Abstract
Restoration ecology is an interdisciplinary field of research that builds on the concepts and foundations of ecology and makes use of other disciplines of the natural and social sciences in both theory and practice. After a brief historical overview of restoration ecology or ecosystem restoration, important basic ecological terms and key concepts, as well as the concepts of ecosystem services and ecosystem degradation, are explained. As a basis for this interdisciplinary textbook, ecosystem restoration is defined to embed the numerous approaches to restoration for Central European ecosystems and land-use systems, respectively, in a comprehensive framework.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Albert C, Burkhard B, Daube S, Dietrich K, Engels B, Frommer J, Götzl M, Grêt-Regamey A, Job-Hoben B, Keller R, Marzelli S, Moning C, Müller F, Rabe S-E, Ring I, Schwaiger E, Schweppe-Kraft B, Wüstemann H (2015) Empfehlungen zur Entwicklung bundesweiter Indikatoren zur Erfassung von Ökosystemleistungen. BfN Skripten 410:1–55
Al-Mufti MM, Sydes CL, Furness SB, Grime JP, Band SR (1977) A quantitative analysis of shoot phenology and dominance in herbaceous vegetation. J Ecol 65:759–791
Anderson RC (2009) History and progress of ecological restoration in tallgrass prairie. In: Taylor C, Taft J, Warwick C (eds) Canaries in the catbird seat. INHS Special Publ 30:217–228
Anthelme F, Cavieres LA, Dangles O (2014) Facilitation among plants in alpine environments in the face of climate change. Front Plant Sci 5:387
Aronson J, Floret C, Le Floc’h E, Ovalle C, Pontanier R (1993) Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands. I. A view from the south. Restor Ecol 1:8–17
Aronson J, Milton SJ, Blignaut JN (2007) Restoring natural capital: science, business, and practice. Island Press, Washington, DC
Bailey D, Schmidt-Entling MH, Eberhart P, Herrmann JD, Hofer G, Kormann U, Herzog F (2010) Effects of habitat amount and isolation on biodiversity in fragmented traditional orchards. J Appl Ecol 47:1003–1013
Bannister N, Mant J, Janes M (2005) A review of catchment scale river restoration projects in the UK. Report. River Restoration Centre, Silsoe
Barthlott W, Linsenmair KE, Porembski S (eds) (2008/2009) Biodiversity: structure and function, vol 1 & 2. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Oxford
Baskin CC, Baskin JM (2014) Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Academic, Cambridge
Baur B (2010) Biodiversität. UTB, Stuttgart
Beatley T (2010) Biophilic cities. Integrating nature into urban design and planning. Island Press, Washington, DC
Begon M, Howarth RW, Townsend CR (2016) Ökologie, 3rd edn. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg
Begon M, Townsend CR, Harper JL (2005) Ecology: from individuals to ecosystems, 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford
Bernstein JH (2015) Transdisciplinarity: a review of its origins, development, and current issues. J Res Pract 11(1):1–17
Berr K (2017) Landschaftsarchitekturtheorie: Aktuelle Zugänge, Perspektiven und Positionen. Springer VS, Wiesbaden
Biere A, van Andel J, Van de Koppel J (2012) Populations: ecology and genetics. In: van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 73–86
Björk S (2014) The fine art of restoring aquatic ecosystems. Knowledge and management of aquatic ecosystems. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart
Bobbink R, Hettelingh JP (2011) Review and revision of empirical critical loads and dose-response relationships. Coordination Centre for Effects, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/680359002.pdf. Accessed 21 Nov 2016
Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J, Spranger T, Alkemade R, Ashmore M, Bustamante M, Cinderby S, Davidson E, Dentener F, Emmett B, Erisman JW, Fenn M, Gilliam F, Nordin A, Pardo L, de Vries W (2010) Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis. Ecol Appl 20:30–59
Bonn S, Poschlod P (1998) Ausbreitungsbiologie der Pflanzen Mitteleuropas. Quelle & Meyer, Wiesbaden
Bonnett SAF, Ross S, Linstead C, Maltby E (2009) A review of techniques for monitoring the success of peatland restoration. University of Liverpool. Nat England Comm Rep 86:1–179
Bornkamm R (1985) Veränderungen der Phytomasse und Vegetationsentwicklung. In: Wolf G (ed) Primäre Sukzession auf kiesig-sandigen Rohböden im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier. Schrreihe Vegkd 16:111–151
Bradshaw AD (1983) The reconstruction of ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 20:1–17
Bradshaw AD (1987) Restoration: an acid test for ecology. In: Jordan WR III, Gilpin ME, Aber JD (eds) Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 23–29
Brand F, Hoheisel D, Kirchhoff T (2011) Der Resilienz-Ansatz auf dem Prüfstand: Herausforderungen, Probleme, Perspektiven. Laufen Spezbeitr 2011:78–83
Braun-Blanquet J (1964) Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin
Brülisauer A, Klötzli F (1998) Notes on the ecological restoration of fen meadows, ombrogenous bogs and rivers: definitions, techniques, problems. Bull Geobot Inst ETH 64:47–61
Brunold C, Rüegsegger A, Brändle R (eds) (1996) Stress bei Pflanzen. Ökologie, Physiologie, Biochemie, Molekularbiologie. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Byun C, de Blois S, Brisson J (2013) Plant functional group identity and diversity determine biotic resistance to invasion by an exotic grass. J Ecol 101:128–139
Cairns J, Heckman JR (1996) Restoration ecology: the state of an emerging field. Annu Rev Energ Env 21:167–189
Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, Narwani A, Mace GM, Tilman D, Wardle DA, Kinzig AP, Daily GC, Loreau M, Grace JB, Larigauderie A, Srivastava DS, Naeem S (2012) Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486(7401):59–67
CBD (2016) Convention on biological diversity. https://www.cbd.int/convention/. Accessed 13 Oct 2016
Chapin FS III, Matson PA, Vitousek P (2011) Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
Chapman JL, Reiss MJ (1999) Ecology: principles and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Choi YD, Temperton VM, Allen EB, Grootjan AP, Halassy M, Hobbs RJ, Naeth A, Török K (2008) Ecological restoration for future sustainability in a changing environment. Ecoscience 15:53–64
Cierjacks A, Kowarik I, Joshi J, Hempel S, Ristow M, von der Lippe M, Weber E (2013) Biological flora of the British Isles: Robinia pseudoacacia. J Ecol 101:1623–1640
Clewell A, Aronson J (2013) Ecological restoration. Principles, values, and structure of an emerging profession, 2nd edn. Island Press, Washington, DC
Connell JH (1978) Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302–1310
Connell JH, Slatyer RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community. Stability and organization. Am Nat 111:1119–1144
Cooke GD (1999) Ecosystem rehabilitation. J Lake Reserv Manage 15(1):1–4
Cottam G (1987) Community dynamics on an artificial prairie. In: Jordan WR III, Gilpin ME, Aber JD (eds) Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 257–270
Day RT, Keddy PA, McNeill J, Carleton T (1988) Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology 69:1044–1054
De Visser S, Thébault E, de Ruiter PC (2013) Ecosystem engineers, keystone species. In: Leemans R (ed) Selected entries from the encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology. Springer, New York, pp 59–68
De Vries W, Hettelingh JP, Posch M (eds) (2015) Critical loads and dynamic risk assessments: nitrogen, acidity and metals in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Springer, Amsterdam
Dierschke H (1994) Pflanzensoziologie—Grundlagen und Methoden. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Dierßen K (1990) Einführung in die Pflanzensoziologie. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt
Doerpinghaus A, Bruker J (2016) Chance.natur—Naturschutzgroßprojekte in Deutschland. In: BLG—Bundesverband der gemeinnützigen Landgesellschaften (ed) Landesentwicklung Aktuell. Das Magazin des Bundesverbandes der gemeinnützigen Landgesellschaften 22:45–47
Duckworth JC, Kent M, Ramsay PM (2000) Plant functional types: an alternative to taxonomic plant community description in biogeography? Progr Phys Geogr 24(4):515–542
Egan D, Hjerpe EE, Abrams J (2011) Human dimensions of ecological restoration: integrating science, nature, and culture (the science and practice of ecological restoration series). Island Press, Washington, DC
Ehrlich PR (1994) Energy use and biodiversity loss. Philos T Roy Soc B 344:99–104
Eisenhauer N, Milcu A, Sabais ACW, Bessler H, Brenner J, Engels C, Klarner B, Maraun M, Partsch S, Roscher C, Schonert F, Temperton VM, Thomisch K, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Scheu S (2011) Plant diversity surpasses plant functional groups and plant productivity as driver of soil biota in the long term. PLoS One 6(1):e16055
Ellenberg H, Leuschner C (2010) Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht, 6th edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Ellenberg H, Weber HE, Düll R, Wirth V, Werner W (2001) Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. 3rd ed. Scripta Geobotanica 18:1–258
Ellenberg H, Mueller-Dombois D (1967) A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Ber Geobot Inst Eidgenöss Tech Hochsch, Stift Rübel 37:56–73
Escobedo FJ, Kroeger T, Wagner JE (2011) Urban forests and pollution mitigation: analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environ Pollut 159:2078–2087
EU (2011) The EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. European Union, Luxemburg. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/brochures/2020%20Biod%20brochure%20final%20lowres.pdf. Accessed 31 Aug 2017
Fagúndez J (2013) Heathlands confronting global change: drivers of biodiversity loss from past to future scenarios. Ann Bot 111(2):151–172
FAO (2011) Assessing forest degradation. Towards the development of globally applicable guidelines. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rom. For Res Assess Work Pap 177:1–109
Fleming J, Ledogar RJ (2008) Resilience, an evolving concept: a review of literature relevant to aboriginal research. Pimatisiwin 6(2):7–23
Florineth F (2012) Pflanzen statt Beton: Sichern und Gestalten mit Pfl anzen, 2nd edn. Patzer, Berlin
Folgarait PJ (1998) Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: a review. Biodivers Conserv 7:1221–1244
Fox JW (2013) The intermediate disturbance hypothesis should be abandoned. Trends Ecol Evol 28(2):86–92
Frank D, Klotz S (1990) Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora der DDR. Wiss Beitr Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg 32:1–167
Fraser LH, Pither J, Jentsch A, Sternberg M, Zobel M, Askarizadeh D, Bartha S, Beierkuhnlein C, Bennett JA, Bittel A, Boldgiv B, Boldrini II, Bork E, Brown L, Cabido M, Cahill J, Carlyle CN, Campetella G, Chelli S, Cohen O, Csergo AM, Díaz S, Enrico L, Ensing D, Fidelis A, Fridley JD, Foster B, Garris H, Goheen JR, Henry HA, Hohn M, Jouri MH, Klironomos J, Koorem K, Lawrence-Lodge R, Long R, Manning P, Mitchell R, Moora M, Müller SC, Nabinger C, Naseri K, Overbeck GE, Palmer TM, Parsons S, Pesek M, Pillar VD, Pringle RM, Roccaforte K, Schmidt A, Shang Z, Stahlmann R, Stotz GC, Sugiyama S, Szentes S, Thompson D, Tungalag R, Undrakhbold S, van Rooyen M, Wellstein C, Wilson JB, Zupo T (2015) Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness. Science 349(6245):302–305
Freese G, Zwölfer H (1996) The problem of optimal clutch size in a tritrophic system: the oviposition strategy of the thistle gallfly Urophora cardui (Diptera, Tephritidae). Oecologia 108:293–302
Frey W, Lösch R (2014) Geobotanik: Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit, 3rd edn. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg
Fry EL, Manning P, Allen DGP, Hurst A, Everwand G, Rimmler M, Power SA (2013) Plant functional group composition modifies the effects of precipitation change on grassland ecosystem function. PLoS One 8(2):e57027
Fuchs D, Hänel K, Lipski A, Reich M, Finck P, Riecken U (2011) Länderübergreifender Biotopverbund in Deutschland. Grundlagen und Fachkonzept. Natschutz Biol Vielfalt 96:1–192
Furse MT, Hering D, Brabec K, Buffagni A, Sandin L, Verdonschot PFM (2009) The ecological status of European rivers: evaluation and intercalibration of assessment methods. Springer, Dordrecht
Gerstgraser C, Männel R, Müller G, Prugger H, Stowasser A, Tynior R (2005) Ufersicherung—Strukturverbesserung. Anwendung ingenieurbiologischer Bauweisen im Wasserbau, Handbuch 1. Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft, Dresden
Glavac V (1996) Vegetationsökologie: Grundfragen, Aufgaben, Methoden. Fischer, Jena
Gobster PH, Hull RB (eds) (2000) Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities. Island Press, Washington, DC
Graham JH, Duda JJ (2011) The humpbacked species richness-curve: a contingent rule for community ecology. Int J Ecol 2011:1–15
Grime JP (1973) Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature 242:344–347
Grime JP (1974) Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature 250:26–31
Grime JP (1977) Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am Nat 111(982):1169–1194
Grime JP (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Wiley, Chichester
Grime JP (2001) Plant strategies, vegetation processes and ecosystem properties, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester
Groot RS de, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol Econ 41(3):393–408
Grunewald K, Bastian O (eds) (2012) Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Konzept, Methoden und Fallbeispiele. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg
Hacker E, Johannsen R (2011) Ingenieurbiologie. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Haines-Young R, Potschin M (2018) Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1. Guidance on the application of the revised structure. https://cices.eu/content/uploads/sites/8/2018/01/Guidance-V51-01012018.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2017
Hanski I, Gaggiotti OF (eds) (2004) Ecology, genetics and evolution of metapopulations. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Harper J, Clatworthy J, McNaughton I, Sagar G (1961) The evolution and ecology of closely related species living in the same area. Evolution 15:209–227
Hartmann L (1992) Ökologie und Technik: Analyse, Bewertung und Nutzung von Ökosystemen. Springer, Heidelberg
Herben T (2000) Correlation between richness per unit area and the species pool cannot be used to demonstrate the species pool effect. J Veg Sci 11(1):123–126
Higgs ES (1997) What is good ecological restoration? Conserv Biol 11:338–348
Hobbs RJ (2002) The ecological context: a landscape perspective. In: Perrow MR, Davy AJ (eds) Handbook of ecological restoration, Principles of restoration, vol 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambidge, pp 24–45
Hobbs RJ, Norton DA (1996) Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restor Ecol 4:93–110
Hobbs RJ, Arico S, Aronson J, Baron JS, Bridgewater P, Cramer VA, Epstein PR, Ewel JJ, Klink CA, Lugo AE, Norton D, Ojima D, Richardson DM, Sanderson EW, Valladares F, Vilà M, Zamora R, Zobel M (2006) Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:1–7
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23
Hooper DU, Adair EC, Cardinale BJ, Byrnes JE, Hungate BA, Matulich KL, Gonzalez A, Duff y JE, Gamfeldt L, O’Connor MI (2012) A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 486(7401):105–108
Hughes FMR, Rood SB (2003) Allocation of river flows for restoration of floodplain forest ecosystems: a review of approaches and their applicability in Europe. Environ Manag 32(1):12–33
Huston MA (1985) Patterns of species diversity on coral reefs. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 16:149–177
Ignatieva M, Ahrné K (2013) Biodiverse green infrastructure for the 21 st century: from “green desert” of lawns to biophilic cities. J Archit Urban 37(1):1–9
Isselstein J, Jeangros B, Pavlu V (2005) Agronomic aspects of biodiversity targeted management of temperate grasslands in Europe—a review. Agron Res 3:139–151
IUCN (2016) IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 13 Oct 2016
Jackson LL, Lopoukhine N, Hillyard D (1995) Ecological restoration: a definition and comments. Restor Ecol 3:71–75
Jackson ST, Hobbs RJ (2009) Ecological restoration in the light of ecological history. Science 325:567–569
Janssens F, Peeters A, Tallowin JRB, Bakker JP, Bekker RM, Fillat F, Oomes MJM (1998) Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity. Plant Soil 202(1):69–78
Jax K (2005) Function and “functioning” in ecology: what does it mean? Oikos 111(3):641–648
Jedicke E (1994) Biotopverbund. Grundlagen und Maßnahmen einer neuen Naturschutzstrategie, 2nd edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Johnson DL, Ambrose SH, Bassett TJ, Bowen ML, Crummey DE, Isaacson JS, Johnson DN, Lamb P, Saul M, Winter-Nelson AE (1997) Meanings of environmental terms. J Environ Qual 26(3):581–589
Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M (1994) Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69(3):373–386
Jordan WR III, Lubick GM (2011) Making nature whole: a history of ecological restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC
Jørgensen D (2015) Ecological restoration as objective, target, and tool in international biodiversity policy. Ecol Soc 20(4):43
Jouquet P, Dauber J, Lagerlöf J, Lavelle P, Lepage M (2006) Soil invertebrates as ecosystem engineers: intended and accidental effects on soil and feedback loops. Appl Soil Ecol 32(2):153–164
Jürging P (2006) Fließgewässer- und Auenentwicklung: Grundlagen und Erfahrungen. Springer, Heidelberg
Kangas P (2004) Ecological engineering: principles and practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Kellert SR, Wilson EO (eds) (1993) The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press, Washington, DC
Koepcke HW (1973/1974) Die Lebensformen, Grundlagen zu einer universell gültigen biologischen Theorie, vol 1 and 2. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld
Kowarik I (2010) Biologische Invasionen. Neophyten und Neozoen in Mitteleuropa, 2nd edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Kratochwil A, Schwabe A (2001) Ökologie der Lebensgemeinschaften: Biozönologie. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Krauss J, Bommarco R, Guardiola M, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Kuussaari M, Lindborg R, Öckinger E, Pärtel M, Pino J, Pöyry J, Raatikainen KM, Sang A, Stefanescu C, Teder T, Zobel M, Steffan-Dewenter I (2010) Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels. Ecol Lett 13(5):597–605
Land Hessen (2017) Life-Projekt Living Lahn. Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz. http://www.lila-livinglahn.de/seite/impressum/. Accessed 5 Sep 2017
Luscombe G, Scott R (2010) Creative conservation. In: Douglas I, Goode D, Houck M, Maddox D (eds) The Routledge handbook of urban ecology. Routledge, New York, pp 221–232
Lepš J (2001) Species-pool hypothesis: limits to its testing. Folia Geobot 36:45–52
Leuschner C, Ellenberg H (2017a) Ecology of Central European forests, Vegetation ecology of Central Europe, vol 1. Springer, Cham
Leuschner C, Ellenberg H (2017b) Ecology of Central European non-forest vegetation: coastal to alpine, natural to man-made habitats, Vegetation ecology of Central Europe, vol 2. Springer, Cham
Levins R (1969) Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bull Entomol Soc Am 15:237–240
Loreau M (2010) From populations to ecosystems: theoretical foundations for a new ecological synthesis. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Lund HG (2009) What is a degraded forest? Forest Information Services, Gainesville
Lyytimäki J, Sipilä M (2009) Hopping on one leg—the challenge of ecosystem disservices for urban green management. Urban For Urban Gree 8(4):309–315
MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton
MacMahon JA, Holl KD (2001) Ecological restoration: a key to conservation biology's future. In: Soulé ME, Orians GH (eds) Conservation biology: research priorities for the next decade. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 24–269
Marrs RH (1993) Soil fertility and nature conservation in Europe: theoretical considerations and practical management solutions. Adv Ecol Res 24:241–300
Maschinski J (2006) Implications of population dynamic and metapopulation theory for restoration. In: Falk DA, Palmer MA, Zedler JB (eds) Foundations of restoration ecology. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 59–87
McDonald T, Gann GD, Jonson J, Dixon KW (2016) International standards for the practice of ecological restoration—including principles and key concepts. Society for Ecological Restoration (SER), Washington, DC. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ser.org/resource/resmgr/docs/SER_International_Standards.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2017
McIsaac GF, Brün M (1999) Natural environment and human culture: defining terms and understanding worldviews. J Environ Qual 28:1–10
MEA (2005) Millenium ecosystem assessment. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html. Accessed 13 Oct 2016
Miler O, Ostendorp W, Brauns M, Porst G, Pusch MT (2015) Ecological assessment of morphological shore degradation at whole lake level aided by aerial photo analysis. Fund Appl Limnol 186(4):353–369
Mitsch WJ, Jørgensen SE (2003) Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration. Wiley, New York
Mittelstrass J (2011) On transdisciplinarity. Trames 15(4):329–338
Modica G, Merlino A, Solano F, Mercurio R (2015) An index for the assessment of degraded Mediterranean forest ecosystems. For Syst 24(3):e037
Moreira F, Queiroz AI, Aronson J (2006) Restoration principles applied to cultural landscapes. J Nat Conserv 14(3):217–224
Moss T, Monstadt J (2008) Restoring floodplains in Europe. IWA Publishing, London
Müller IB, Buhk C, Alt M, Entling MH, Schirmel J (2016) Plant functional shifts in Central European grassland under traditional flood irrigation. Appl Veg Sci 19:122–131
Müller-Schneider P (1986) Verbreitungsbiologie der Blütenpflanzen Graubündens. Veröff Geobot Inst Eidgenöss Tech Hochsch Stift Rübel Zür 85:1–263
Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:58–62
Murphy J (ed) (2016) Seed banks: types, roles and research. Nova Science Publishers, New York
Nentwig W, Bacher S, Brandl R (2012) Ökologie kompakt, 3rd edn. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg
Neßhöver C (2013) Biodiversität: unsere wertvollste Ressource. Herder, Freiburg i. Br
Odum EP, Barrett GW (2004) Fundamentals of ecology, 5th edn. Brooks Cole Publishing, Pacific Grove
Olofsson H, Ripa J, Jonzén N (2009) Bet-hedging as an evolutionary game: the trade-off between egg size and number. P R Soc B 276(1669):2963–2969
Oomes MJM (1990) Changes in dry matter and nutrient yields during the restoration of species-rich grasslands. J Veg Sci 1:333–338
Ormerod SJ (2003) Restoration in applied ecology: editor’s introduction. J Appl Ecol 40:44–50
Padisak J (1993) The influence of different disturbance frequencies on the species richness, diversity and equitability of phytoplankton in shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 249:135–156
Pataki DE, Carreiro MM, Cherrier J, Grulke NE, Jennings V, Pincetl S, Pouyat RV, Whitlow TH, Zipperer WC (2011) Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Front Ecol Environ 9:27–36
Patten BC, Odum EP (1981) The cybernetic nature of ecosystems. Am Nat 118:886–895
Pfeifer M, Lefebvre V, Peres CA, Banks-Leite C, Wearn OR, Marsh CJ, Butchart SHM, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Barlow J, Cerezo A, Cisneros L, D’Cruze N, Faria D, Hadley A, Harris SM, Klingbeil BT, Kormann U, Lens L, Medina-Rangel GF, Morante-Filho JC, Olivier P, Peters SL, Pidgeon A, Ribeiro DB, Scherber C, Schneider-Maunoury L, Struebig M, UrbinaCardona N, Watling JI, Willig MR, Wood EM, Ewers RM (2017) Creation of forest edges has a global impact on forest vertebrates. Nature 551:187–191
Philippi T (1993) Bet-Hedging Germination of desert annuals: beyond the first year. Am Nat 142(3):474–487
Piekarska-Stachowiak A, Szary M, Ziemer B, Besenyei L, Woźniak G (2014) An application of the plant functional group concept to restoration practice on coal mine spoil heaps. Ecol Res 29:843–853
Pimm SL, Russell GJ, Gittleman JL, Brooks TM (1995) The future of biodiversity. Science 269:347–350
PONS (2016) Wörterbuch Schule und Studium LateinDeutsch. PONS, Stuttgart
Poschlod P, Kleyer M, Jackel A-K, Dannemann A, Tackenberg O (2003) BIOPOP—a database of plant traits and internet application for nature conservation. Folia Geobot 38:263–271
Postma-Blaauw MB, de Goede RGM, Bloem J, Faber JH, Brussaard L (2012) Agricultural intensification and de-intensification differentially affect taxonomic diversity of predatory mites, earthworms, enchytraeids, nematodes and bacteria. Appl Soil Ecol 57:39–49
Rapport DJ, Fyfe WS, Costanza R, Spiegel J, Yassi A, Böhm GM, Patil GP, Lannigan R, Anjema CM, Whitford WG, Horwitz P (2001) Ecosystem health: definitions, assessment, and case studies, Ecology, vol II. EOLSS, Oxford, pp 1–40
Raunkiaer C (1934) The life-forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Ravera O (ed) (1989) Ecological assessment of environmental degradation, pollution and recovery. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Redecker B, Finck P, Härdtle W, Riecken U, Schroder E (2002) Pasture landscapes and nature conservation. Springer, Heidelberg
Reichholf JH (2008) Ende der Artenvielfalt? Gefährdung und Vernichtung von Biodiversität, 2nd edn. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M
Ren H, Yang L, Liu N (2008) Nurse plant theory and its application in ecological restoration in lower subtropics of China. Prog Nat Sci 18(2):137–142
Rentz M (2004) Transdiziplinarität der Ökologie. In: Brand F, Schaller F, Völker H (eds) Transdisziplinarität. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven, pp 143–153
Roscher C, Schumacher J, Gubsch M, Lipowsky A, Weigelt A, Buchmann N, Schmid B, Schulze ED (2012) Using plant functional traits to explain diversity-productivity relationships. PLoS One 7(5):e36760
Rubarenzya M, Staes J, Willems P, Berlamont J, Meire P (2008) Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution. Annals of Warsaw University of life sciences—SGGW. Land Reclam 38:139–150
Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff ALR, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the Year 2100. Science 287:1770–1774
Schiechtl HM, Stern R (1994) Handbuch für den naturnahen Wasserbau. Österreichischer Agrarverlag, Wien
Schmid B, Stöcklin J (1991) Populationsbiologie der Pflanzen. Springer, Basel
Schölmerich U (2013) 70 Jahre forstliche Rekultivierung – Erfahrungen und Folgerungen. In: Pflug W (Ed) Braunkohlentagebau und Rekultivierung: Landschaftsökologie – Folgenutzung – Naturschutz. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 142–156
Scholz RW (2011) Environmental literacy in science and society: from knowledge to decisions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Scholz RW, Steiner G (2015a) The real type and ideal type of transdisciplinary processes: part I—theoretical foundations. Sustain Sci 10(4):527–544
Schulze ED, Beck E, Müller-Hohenstein K (2005) Plant ecology. Springer, Heidelberg
Seibold S, Brandl R, Buse J, Hothorn T, Schmidl J, Thorn S, Müller J (2015) Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with ecological degradation of forests in Europe. Conserv Biol 29(2):382–390
SER (2004) The SER international primer on ecological restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration International (SER). Tucson, Arizona. www.ser.org/. Accessed 28 May 2017
SER (2017) Academic programs. Society for Ecological Restoration International, Tucson, Arizona. http://www.ser.org/page/AcademicPrograms. Accessed 16 Sep 2017
Simula M (2009) Towards defining forest degradation: comparative analysis of existing definitions. Discussion paper, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). http://www.ardot.fi/Documents_2/Degradationdefintions.pdf. Accessed 26 Dec 2017
Skowronek S, Terwei A, Zerbe S, Mölder I, Annighöfer P, Kawaletz H, Ammer C, Heilmeier H (2013) Regeneration potential of floodplain forests under the influence of non-native tree species: soil seed bank analysis in northern Italy. Restor Ecol 22(1):22–30
Sliva J (1997) Renaturierung von industriell abgetorften Hochmooren am Beispiel der Kendlmühlfilzen. Herbert Utz, München
Smith TM, Smith RL (2009) Ökologie, 6th edn. Pearson, Boston
Speak A, Escobedo FJ, Russo A, Zerbe S (2018) An ecosystem service-disservice ratio: using composite indicators to assess the net benefits of urban trees. Ecol Indic 95:544–553
Sperry T (1983) Analysis of the University of Wisconsin-Madison prairie restoration project. In: Brewer R (ed) Proceedings of the 8th North American Prairie Conference. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, pp 140–146
Squires VR (2016) Ecological Restoration: global challenges, social aspects and environmental benefits. Nova Science, New York
Streit B (2007) Was ist Biodiversität? Erforschung, Schutz und Wert biologischer Vielfalt. Beck, München
Succow M, Joosten H (2001) Landschaftsökologische Moorkunde, 2nd edn. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart
Suding KN, Gross KL (2006) The dynamic nature of ecological systems: multiple states and restoration trajectories. In: Falk DA, Palmer MA, Zedler J (eds) Foundations of restoration ecology. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 190–209
Suding KN, Gross KL, Houseman GR (2004) Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:46–53
Svensson JR, Lindegarth M, Jonsson PR, Pavia H (2012) Disturbance—diversity models: what do they really predict and how are they tested? Proc Biol Sci 279(1736):2163–2170
Swain HM, Boughton EH, Bohlen PJ, O’Gene LL (2013) Trade-off s among ecosystem services and disservices on a Florida ranch. Rangelands 35(5):75–87
Swart JAA, van der Windt HJ, Keulartz J (2001) Valuation of nature in conservation and restoration. Restor Ecol 9(2):230–238
Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R (1997) The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Throop W (ed) (2000) Environmental restoration: ethics, theory and practice. Humanity Books, New York
Tilman D, May RM, Lehman CL, Nowak MA (1994) Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371:65–66
Turnau K, Haselwandter K (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, an essential component of soil microflora in ecosystem restoration. In: Gianinazzi S, Schüepp H, Barea JM, Haselwandter K (eds) Mycorrhizal technology in agriculture. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 137–149
Urbanska KM, Webb NR, Edwards PJ (2000) Restoration ecology and sustainable development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) (2012) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd edn. Oxford, Blackwell
Van Diggelen R, Grootjans ABP, Harris JA (2001) Ecological restoration: state of the art or state of the science? Restor Ecol 9:115–118
Van Wieren SE (2012) Re-introductions: learning from successes and failures. In: van Andel J, Aronson J (eds) Restoration ecology: the new frontier, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 87–100
Violle C, Navas M-L, Vile D, Kazakou E, Fortunel C, Hummel I, Garnier E (2007) Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116:882–892
Virto I, Imaz MJ, Fernández-Ugalde O, Gartzia-Bengoetxea N, Enrique A, Bescansa P (2015) Soil degradation and soil quality in Western Europe: current situation and future perspectives. Sustainability 7:313–365
Vogt J, Gillner S, Hoffman M, Tharang A, Dettmann S, Gerstenberg T, Schmidt C, Gebauer H, Van de Riet K, Berger U, Roloff A (2017) Citree: a database supporting supporting tree selection for urban areas in temperate climate. Landscape Urban Plan 157:14–25
Von Döhren P, Haase D (2015) Ecosystem disservices research: a review of the state of the art with a focus on cities. Ecol Indic 52:490–497
Von Gillhaussen P, Rascher U, Jablonowski ND, Plückers C, Beierkuhnlein C, Temperton VM (2014) Priority effects of time of arrival of plant functional groups override sowing interval or density effects: a grassland experiment. PLoS One 9(1):e86906
Wäldchen J, Pusch J, Luthardt V (2005) Zur Diasporen-Keimfähigkeit von Segetalpflanzen—Untersuchungen in Nord-Thüringen. Beitr Forstwirtsch Landschökol 38(2):145–156
Wegener M, Zedler P, Herrick B, Zedler J (2008) Curtis Prairie: 75-year-old restoration research site. Arboretum Leaflets 16:1–4
Wendel D (2010) Autogene Regenerationserscheinungen in erzgebirgischen Moorwäldern und deren Bedeutung für Schutz und Entwicklung der Moore. Dissertation, TU Dresden
Wheeler BD, Shaw SC (1991) Above-ground crop mass and species richness of the principal types of herbaceous rich-fen vegetation of lowland England and Wales. J Ecol 79:285–301
White PS, Jentsch A (2004) Disturbance, succession and community assembly in terrestrial plant communities. In: Temperton VM, Hobbs RJ, Nuttle T, Halle S (eds) Assembly rules and restoration ecology: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 342–366
White PS, Pickett ST (1985) The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic, New York
White PS, Walker JL (1997) Approximating nature’s variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology. Restor Ecol 5:338–349
Whittaker RH (1972) Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 12:213–251
WHO (2017a) Climate change and human health: land degradation and desertification. WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/globalchange/ecosystems/desert/en/. Accessed 1 Sep 2017
Wilkinson DM (1999) The disturbing history of intermediate disturbance. Oikos 84(1):145–147
Willems JH (1980) Observations on north-west European limestone grassland communities: an experimental approach to the study of species diversity and above-ground biomass in chalk grassland. P K Ned Akad C Biol 83:279–306
Wilmanns O (1998) Ökologische Pflanzensoziologie: Eine Einführung in die Vegetation Mitteleuropas, 6th edn. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Wilson EO (1984) Biophilia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Wilson EO (ed) (1988) Biodiversity. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Wittig R, Niekisch M (2014) Biodiversität: Grundlagen, Gefährdung, Schutz. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg
Wohlgemuth T, Bürgi M, Scheidegger C, Schütz M (2002) Dominance reduction of species through disturbance—a proposed management principle for Central European forests. For Ecol Manag 166:1–15
Zeh H (2007) Ingenieurbiologie: Handbuch Bautypen. Verein f. Ingenieurbiologie. vdf Hochschulverlag, Zurich
Zerbe S (2019) Zur Renaturierung mariner Ökosysteme. Beispiel Nord- und Ostsee—eine internationale Herausforderung. Natschutz Landschplan 51(3):116–123
Zerbe S (2022) Restoration of multifunctional cultural landscapes. Merging tradition and innovation for a sustainable future. Springer. Landsc Ser 30:1–716
Zerbe S, Maurer U, Schmitz S, Sukopp H (2003) Biodiversity in Berlin and its potential for nature conservation. Landsc Urban Plan 62:139–148
Zerbe S, Ott K (2021) Pesticides, soil removal, and fire for the restoration of ecosystems? A call for ethical standards in ecosystem restoration. For Ecol Landsc Res Nat Conserv 20:59–73
Zerbe S, Wiegleb G, Rosenthal G (2009) Einführung in die Renaturierungsökologie. In: Zerbe S, Wiegleb G (eds) Renaturierung von Ökosystemen in Mitteleuropa. Springer Spektrum, Heidelberg, pp 1–21
Zobel M (1997) The relative role of species pools in determining plant species richness: an alternative explanation of species coexistence? Trends Ecol Evol 12:266–269
Zobel M, van der Maarel E, Dupré C (1998) Species pool: the concept, its determinants and its significance for community restoration. Appl Veg Sci 1(1):55–66
Zwick P (1992) Stream habitat fragmentation—a threat to biodiversity. Biodivers Conserv 1(2):80–97
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zerbe, S. (2023). Introduction to Restoration Ecology. In: Restoration of Ecosystems – Bridging Nature and Humans. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65658-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65658-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-65657-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-65658-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)