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Ursachen von Kriminalität

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Forensische Psychiatrie
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Zusammenfassung

Kriminelles Verhalten wird durch historisch wandelbare Strafrechtsnormen definiert. Ein stabiler Kern vieler Kriminalitätsformen ist die Verletzung der prosozialen Grundsätze von Fairness und Kooperation. Psychologie, Psychiatrie, Soziologie und Wirtschaftswissenschaften fokussieren auf sehr unterschiedliche Einflussdimensionen menschlichen Verhaltens. Einen überzeugenden allgemeingültigen Erklärungsansatz für alle Kriminalitätsphänomene gibt es nicht. Soziologische Theorien folgen den drei „klassischen“ Ansätzen der Anomie-, Lern- und Kontrolltheorien mit dem Fokus auf soziale Positionen und Beziehungen der Täter*innen. Rational-Choice-Ansätze sehen in einer Abwägung zwischen dem erwarteten subjektiven Nutzen und den Kosten einer strafbaren Handlung den Schlüssel zum Verständnis von Kriminalität. Psychologie und Psychiatrie betrachten Kriminalität als eine Facette dissozialer Verhaltensstörungen und konzentrieren sich in der Ursachenforschung auf die individuelle Täter*innenpersönlichkeit und solche Faktoren, die häufig bereits während der Schwangerschaft und in der frühen Kindheit wirksam werden und dauerhafte Verhaltensstörungen bis ins Erwachsenenalter hervorrufen können. In der aktuellen Forschung werden die älteren, eher monokausalen Theorien zunehmend durch integrative und interdisziplinäre Ansätze abgelöst.

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Oberwittler, D. (2023). Ursachen von Kriminalität. In: Völlm, B., Schiffer, B. (eds) Forensische Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64465-2_2

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