Propulsion Fundamentals

Abstract

The theoretical basis of all “classical” propulsion systems is the reaction principle published by Newton in his Principia Mathematica in the summer of 1687. It was the answer to astronomer Edmond Halley’s question as to the nature of force that causes the movement and orbit of planets around the sun. This link to gravitation will be crucial when examining very advanced propulsion concepts in the last chapter of this book. However, rockets were built and flown well before Newton provided his mathematical principles. Feng Jishen, a Chinese who lived around 970 AD, is credited with the invention of the “Fire Arrow”, a bamboo tube with a small hole in one end filled with gunpowder. It was used for amusement as a firework. The application as a weapon was soon realized and used against Japanese invaders in 1275. Mongolian and Arab troops brought the rocket to Europe and eventually to the United States.