesp2014.pdf.
8.
Ibid.
9.
“Top 10 Everything of 2012 | International News.” 4 Dec. 2012. Time 19 May 2014. http://world.time.com/2012/12/04/top-10-international-news-lists/.
10.
“Top 10 International News Stories.” 4 Dec. 2013. Time 19 May 2014. http://world.time.com/2013/12/04/world/slide/top-10-international-news-stories/.
11.
Ibid.
12.
“Top 10 Everything of 2012 | International News.” 4 Dec. 2012. Time 19 May 2014. http://world.time.com/2012/12/04/top-10-international-news-lists/.
13.
“Top 10 International News Stories.” 4 Dec. 2013. Time 19 May 2014. http://world.time.com/2013/12/04/world/slide/top-10-international-news-stories/.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Ibid.
17.
“Top 10 Everything of 2012 | International News.” 4 Dec. 2012. Time 19 May 2014. http://world.time.com/2012/12/04/top-10-international-news-lists/.
18.
“Top 10 International News Stories.” 4 Dec. 2013. Time 19 May 2014. http://world.time.com/2013/12/04/world/slide/top-10-international-news-stories/.
19.
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20.
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International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2012. IAE: Paris, 2012.
33.
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2013. IAE: Paris, 2013.
34.
Ibid. at 4.
35.
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2011. IAE: Paris, 2011.
36.
International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2013. IAE: Paris, 2013.
37.
Ibid.
38.
The World Bank. Global Economic Prospects—Coping with policy normalization in high-income countries. Volume 8/January 2014. Washington DC: World Bank, 2014.
39.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Report, 2013. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2013. 1–10.
40.
Ibid. at 7–10.
41.
Ibid. at 9.
42.
The World Bank. Global Economic Prospects—Coping with policy normalization in high-income countries. Volume 8/January 2014. Washington DC: World Bank, 2014.
43.
Instability indices and trends of free-market commodity prices for selected periods, annual, 1983–2012. UNCTADstat 13 Apr. 2014. http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx.
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World Bank Group. Global Economic Prospects—Commodity Markets Outlook. 2014 / April. Washington DC: World Bank, 2014: 19.
45.
The World Bank. Global Economic Prospects—Less volatile, but slower growth. Volume 7 / June 2013. Washington DC: World Bank, 2013: 104.
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OECD. Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2013: 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2013-en.
47.
Ibid. at 31.
48.
Ibid. at 74.
49.
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. Future skills supply and demand in Europe: Forecast 2012. CEDEFOP, 2012: 34.
50.
OECD. Education at a Glance 2013: European Union—Country Note. OECD Publishing, 2013: 8.
51.
National Priorities: Recent Trends & Future Developments—European Union. 1 May 2012. International Institute of Education 5 May 2014.
52.
Europe 2020 Target: Tertiary Education Attainment. Europa.eu 11 May 2014. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/themes/28_tertiary_education.pdf.
53.
Ibid.
54.
European Commission. Communication from the Commission. Europe 2020: A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. COM (2010) 2020 final of 3 Mar. 2010. Brussels: European Union.
55.
“An EU Strategy for Modernising Higher Education—Questions and Answers.” 20 Sept. 2011. European Commission—Press Release. 1 Mar. 2012. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/11/615&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=fr.
56.
“Extra Funds for Education, Youth and Creativity Will Boost Jobs, says Commission.” 11 June 2011. European Commission—Press Release. 29 Feb. 2012. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/857&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=fr.
57.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2012. Geneva: UNCTD, 2012. 49.
58.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2013. Geneva: UNCTD, 2013. 60.
59.
C.f. International Maritime Organization. Reports On Acts Of Piracy And Armed Robbery Against Ships: Annual Report 2012. MSC.4/Circ.193 of 2 Apr. 2013. London: IMO. http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PiracyArmedRobbery/Reports/Documents/193_Annual2012.pdf; International Maritime Organization. Reports On Acts Of Piracy And Armed Robbery Against Ships: Annual Report 2013. MSC.4/Circ.208 of 1 Mar. 2013. London: IMO. http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PiracyArmedRobbery/Reports/Documents/208_Annual_2013.pdf.
60.
International Maritime Organization. Revised Interim Guidance To Shipowners, Ship Operators And Shipmasters On The Use Of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel On Board Ships In The High Risk Area. Maritime Safety Committee. MSC.1/Circ.1405/Rev.2 of 25 May 2012. London: IMO. http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Security/PiracyArmedRobbery/Guidance/Documents/MSC.1-Circ.1405-Rev2.pdf; International Maritime Organization. Revised Interim Recommendations For Flag States Regarding The Use Of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel On Board Ships In The High Risk Area. Maritime Safety Committee. MSC.1/Circ.1406/Rev.1 of 16 September 2011. London: IMO. http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/HotTopics/piracy/Documents/1406-Rev-1.pdf.
61.
Godin, Benoit. “Science, Accounting and Statistics: the Input-Output Framework.” Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (2005): 5. http://www.csiic.ca/PDF/Godin_31.pdf.
62.
“Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD)—% of GDP.” Eurostat 28 Mar. 2014. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_20; see also “R&D expenditure.” Oct. 2012. European Commission—eurostat 22 Apr. 2013. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/R_%26_D_expenditure.
63.
“Gross domestic product at market prices | At current prices.” Eurostat 28 Mar. 2014. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00001&language=en. C.f. “National accounts—GDP.” Oct. 2012. European Commission—eurostat 22 Apr. 2013. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/National_accounts_%E2%80%93_GDP.
64.
C.f.“Chap. 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Comparisons.” Science and Engineering Indicators 2014 29 Mar. 2014. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/index.cfm/chapter-4/c4h.htm#s2; and Grueber, Martin and Tim Studt. “2012 Global R&D Funding Forecast: R&D Spending Growth Continues While Globalization Accelerates.” 16 Dec. 2011. R&D 29 Mar. 2014. http://www.rdmag.com/articles/2011/12/2012-global-r-d-funding-forecast-r-d-spending-growth-continues-while-globalization-accelerates.
65.
“Research and Innovation performance in EU Member States and Associated countries—2013” European Commission—Innovation Union 22 Apr. 2013: 5. http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/state-of-the-union/2012/innovation_union_progress_at_country_level_2013.pdf.
66.
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67.
Id.
68.
European Commission. “The 2013 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.” EU R&D Scoreboard 31 Mar. 2014. http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard13.html>; see also European Commission. “EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard 2013.” 18 Nov. 2013. Europa—Press releases database 31 Mar. 2014. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1000_en.htm.
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European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. CONCORD-2013—4th European Conference on Corporate R&D and Innovation: Financing R&D and innovation for corporate growth in the EU: Strategies, drivers and barriers—Summary Report. Dec. 2013. Seville, Spain. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, 2013.
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71.
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73.
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74.
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75.
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76.
Ibid.
77.
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78.
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83.
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84.
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85.
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86.
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88.
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89.
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90.
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91.
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92.
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93.
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94.
Ibid.
95.
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96.
Ibid.
97.
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98.
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99.
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100.
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101.
De Selding, Peter B. “Europe Knocked for Balking at Public-Private Satellite Venture.” Space News, 20 June 2011: 7.
102.
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103.
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104.
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105.
De Selding, Peter B. “European Soyuz Must Pass Final Exam Before October Debut.” Space News 4 July 2011: 5; De Selding, Peter B. “Insiders Hard-pressed to Say Why European Soyuz Was Delayed.” Space News 4 July 2011: 5.
106.
De Selding, Peter B. “European Soyuz Must Pass Final Exam Before October Debut.” Space News 4 July 2011: 5; see also De Selding, Peter B. “Insiders Hard-pressed to Say Why European Soyuz Was Delayed.” Space News 4 July 2011: 5.
107.
“Milestones.” ESA 24 Apr. 2014. http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-soyuz/milestones.asp.
108.
“VERTA Programme.” 20 Nov. 2013. ESA 24 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_vehicles/Vega3/VERTA_programme.
109.
“Stepping Up Vega Launcher Production.” 20 Nov. 2013. ESA 24 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Stepping_up_Vega_launcher_production.
110.
“ExoMars 2016 Set to Complete Construction.” 17 June 2013. ESA 28 Mar. 2014. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/51931-exomars-2016-set-to-complete-construction/.
111.
De Selding, Peter. “ESA, Roscosmos Fromalize ExoMars Pact.” 14 Mar. 2013. SpaceNews 27 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/34153esa-roscosmos-formalize-exomars-pact.
112.
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113.
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114.
De Selding, Peter. “ExoMars Wins One-month Reprieve.” SpaceNews 21 May 2012: 8.
115.
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116.
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117.
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118.
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119.
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120.
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121.
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122.
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123.
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124.
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125.
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126.
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127.
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128.
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129.
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130.
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131.
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132.
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133.
Commission of the European Communities. Horizon 2020—Work Programme 2014–2015. Annex 8. European Commission Decision C(2013)XXX of 10 December 2013. Brussels: European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/space/files/research/horizon-2020/h2020-leit-space-work-programme-2014-2015_en.pdf.
134.
Commission of the European Communities. Towards a Space Strategy for the European Union that Benefits its Citizens. COM(2011) 152 final of 4 April 2011. Brussels: European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/space/files/policy/comm_pdf_com_2011_0152_f_communication_en.pdf.
135.
Commission of the European Communities. Establishing Appropriate Relations between the EU and the European Space Agency. COM(2012) 671 final of 14 November 2012. Brussels: European Union. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0671:FIN:EN:PDF.
136.
Ibid.
137.
“Resolution Underscores Complications in ESA-EU Partnership.” 19 Feb. 2013. SpaceNews 25 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/resolution-underscores-complications-in-esa-eu-partnership.
138.
“EUMETSAT, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, held its 77th Council meeting in Darmstadt, Germany, on 15 November.” 16 Nov. 2012. EUMETSAT 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2041274.html.
139.
“Addition of Debris-mitigation Measure Delays MetOp-SG Award.” 18 Oct. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37749addition-of-debris-mitigation-measure-delays-metop-sg-award.
140.
“MetOp-SG (MetOp-Second Generation Program).” eoPortal Directory 29 Apr. 2014. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/m/metop-sg.
141.
“European Weather Satellite Launched after 4-Month Delay.” 27 Sept. 2012. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/european-weather-satellite-launched-after-4-month-delay.
142.
De Selding, Peter B. “ESA Signs $1.8B Deal with Thales Alenia for Six Weather Sats.” 24 Feb. 2012. Space News 15 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/article/esa-signs-18b-deal-thales-alenia-six-weather-sats.
143.
“Contract Signed for METEOSAT Third Generation Lightning Instruments.” 7 Feb. 2013. ESA 28 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Meteorological_missions/Contract_signed_for_Meteosat_Third_Generation_lightning_instruments.
144.
“Thales Alenia Wins Contract for METEOSAT Third Generation (MTG) Ground Segment.” 4 Dec. 2013. Thales Group 28 Apr. 2014. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-wins-contract-meteosat-third-generation-mtg-ground.
145.
“There are two generations of active Meteosat satellites, Meteosat First Generation (MFG) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), providing images of the full Earth disc, and data for weather....” Eumetsat 30 May 2014. http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html.
146.
See further “EUMETSAT is a user-governed operational organisation, formed in 1986, which serves the needs of its Member States.” Eumetsat 30 May 2014. http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/AboutUs/WhoWeAre/MemberStates/index.html.
147.
“Estonia today became EUMETSAT’s latest Member State, following the signature of the accession agreement on 14 December 2011 and the recent completion of the ratification process.” 26 June 2013. EUMETSAT 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2055722.html.
148.
“Eumetsat Welcoming New Members as Investments Loom.” 30 Aug. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37012eumetsat-welcoming-new-members-as-investments-loom.
149.
“Eumetsat Welcoming New Members as Investments Loom.” 30 Aug. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014 http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37012eumetsat-welcoming-new-members-as-investments-loom.
150.
“NOAA, Eumetsat Extend Cooperation Accord.” 28 Aug. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/36985noaa-eumetsat-extend-cooperation-accord.
151.
“Europe and China To Share Ocean-monitoring Sat Data.” 25 Sept. 2012. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/europe-and-china-share-ocean-monitoring-sat-data.
152.
“France Moves To Get Industry, Government on Same Page with Creation of Cospace Group.” 5 Sept. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37072france-moves-to-get-industry-government-on-same-page-with-creation-of.
153.
“France Favors CNES with Better-than-inflation Budget Bump.” 26 Sept. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37395france-favors-cnes-with-better-than-inflation-budget-bump.
154.
“France is Reducing Its Space Station Contributions.” 20 Feb. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/33755france-is-reducing-its-space-station-contributions.
155.
De Selding, Peter. “Germany Reaffirms Commitment to $2B Ariane 5 Upgrade.” Space News 31 Oct. 2011: 6.
156.
De Selding, Peter. “DLR’s Woerner Remains Unconvinced Just-unveiled Ariane 6 Design Is Right Way To Go.” 12 July 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/launch-report/36225dlr%E2%80 %99 s-woerner-remains-unconvinced-just-unveiled-ariane-6-design-is-right.
157.
“OHB System Launching Bilateral Partnership for the Commercial Provision of Supplies for ISS.” 13 Nov. 2013. OHB System 28 Apr. 2014. https://www.ohb-system.de/press-releases-details/items/contract-signed-with-dlr-for-the-study-phase-for-the-utilization-of-us-company-sierra-nevada-corporations-dream-chaser-spacecraf.html.
158.
De Selding, Peter. “Russia Looking To Germany for Radar Reconnaissance Satellites.” 22 Feb. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/33800russia-looking-to-germany-for-radar-reconnaissance-satellites.
159.
“Commercial Earth Observation | German Imagery Policy Sets No Hard Limits on Resolution.” 14 Oct. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37666commercial-earth-observation-german-imagery-policy-sets-no-hard-limits-on.
160.
Ibid.
161.
De Selding, Peter. “Italian Defense Ministry Backs Sigma Ka-band Satellite Partnership.” 29 Nov. 2012. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/italian-defense-ministry-backs-sigma-ka-band-satellite-partnership.
162.
Ibid.
163.
SpaceNews Editor. “Editorial | Britain Steps Up in Space.” 19 Nov. 2012. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014 http://spacenews.com/article/editorial-britain-steps-up-in-space.
164.
“ECSAT.” ESA 30 May 2014. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ECSAT.
165.
Press Releases. “N° 14–2013: ESA opens its doors in UK.” 14 May 2013. ESA 30 May 2014. http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_opens_its_doors_in_UK.
166.
Staff Writers. “Space Sector Calls for Action to Keep Britain Ahead in the Global Race.” 18 Nov. 2013. Space Daily 28 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Space_sector_calls_for_action_to_keep_Britain_ahead_in_the_global_race_999.html.
167.
UK Space Innovation & Growth Strategy 2014–2030: Space Growth Action Plan. 14 Nov. 2013. Innovateuk.org 13 May 2014. https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/space/space-igs-2014-30.
168.
“Going Global: UK Space Agency to Build International Partnerships Using UK Expertise.” 12 Dec. 2013. UK Space Agency 28 Apr. 2014. http://www.bis.gov.uk/ukspaceagency/news-and-events/2013/Dec/going-global.
169.
Leone, Dan. “Bolden: Capabilities-based Approach Is All NASA Can Afford.” 22 Oct. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37808bolden-capabilities-based-approach-is-all-nasa-can-afford.
170.
“NASA’s FY2014 Budget Request.” 17 Oct. 2013. Space Policy Online 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/NASA%20FY2014%20Budget%20Request%20Oct%2017.pdf.
171.
“New Export Law Seen as Boon to U.S. Satellite, Component Makers.” 4 Jan. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/33047new-export-law-seen-as-boon-to-us-satellite-component-makers.
172.
“The ITAR Shift.” 1 July 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/36055the-itar-shift.
173.
“Proposed ITAR Changes a Mixed Bag for U.S. Satellite Industry.” 14 June 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/35794proposed-itar-changes-a-mixed-bag-for-us-satellite-industry.
174.
“Export Control Reform Process is Wrapping Up.” 15 Dec. 2013. Space Politics 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacepolitics.com/2013/12/15/export-control-reform-process-is-wrapping-up/.
175.
“Proposed ITAR Changes a Mixed Bag for U.S. Satellite Industry.” 14 June 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/35794proposed-itar-changes-a-mixed-bag-for-us-satellite-industry.
176.
“Government Shutdown Delayed New Satellite Export Regulations.” 19 Nov. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/38245government-shutdown-delayed-new-satellite-export-regulations.
177.
“NASA Assessing Impacts of Government Shutdown.” 18 Oct. 2013. Space.com 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/23253-nasa-government-shutdown-impacts.html.
178.
“U.S. Government Shutdown | Most of NASA Idled but Mars Orbiter Gets Reprieve.” 4 Oct. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37561us-government-shutdown-most-of-nasa-idled-but-mars-orbiter-gets-reprieve.
179.
“NASA’s FY2014 Budget Request.” 17 Oct. 2013. Space Policy Online 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/images/stories/NASA FY2014 Budget Request Oct 17.pdf.
180.
“Canadian Space Agency Needs a Plan, Experts Say.” 30 Nov. 2012. Space.com 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/18715-canadian-space-agency-future-plans.html.
181.
“Canada’s New Space Plan Coming 2014.” 2 Dec. 2013. CBC News 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-s-new-space-plan-coming-2014-1.2448154.
182.
“Canada Revamps Satellite Regulations To Make Industry More Competitive.” 7 Nov. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/38046canada-revamps-satellite-regulations-to-make-industry-more.
183.
“Canada Recommits To Building Radarsat Constellation Mission.” 9 Jan. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/33100canada-recommits-to-building-radarsat-constellation-mission.
184.
“SpaceX Wins Contract to Launch Canadian Radar Satellites.” 30 July 2013. Space.com 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/22178-spacex-launch-contract-canadian-satellites.html.
185.
“Weather, Communications Project Inches Ahead at CSA.” 1 Nov. 2013. SpaceNews 29 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37963weather-communications-project-inches-ahead-at-csa.
186.
“Russia Launches $70 Bln Space Program for 2013–2020.” 27 Dec. 2012. RIA NOVOSTI 30 Apr. 2014. http://en.ria.ru/science/20121227/178432916/russia_launches.html.
187.
“Russia Boosting Space Budget To Surpass China, Equal Europe.” 5 June 2013. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/35638russia-boosting-space-budget-to-surpass-china-equal-europe.
188.
“Russia’s Space Program Is Ineffective—Audit Chamber.” 4 July 2013. RIA NOVOSTI 30 Apr. 2014. http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130704/182063035.html.
189.
“U.S., Russia Close to Completing Technical Assessment of Flying ISS through 2028.” 30 Sept. 2013. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37460us-russia-close-to-completing-technical-assessment-of-flying-iss-through.
190.
“Oldest ISS Element Cleared Until 2028.” 24 Sept. 2013. Aviation Week 30 Apr. 2014. http://aviationweek.com/space/oldest-iss-element-cleared-until-2028.
191.
Kallenar-Umezu, Paul. “Japan Passes Overhaul of Space Management Structure.” 2 July 2012. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/japan-passes-overhaul-space-management-structure.
192.
“Profile | Naoki Okumura, President, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.” 9 Dec. 2013. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/search?search_api_views_fulltext=Japan&sort_by=created&sort_order=DESC&page=2.
193.
“Japan Stays the Course on IGS under Latest Five-year Plan.” 18 Feb. 2013. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/japan-stays-the-course-on-igs-under-latest-five-year-plan.
194.
“Melco To Build Three QZSS Navigation Satellites.” 3 Apr. 2013. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014 http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/34676melco-to-build-three-qzss-navigation-satellites.
195.
White Papers of the Government of China. “China’s Space Activities in 2011.” Beijing 29 Dec. 2011. 6 Mar. 2012. http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7145648.htm.
196.
“Long March 7 Launch Vehicle Completed Booster Engine Firing Test.” 26 Nov. 2013. China Manned Space Engineering 2 May 2014. http://en.cmse.gov.cn/show.php?contentid=1355.
197.
“Chinese Rocket Engine Test a Big Step for Space Station Project.” 15 July 2013. Space.com 2 May 2014. http://www.space.com/21957-china-rocket-engine-test-space-station.html.
198.
“Chinese Super-Heavy Launcher Designs Exceed Saturn V.” 30 Sept. 2013. Aviation Week 2 May 2014. http://aviationweek.com/awin/chinese-super-heavy-launcher-designs-exceed-saturn-v.
199.
“China’s BeiDou Satellite System Expected to Achieve Global Coverage By 2020.” 27 Dec. 2013. Xinhuanet 2 May 2014. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/27/c_133001847.htm.
200.
“Tests Loom in China’s Next Decade of Human Spaceflight.” 15 Oct. 2013. Spaceflight Now 2 May 2014. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1310/15shenzhou/.
201.
“China Manned Space Program Logo and Names of Space Station and Cargo Ship Officially Released.” 31 Oct. 2013. China Manned Space Engineering 2 May 2014. http://en.cmse.gov.cn/show.php?contentid=1354.
202.
“China Unveils Space Station Research Plans.” 12 Nov. 2013. SpaceNews 2 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/38131china-unveils-space-station-research-plans.
203.
“Government Approves 12th Five Year Plan.” 4 Oct. 2012. The Times of India 3 May 2014. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Government-approves-12th-five-year-plan/articleshow/16672927.cms.
204.
“Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017).” 10 May 2013. Planning Commission Government of India 3 May 2014: p.264. http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/12thplan/pdf/12fyp_vol1.pdf.
205.
“India Not to Undertake Human Space Flight Before 2017: ISRO.” 17 Sept. 2012. The Economic Times 3 May 2014. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/news/33902713_1_cryogenic-engine-gslv-mk-iii-radhakrishnan-today.
206.
“National Program of Space Activities 2012–2021.” 15 Mar. 2013. AEB 3 May 2014. http://www.aeb.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/PNAE-Ingles.pdf.
207.
“Brazil Scales Back Launch Vehicle Plans.” 10 Feb. 2013. Parabolic Arc 3 May 2014. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/02/10/brazil-scales-back-launch-vehicle-plans/.
208.
Ibid.
209.
“China Blames Long March Failure on Third-stage Malfunction.” 10 Dec. 2013. SpaceNews 3 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38585china-blames-long-march-failure-on-third-stage-malfunction.
210.
“News from the 64th International Astronautical Congress | Backers Insist Brazilian Spaceport Is Nearing Launch Readiness.” 4 Oct. 2013. SpaceNews 3 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37550news-from-the-64th-international-astronautical-congress-backers-insist.
211.
“Brazil Scales Back Launch Vehicle Plans.” 10 Feb. 2013. Parabolic Arc 3 May 2014. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/02/10/brazil-scales-back-launch-vehicle-plans/.
212.
“Russia Offers Brazil New Joint Space Projects.” 20 Oct. 2013. RIA NOVOSTI 3 May 2014. http://en.ria.ru/russia/20131020/184250734.html.
213.
“Third Time Lucky for South Korea with Satellite Launch Success.” 31 Jan. 2013 SpaceNews 4 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/third-time-lucky-for-south-korea-with-satellite-launch-success.
214.
“South Korea Reveals Moon-lander plans.” 13 Nov. 2013. Nature.com 4 May 2014. http://www.nature.com/news/south-korea-reveals-moon-lander-plans-1.14159.
215.
“Dnepr Rocket Launches S. Korean Radar Satellite.” 23 Aug. 2013. SpaceNews 4 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/launch-report/36910dnepr-rocket-launches-s-korean-radar-satellite.
216.
Perrett, Bradley. “Seoul Pushes Ahead With Spacecraft Program.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 24/31 Oct. 2011: 44.
217.
“Singapore’s Journey to Space: Government Plans to Build up Space-Satellite Industry.” 21 Feb. 2013. Asia One 4 May 2014. http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Science%2Band%2BTech/Story/A1Story20130221-403539/2.html.
218.
“A Singaporean in Space by 2015?” 22 Feb. 2013. Yahoo News 4 May 2014. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/a-singaporean-in-space-by-2015--060646737.html.
219.
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2013: 32.
220.
“Iran Successfully Launches New Satellite into Orbit.” 3 Feb. 2012. EU Times 5 May 2014. http://www.eutimes.net/2012/02/iran-successfully-launches-new-satellite-into-orbit/.
221.
“Iran Says It Launched a Second Monkey Into Space (Video).” 16 Dec. 2013. Space.com 4 May 2014. http://www.space.com/23979-iran-space-monkey-launch.html.
222.
“Let’s Get the Facts Straight About Iran’s Space Monkey.” 3 Feb. 2013. The Guardian 4 May 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2013/feb/03/iran-space-monkey.
223.
The Space Report 2013. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2013: 26.
224.
Ibid. at 40. The amount was calculated by subtracting the total military expenditure on space from the total world governmental expenditure on space (see supra footnote).
225.
Space Report 2014: 24.
226.
Ibid. at 40.
227.
Space Report 2014: 24.
228.
Space Report 2013: 26.
229.
Space Report 2014: 24.
230.
Cf. Space Report 2013: at 37 and The Space Report 2012. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2012: 43; note: Figures in this section are based on the Space Report 2013 data (USA, Russia, Japan, China, and France), while all other values in figures 2.1 & 2.2 come from the Euroconsult Report 2013—Profiles of Government Space Programs.
231.
Cf. Space Report 2014 at 40 and The Space Report 2013. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2013: 37; note: Figures in this section are based on the Space Report 2013 data (USA, Russia, Japan, China, and France), while all other values in figures 2.1 & 2.2 come from the Euroconsult Report 2013—Profiles of Government Space Programs.
232.
Profiles of Government Space Programs. Paris: Euroconsult, 2014: 9–12.
233.
Ibid.
234.
The Space Report 2014, 38.
235.
Ibid. at 47.
236.
“ESA Budget for 2012.” ESA 15 May 2012.
237.
“ESA Budget 2013.” 24 Jan. 2013. ESA 2 Feb. 2014. http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Budget_as_presented_during_DG_press_conference_24_January_2013.
238.
The Space Report 2014, 52.
239.
Euroconsult 2014: 8.
240.
The data used is the nominal GDP converted to current U.S. dollars using the official exchange rates as indicated by the International Monetary Fund.
241.
The Space Report 2013: 52–53, and The Space Report 2014: 52–53.
242.
“State of the Satellite Industry Report.” May. 2014. Satellite Industry Association and The Tauri Group 24 May 2014. http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/SIA_2014_SSIR.pdf.
243.
The Space Report 2012, 32; The Space Report 2013, 26; and The Space Report 2014, 24.
244.
State of the Satellite Industry Report, 4.
245.
Satellite Telecommunications Report—2012 Year-End Summary. Futron: 1.
246.
Satellite Telecommunications Report—2013 Year-End Summary. Futron: 1.
247.
2014 State of the Satellite Industry Report: 11.
248.
Ibid.
249.
Ibid.
250.
Ibid.
251.
Eutelsat Communications. “Eutelsat Communications—Solid Full Year 2011–2012 Results.” 30 July 2012 Eutelsat 16 May 2014. http://www.eutelsat.com/home/investors/financial-information/financial-press-releases-2013-20/2011-2012/press-list-container/eutelsat-communications-solid.html.
252.
Eutelsat Communications. “Eutelsat Communications—Solid Full Year 2011–2012 Results.” 30 July 2013 Eutelsat 16 May 2014. http://www.eutelsat.com/home/investors/financial-information/financial-press-releases-2013-20/2012-2013/press-list-container/eutelsat-communications-reports.html.
253.
“State of the Satellite Industry Report.” Oct. 2013. Satellite Industry Association and The Tauri Group 24 May 2014: 11–14. http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/SIA_2014_SSIR.pdf.
254.
2014 State of the Satellite Industry Report, 11.
255.
Ibid. at 17.
256.
Ibid. at 11.
257.
State of the Satellite Industry Report, 16.
258.
2010 Futron Forecast of Global Satellite Services Demand: Executive Summary.
259.
State of the Satellite Industry Report, 16.
260.
2014 State of the Satellite Industry Report, 18.
261.
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2013: 6.
262.
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2013: 6.
263.
De Selding, Peter. “Arianespace Revenue Rose 31.5 Percent for 2012.” 12 Apr. 2013. Space News 14 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/34824arianespace-revenue-rose-315-percent-for-2012.
264.
Messier, Doug. “Arianespace Makes Profit With Large ESA Subsidy.” 25 Apr. 2012. Parabolic Arc 14 Feb. 2014. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2012/04/25/arianespace-makes-profit-with-large-esa-subsidy/.
265.
De Selding, Peter. “Cost Savings Minimal in Latest Ariane 5 Contract.” 8 Jan. 2014. Space News 24 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38985cost-savings-minimal-in-latest-ariane-5-contract.
266.
“ATV-3 launch.” 23 Mar. 2012. ESA News 22 May 2012. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM9UR2T00H_index_0.html.
267.
“ATV-4: Albert Einstein.” 27 June 2013. ESA 14 Feb. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ATV/ATV-4_i_Albert_Einstein_i.
268.
SpaceNews Staff. “Europe’s ATV Poised To Launch to Space Station.” 19 Mar. 2012. SpaceNews 14 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/europes-atv-poised-launch-space-station.
269.
“One Soyuz Launcher, Two Galileo Satellites, Three Successes for Europe.” 21 Oct. 2011. ESA—News. 24 Apr. 2012. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM167GURTG_index_0.html.
270.
De Selding, Peter. “Vega Expected to be Price-competitive With Russian Rockets.” 23 Jan. 2012. Space News 23 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/launch/012312-vega-expected-price-competitive-with-russian-rockets.html.
271.
State of Satellite Industry Report 2014, 27.
272.
“TomTom Annual Report and Accounts 2012.” TomTom 12 Feb. 2013. http://corporate.tomtom.com/common/download/download.cfm?companyid=TOMTOM&fileid=638911&filekey= 86013D50-A248-483B-BDC2-7C8391123481&filename=TomTom_Annual_Report_2012.pdf.
273.
De Selding, Peter. “Insurance Premiums Stay Flat Despite W3B Satellite Failure.” 20 May 2011. Space News 24 Apr. 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/110520-insurance-premiums-flat.html.
274.
De Selding, Peter. “SES Approves Satellite Shipment for Falcon 9 Launch Despite Questions.” 4 Oct. 2013. Space News 17 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37547ses-approves-satellite-shipment-for-falcon-9-launch-despite-questions.
275.
Clark, Stephen. “Sea Launch rocket, Intelsat satellite fall into Pacific.” 1 Feb. 2013. Spaceflight Now 17 Feb. 2014. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/sealaunch/is27/130201failure/#.UwIIPi1wa70.
276.
De Selding, Peter. “SES Approves Satellite Shipment for Falcon 9 Launch Despite Questions.” 4 Oct. 2013. Space News 17 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37547ses-approves-satellite-shipment-for-falcon-9-launch-despite-questions.
277.
De Selding, Peter. “Arianespace Revenue Rose 31.5 Percent for 2012.” 12 Apr. 2013. Space News 24 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/34824arianespace-revenue-rose-315-percent-for-2012.
278.
De Selding, Peter. “Cost Savings Minimal in Latest Ariane 5 Contract.” 8 Jan. 2014. Space News 24 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38985cost-savings-minimal-in-latest-ariane-5-contract.
279.
Reference Document 2012–2013. Eutelsat Communications 25 Feb. 2014: 136. http://www.eutelsat.com/files/contributed/investors/pdf/reference-document-2012-2013.pdf.
280.
Ibid.
281.
Press Release. “Eutelsat Communications First Half 2013–2014 Results.” 14 Feb. 2014. Eutelsat Communications 25 Feb. 2014. http://www.eutelsat.com/files/contributed/news/press/en/2014/PR1114-H12013-14.pdf.
282.
Ibid.
283.
De Selding, Peter. “Chinese Investment Firm Taking 7 Percent Stake in Satellite Fleet Operator Eutelsat.” 22 June 2012. Space News 25 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/chinese-investment-firm-taking-7-percent-stake-satellite-fleet-operator-eutelsat.
284.
De Selding, Peter. “Abertis Buys Out Telefonica To Increase Hispasat Stake.” 22 Feb. 2012. Space News 25 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/abertis-buys-out-telefonica-increase-hispasat-stake.
285.
De Selding, Peter. “Hispasat Profit Down Despite Strong Showing in the Americas.” 20 June 2013. Space News 20 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/35897hispasat-profit-down-despite-strong-showing-in-the-americas.
286.
Press releases 2014. “HISPASAT continues growing thanks to exports outside Europe.” 5 Mar. 2014. Hispasat 6 Mar. 2014. http://www.hispasat.com/en/press-room/press-releases-2014/128/hispasat-sigue-creciendo-gracias-a-la-.
287.
De Selding, Peter. “Retirement of Thor 2 Takes Toll on Telenor’s Revenue.” 13 Feb. 2013. Space News 26 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/retirement-of-thor-2-takes-toll-on-telenor%E2%80 %99 s-revenue.
288.
De Selding, Peter. “Telenor Revenue Down Slightly for Second Consecutive Year.” 12 Feb. 2014. Space News 26 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39471telenor-revenue-down-slightly-for-second-consecutive-year.
289.
Press Releases. “RapidEye is now BlackBridge.” 6 Nov. 2013. BlackBridge 26 Feb. 2014. http://www.blackbridge.com/rapideye/news/pr/2013-blackbridge.htm.
290.
De Selding, Peter. “RapidEye Sats Assigned Longer Life Expectancy.” 18 Jan. 2013. Space News 26 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/33241rapideye-sats-assigned-longer-life-expectancy.
291.
Ibid.
292.
Press Release. “Inmarsat plc Reports Preliminary Full Year Results 2013.” 6 Mar. 2014. Inmarsat 6 Mar. 2014. http://www.inmarsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Inmarsat_plc_Preliminary_Results_2013.pdf.
293.
De Selding, Peter. “Inmarsat Revenue Down as US Government Business Remains Weak.” 7 Nov. 2013. Space News 6 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38041inmarsat-revenue-down-as-us-government-business-remains-weak.
294.
De Selding, Peter. “Vizada Acquisition Fuels Astrium Growth in 2012.” 27 Feb. 2013. Space News 26 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/vizada-acquisition-fuels-astrium-growth-in-2012.
295.
De Selding, Peter. “New Orders Eclipsed Flat Revenue in 2013 at Airbus Space Division.” 26 Feb. 2014. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39626new-orders-eclipsed-flat-revenue-in-2013-at-airbus-space-division.
296.
De Selding, Peter. “Vizada Acquisition Fuels Astrium Growth in 2012.” 27 Feb. 2013. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/vizada-acquisition-fuels-astrium-growth-in-2012.
297.
De Selding, Peter. “New Orders Eclipsed Flat Revenue in 2013 at Airbus Space Division.” 26 Feb. 2014. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39626new-orders-eclipsed-flat-revenue-in-2013-at-airbus-space-division.
298.
De Selding, Peter. “EADS Restructuring To Eliminate Nearly 2,500 Astrium Jobs.” 10 Dec. 2013. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38588eads-restructuring-to-eliminate-nearly-2500-astrium-jobs.
299.
De Selding, Peter. “Astrium Efficiency Initiative to Eliminate 2,000 Positions by 2015.” Space News 27 June 2011: 12.
300.
De Selding, Peter. “Unexpected Competition, Launch Delay Are Drag on DigitalGlobe Revenue.” 27 Feb. 2014. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39648unexpected-competition-launch-delay-are-drag-on-digitalglobe-revenue.
301.
De Selding, Peter. “Soyuz Launches French Pleiades Imaging Satellite.” 7 Dec. 2012. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/soyuz-launches-french-pleiades-imaging-satellite.
302.
De Selding, Peter. “With Pleiades in Orbit, Astrium Sets Sights on DigitalGlobe, GeoEye.” Space News 9 Jan. 2012: 7.
303.
De Selding, Peter. “Indian Rocket Lofts Spot 6 Earth-observing Satellite.” 17 Sept. 2012. SpaceNews 19 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/indian-rocket-lofts-spot-6-earth-observing-satellite.
304.
“SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 Satellite Imagery—Spot the Difference.” Airbus Defence & Space 19 May 2014. http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/147-spot-6-7-satellite-imagery.
305.
“Eutelsat 3D Launch a Success Satellite Built by Thales Alenia Space for Eutelsat.” 15 May 2013. Thales Alenia Space 27 Feb. 2014. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/content/eutelsat-3d-launch-success-satellite-built-thales-alenia-space-eutelsat.
306.
“Martin Van Schaik appointed Thales Alenia Space Senior Vice President, Sales.” 10 Mar. 2014. Thales Alenia Space 30 May 2014. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/martin-van-schaik-appointed-thales-alenia-space-senior-vice-president.
307.
2012 Registration Document. Thales. 27 Feb. 2014: 141 https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/Thales 2012 registration document bookmarked pdf.pdf.
308.
Ibid. at 147.
309.
“First four O3b satellites successfully launched.” 25 June 2013. Thales Alenia Space 27 Feb. 2014. https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/first_four_o3b_satellites_successfully_launched.pdf.
310.
See generally 2012 Registration Document. Thales. 27 Feb. 2014: 147. https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/Thales 2012 registration document bookmarked pdf.pdf.
311.
Annual Report 2012. OHB 22 Feb 2014: 2. http://www.ohb.de/tl_files/ohb/pdf/finanzberichte_hauptversammlung/2012/OHB_GB12_E.pdf.
312.
De Selding, Peter. “Galileo Prime Contractor Expects No Trouble Finding a Profit as European Navigation Satellites Encounter New Delays.” 15 Nov. 2013. Space News 22 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38168galileo-prime-contractor-expects-no-trouble-finding-a-profit-as.
313.
RUAG Annual Report 2012. RUAG 21 Feb 2014: 98. http://www.ruag.com/de/Konzern/Media/Geschaeftsberichte/2012/2012_e/RUAG_GFB_2012_E.pdf.
314.
Id. at 26.
315.
Id. at 24.
316.
Id. at 24, 25.
317.
Press Release. “MDA completes acquisition of Space Systems/Loral.” 2 Nov. 2012. MDA Corporation 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.mdacorporation.com/corporate/news/pr/pr2012110206.cfm.
318.
De Selding, Peter. “Canada’s MDA Expects Space Systems/Loral Purchase To Close this Fall.” 27 July 2012. Space News 27 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/canadas-mda-expects-space-systemsloral-purchase-close-fall.
319.
De Selding, Peter. “With SS/L Purchase, MDA Corp. Finally Gains U.S. Foothold.” 2 Nov. 2012 Space News 27 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/32138with-ssl-purchase-mda-corp-finally-gains-us-foothold.
320.
SpaceNews Staff. “Troubled LightSquared Files for Bankruptcy.” 21 May 2012. Space News 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/troubled-lightsquared-files-bankruptcy.
321.
De Selding, Peter. “Boeing’s Space Earnings Boosted by Commercial Satellite, NASA Revenue.” 26 July 2013. Space News 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/36473boeing’s-space-earnings-boosted-by-commercial-satellite-nasa-revenue.
322.
Rosenblatt, Joel. “LightSquared Sues GPS Manufacturers Over Alleged Broken Promises.” 2 Nov. 2013. Bloomberg.com 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-02/lightsquared-sues-gps-makers-over-alleged-broken-promises.html.
323.
Kary, Tiffany. “LightSquared Seeks Approval for New Plan With Fortress Bid (1).” 26 Dec. 2013. Bloomberg 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-12-26/lightsquared-seeks-to-update-bankruptcy-plan-with-fortress-offer.
324.
Leone, Dan. “Orbital Sciences Replaces SpaceX on Stratolaunch Project.” 30 Nov. 2012. Space News 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/32591orbital-sciences-replaces-spacex-on-stratolaunch-project.
325.
Leone, Dan. “Orbital Tapped To Build Stratolaunch Rocket.” 5 June 2013. Space News 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35647orbital-tapped-to-build-stratolaunch-rocket.
326.
Leone, Dan. “ATK To Supply Stratolaunch Rocket Stages.” 13 Aug. 2013. Space News 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/36764atk-to-supply-stratolaunch-rocket-stages.
327.
De Selding, Peter. “NGA Letters Cast Cloud Over GeoEye’s EnhancedView Funding.” 23 June 2012. Space News 3 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/nga-letters-cast-cloud-over-geoeyes-enhancedview-funding.
328.
De Selding, Peter. “Astrium Services Girds for Competition with DigitalGlobe-GeoEye Combo.” 15 Oct. 2012. Space News 3 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/astrium-services-girds-competition-digitalglobe-geoeye-combo.
329.
Ferster, Warren. “DigitalGlobe Closes GeoEye Acquisition.” 31 Jan. 2013. Space News 3 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/digitalglobe-closes-geoeye-acquisition.
330.
De Selding, Peter. “DigitalGlobe Revenue Up Sharply Despite U.S. Spending Slowdown.” 1 Nov. 2013. Space News 3 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/37960digitalglobe-revenue-up-sharply-despite-us-spending-slowdown.
331.
Ferster, Warren. “Upgraded Falcon 9 Rocket Successfully Debuts from Vandenberg.” 29 Sept. 2013. Space News 26 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37450upgraded-falcon-9-rocket-successfully-debuts-from-vandenberg.
332.
De Selding, Peter. “SES-8 On Its Way to Geostationary Orbit Following SpaceX’s Commercial Launch Debut.” 3 Dec. 2013. Space News 26 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38485ses-8-on-its-way-to-geostationary-orbit-following-spacexs-commercial.
333.
Ibid.
334.
Ferster, Warren. “Upgraded Falcon 9 Rocket Successfully Debuts from Vandenberg.” 29 Sept. 2013. Space News 26 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37450upgraded-falcon-9-rocket-successfully-debuts-from-vandenberg.
335.
De Selding, Peter B. “SpaceX To Launch Pair of Satellites for AsiaSat.” 8 Feb. 2012. Space News 3 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/contracts/120208-spacex-launch-asiasat-sats.html.
336.
“SpaceX Breaks Ground on West Coast Launch Pad.” Space News 25 July 2011: 8.
337.
Klotz, Irene. “SpaceX Expanding Florida Facilities to Meet Launch Demand.” Space News 28 Nov. 2011: 5.
338.
Klotz, Irene. “SpaceX Stumbles on 2^nd Cargo Run to the Space Station.” 1 Mar. 2013. Space News 26 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/spacex-stumbles-on-2nd-cargo-run-to-the-space-station.
339.
Space News Staff. “SpaceX Delivers Falcon 9 to Orbit.” 22 May 2012. Space News 23 May 2012. http://spacenews.com/launch/120522-spacex-falcon-delivers-dragon-orbit.html.
340.
Kramer, Miriam. “SpaceX Dragon Capsule Returns to Earth After 2^nd Paid Mission to ISS.” 1 Apr. 2013. Space News 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/34664spacex-dragon-capsule-returns-to-earth-after-2nd-paid-mission-to-iss.
341.
Klotz, Irene. “Firm Expanding Spaceship Test Flights To Hone ‘Virgin Space Experience’.” 7 Oct. 2013. Space News 5 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/37589firm-expanding-spaceship-test-flights-to-hone-‘virgin-space-experience’.
342.
Amos, Jonathan. “Sir Richard Bransonäs Virgin Galactic spaceship ignites engine in flight.” 29 Apr. 2013. BBC News 5 Mar. 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22344398.
343.
Boyle, Alan. “NBC teams up with Virgin Galactic for ‘Space Race’ reality TV show.” 3 Oct. 2013. NBC News 5 Mar. 2014. http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/nbc-teams-virgin-galactic-space-race-reality-tv-show-f8C11329733.
344.
Wall, Mike. “Virgin Galactic Aims for 1st Rocket-Powered Flight This Year.” 28 Feb. 2012. SPACE.com 3 May 2012. http://www.space.com/14706-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-powered-flight.html.
345.
SpaceNews Staff. “Virgin Galactic Developing Small-satellite Launcher.” 16 July 2012. Space News 5 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/virgin-galactic-developing-small-satellite-launcher.
346.
Monteleone, James. “Spaceport Liability Waiver Unanimously Passes Senate.” 30 Jan. 2013. Albuquerque Journal 5 Mar. 2014. http://www.abqjournal.com/164742/politics/spaceport-liability-waiver-unanimously-passes-senate.html.
347.
De Selding, Peter. “Export Regime Keeping Virgin Galactic in the U.S., for Now.” 3 Dec. 2012. Space News 5 Mar, 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/32636export-regime-keeping-virgin-galactic-in-the-us-for-now.
348.
“Putin Signs Decree on Creation of United Rocket and Space Corporation.” 2 Dec. 2013. ITAR TASS 30 Apr. 2014. http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/709849.
349.
“Putin Signs Legal Decree Consolidating Russian Industry.” 9 Dec. 2013. SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/38551putin-signs-legal-decree-consolidating-russian-industry.
350.
“Russia Bets on Sweeping Reform to Revive Ailing Space Industry.” 26 Dec. 2013. Reuters 30 Apr. 2014. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/26/us-russia-space-idUSBRE9BP02S20131226.
351.
Henry, Caleb. “A Heavyweight Battle: How Sea Launch Plans to Stay Afloat With SpaceX in its Waters.” 13 Dec. 2013. ViaSatellite 6 Mar. 2014. http://www.satellitetoday.com/launch/2013/12/13/a-heavyweight-battle-how-sea-launch-plans-to-stay-afloat-with-spacex-in-its-waters/.
352.
Raymond, Nate. “Boeing sues Sea Launch partners for $350 million.” 4 Feb. 2013. Reuters 30 May 2014. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/04/boeing-sealaunch-idUSL1N0B31GP20130204.
353.
De Selding, Peter. “Melco Completes Expansion of Satellte Production Plant.” 22 Mar, 2013. Space News 8 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/melco-completes-expansion-of-satellite-production-plant.
354.
Berger, Brian. “Mitsubishi Electric Reinstated after Reimbursing Government.” 13 Feb. 2013. Space News 8 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/mitsubishi-electric-reinstated-after-reimbursing-government.
355.
De Selding, Peter. “Melco: Low Price Tag Will Sell DS-2000 Satellite,” 12 Mar. 2012. Space News 8 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/melco-low-price-tag-will-sell-ds-2000-satellite.
356.
De Selding, Peter. “Melco To Build Three QZSS Navigation Satellites.” 3 Apr. 2013. Space News 8 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/34676melco-to-build-three-qzss-navigation-satellites.
357.
Kallender-Umezu, Paul. “NEC Tapped to Build Second Asteroid-bound Hayabusa Probe.” Space News 30 Jan. 2012: 10.
358.
De Selding, Peter. “With Chinese Option Blocked, European-built Satellite To Fly Atop Falcon 9.” 17 June 2013. SpaceNews 16 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35820with-chinese-option-blocked-european-built-satellite-to-fly-atop-falcon-9.
359.
Leone, Dan. “U.S. Report Supports Sweeping Reform of Satellite Export Rules.” 18 Apr. 2012. Space News 23 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/policy/120418-report-backs-reform-sat-export.html.
360.
De Selding, Peter. “Chinese Rocket Launches Eutelsat’s W3C Satellite.” Space News 10 Oct. 2011: 4.
361.
AsiaSat Annual Report 2012. AsiaSat 16 May 2014: 54. http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/EN/upload/doc/support_reports/ar2012_eng.pdf.
362.
AsiaSat Annual Report 2013. AsiaSat 16 May 2014: 55. http://www.asiasat.com/asiasat/EN/upload/doc/support_reports/ir_2013.pdf.
363.
De Selding, Peter. “AsiaSat’s Appetite for Acquisitions Stimulated by a No-growth 2013.” 21 Mar. 2014. SpaceNews 16 May 2013. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39931asiasat%E2%80 %99 s-appetite-for-acquisitions-stimulated-by-a-no-growth-2013.
364.
De Selding, Peter. “AsiaSat’s Appetite for Acquisitions Stimulated by a No-growth 2013.” 21 Mar. 2014. SpaceNews 16 May 2013. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39931asiasat%E2%80 %99 s-appetite-for-acquisitions-stimulated-by-a-no-growth-2013.
365.
De Selding, Peter B. “Despite Barriers, SES Invests Heavily in Indian Satellite Market.” Space News 6 June 2011: 6.
366.
De Selding, Peter B. “Satellite Fleet Operators Protest Indian Tax Proposal.” 5 Apr. 2012. Space News 9 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/policy/120405-sat-operators-protest-indian-tax.html.
367.
Krishnan, Deepu. “Challenges and Opportunities in the Indian Satcom Market.” 17 Feb. 2014. SpaceNews 18 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/opinion/39541challenges-and-opportunities-in-the-indian-satcom-market.
368.
De Selding, Peter. “Com Dev Builds a Backlog Despite Slowdown in U.S. Defense Spending.” 10 Jan. 2014. Space News 28 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39028com-dev-builds-a-backlog-despite-slowdown-in-us-defense-spending.
369.
Ibid., De Selding, Peter. “Com Dev Balks at Fixed-price RCM Work.” 11 Jan. 2013. Space News 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/33122com-dev-balks-at-fixed-price-rcm-work.
370.
De Selding, Peter. “Top Fixed Satellite Service Operators | A Breakout Year: Thaicom.” 8 Jul. 2013. Space News 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/features/36180top-fixed-satellite-service-operators-a-breakout-year-thaicom.
371.
“Thaicom Public Company Limited Annual Report 2013.” 13 Feb. 2014. MorningStar 27 Mar. 2014. http://quicktake.morningstar.com/stocknet/secdocuments.aspx?symbol=thcom&country=tha.
372.
De Selding, Peter. “Top Fixed Satellite Service Operators | A Breakout Year: Thaicom.” 8 Jul. 2013. Space News 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/features/36180top-fixed-satellite-service-operators-a-breakout-year-thaicom.
373.
Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 3, and Commercial Space Transportation: 2013 Year in Review, 3.
374.
Micro payloads have a mass of 91 kg or less, and are mainly science satellites, technological demonstrators or small communications satellites. Small payloads weigh between 92 and 907 kg and are very often Earth Observation satellites, similar to the Jason or the RapidEye series. Medium payloads weigh between 908 and 2,268 kg, and feature the most diverse set of satellites, including small satcoms in geostationary orbit, Earth Observation satellites, and most of the Russian military satellites from the Kosmos series. Intermediate payloads, weighing between 2,269 and 4,536 kg, comprise medium satcoms and big scientific satellites. Large payloads, between 4537 and 9,072 kg, refer to big satcoms, as well as to the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft flying to the ISS. Finally, Heavy payloads, exceeding 9,072 kg, are linked to ISS activity, such as the cargo spacecraft, ATV, HTV, etc. See Commercial Space Transportation: 2011 Year in Review, 32.
375.
Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 7. Payloads are assigned to the nation that commissioned them, not according to the nationality of the manufacturer.
376.
Commercial Space Transportation: 2013 Year in Review, 14–17. Payloads are assigned to the nation that commissioned them, not according to the nationality of the manufacturer.
377.
Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 29–32.
378.
Commercial Space Transportation: 2013 Year in Review, 14–17.
379.
“Satellite Orders Report—2012 Year-End Summary.” Futron 23 Apr. 2014. http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/FoF/2012/FutronSM2012-EOY.pdf.
380.
“Satellite Orders Report—2013 Year-End Summary.” Futron 23 Apr. 2014. http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/FoF/2013/FutronSM2013-EOY.pdf.
381.
Ibid.
382.
De Selding, Peter. “Top Fixed Satellite Service Operators | The List.” 8 July 2013. Space News 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/36173top-fixed-satellite-service-operators-the-list>; De Selding, Peter. “The List | 2013 Top Fixed Satellite Service Operators.” 7 July 2014 Space News 7 July 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/41157the-list-2013-top-fixed-satellite-service-operators.
383.
See: The Space Report 2013. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2013: 40, and The Space Report 2014. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2014: 40.
384.
The Space Report 2014. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2014: 40.
385.
Euroconsult 2014. Profiles of Government Space Programs: 12.
386.
The Space Report 2014. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2014: 40, The Space Report 2013. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2013: 40, and The Space Report 2012, 58.
387.
Euroconsult 2014. Profiles of Government Space Programs: 14.
388.
Ibid.
389.
Ibid.
390.
De Selding, Peter. “Five European Nations Agree to Pool Resources for Satellite Bandwidth Buys.” Space News 5 Dec. 2011: 5.
391.
De Selding, Peter. “Military Satellite Communications | Europe Faces Obstacles in Pooling Military Satellite Telecom Resources.” 19 June 2013. SpaceNews 5 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/35877military-satellite-communications-europe-faces-obstacles-in-pooling.
392.
De Selding, Peter. “EU Backing Away from Combining Milcom Constellations.” 26 Nov. 2013. SpaceNews 5 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/38368eu-backing-away-from-combining-milcom-constellations.
393.
De Selding, Peter. “OHB Signs Contract for Germany’s Next-gen Radar Satellites.” 2 July 2013. SpaceNews 6 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/36091ohb-signs-contract-for-germany%E2%80 %99 s-next-gen-radar-satellites.
394.
De Selding, Peter. “Ceres Satellites are a High Priority in French Defense Ministry’s 7-year Plan.” 2 Aug. 2013. SpaceNews 6 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/36597ceres-satellites-are-a-high-priority-in-french-defense-ministrys-7-year.
395.
De Selding, Peter. “Italian Military Buys $100 M Spy Satellite from Israel in Exchange Deal.” 6 July 2012. SpaceNews 6 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/italian-military-buys-100 m-spy-satellite-israel-exchange-deal.
396.
Cf. The Space Report 2012…:44 & The Space Report 2011, 43.
397.
“Defense Weather Satellite System Termination.” 26 Apr. 2012. SpaceRef 22 May 2014. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=36846.
398.
Ledbetter III, Titus. “U.S. Military Space Spending To Decline 22 Percent in 2013.” 13 Feb. 2012. Space News 12 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/military/120213-mil-space-spending-decline.html.
399.
Ledbetter III, Titus. “Missile Defense Agency Seeks Big Increase in Space Spending.” 14 Feb. 2012. Space News 12 May 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/military/120214-mda-seeks-increase-spending.html.
400.
SpaceNews Staff. “PTSS Canceled Before Analysis Of Alternatives, Report Says.” 29 July 2013. SpaceNews 7 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/36503ptss-canceled-before-analysis-of-alternatives-report-says.
401.
“U.S. Air Force Decision To End CHIRP Mission Was Budget Driven.” 12 Dec. 2013. SpaceNews 7 May 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/military-space/38628us-air-force-decision-to-end-chirp-mission-was-budget-driven.
402.
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ESPI—European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
Cenan Al-Ekabi

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Cenan Al-Ekabi
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Blandina Baranes
ESPI - European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
Peter Hulsroj
ESPI - European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
Arne Lahcen

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Al-Ekabi, C. (2015). European Space Activities in the Global Context. In: Al-Ekabi, C., Baranes, B., Hulsroj, P., Lahcen, A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2012/2013. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1827-6_1

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