Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental Implications of the EU’s Urban Mobility Agenda

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Smart Urban Mobility

Part of the book series: MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law ((MSIP,volume 29))

  • 696 Accesses

Abstract

This volume discusses the impact of technology on urban mobility and its regulation within the EU. In turn, this chapter explores the interaction of the developing smart urban mobility agenda with EU environmental law and policy. At the moment, EU action on urban mobility mostly takes the form of policy, not law. Conversely, there is a rich body of EU environmental law, much of which sets goals and obligations that directly affect urban mobility. This chapter provides an overview of the most important existing initiatives regarding urban mobility. It then considers how technology may affect these initiatives, both positively and negatively. It identifies areas of overlap with EU environmental law and offers suggestions for the future alignment and integration of environmental and mobility goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Today, 55% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 68% by 2050. See Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects (United Nations 2019) <www.population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  2. 2.

    Close to 90% of the increase is expected to take place in Asia and Africa: ibid.

  3. 3.

    In 2018, the rate of urbanization in the EU was 74%: ibid. For the purposes of the UN report, ‘Europe’ comprised all EU Member States as well as Iceland, Kosovo, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Republic of North Macedonia as of February 2019), the Russian Federation and the Ukraine. EU policy documents largely refer to UN reporting on this matter, supplementing it with its own data, including Mariana Kotzeva and others (eds), Urban Europe: Statistics on Cities, Towns and Suburbs (European Union 2016) <www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/7596823/KS-01-16-691-EN-N.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  4. 4.

    See Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ C326/47 (TFEU), art 4(2).

  5. 5.

    See in detail Michèle Finck, Subnational Authorities in EU Law (Oxford University Press 2017).

  6. 6.

    TFEU, art 4(2)(e) and (a) respectively.

  7. 7.

    TFEU, art 2.

  8. 8.

    The main EU policy documents related to mobility are: Commission, ‘Towards a New Culture for Urban Mobility’ (Green Paper) COM (2007) 55 final; Commission, ‘Action Plan on Urban Mobility’ COM (2009) 490 final; Commission, ‘Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System’ (White Paper) COM (2011) 144 final; Commission, ‘Together Towards Competitive and Resource-efficient Urban Mobility’ (Communication) COM (2013) 913 final.

  9. 9.

    Commission, ‘Towards an Urban Agenda in the European Union’ (Communication) COM (97) 197 final.

  10. 10.

    In 2017, there were 26 000 traffic-related deaths in the EU, 38% of which took place in urban areas (as compared to 67% of all road traffic accidents). Moreover, traffic accidents in urban areas tend to cause more serious injury than those outside of urban areas: European Commission, European Urban Mobility: Policy Context (European Union 2017) 9 <www.civitas.eu/sites/default/files/booklet_1_-_en.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  11. 11.

    In 2011, the cost of congestion was estimated at EUR 130 billion/year: COM (2011) 144 final.

  12. 12.

    The elderly are particularly dependent on mobility policies that provide for public transport: European Commission, Sustainable Urban Mobility: European Policy, Practice and Solutions (European Union 2017); see also Sofia Ranchordás, ‘Smart Mobility, Transport Poverty and the Right to Inclusive Mobility?’, in this volume.

  13. 13.

    TFEU, art 4(2)(g).

  14. 14.

    European Commission, ‘Mobility and Transport Mission Statement’ (European Commission) <www.ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/move-mission-statement.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  15. 15.

    Additional policy areas can easily be identified, for example, the internal market implications of the production and sale of transport modalities or the competition and state aid law implications of public transport contracts.

  16. 16.

    In this context, ‘technologically advanced’ refers to human activities that have developed since the Industrial Revolution. Naturally, technology can also have a mitigating effect on environmental impacts, but on the whole the most severe impacts are caused by relatively advanced technological activities.

  17. 17.

    TFEU, art 191(2).

  18. 18.

    See eg Cathy C Conrad and Krista G Hilchey, ‘A Review of Citizen Science and Community-based Environmental Monitoring: Issues and Opportunities’ [2011] Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 273.

  19. 19.

    See also Caroline Mullen, ‘Governing a Risky Relationship Between Sustainability and Smart Mobility’, in this volume.

  20. 20.

    ibid.

  21. 21.

    TFEU, art 11.

  22. 22.

    Unless we accept that the principle is autonomously normative, see in-depth André Nollkaemper, ‘Three Conceptions of the Integration Principle in International Environmental Law’ in Andrea Lenschow (ed), Environmental Policy Integration: Greening Sectoral Policies in Europe (Earthscan 2002).

  23. 23.

    See eg TFEU, arts 8, 9, 10 and 12.

  24. 24.

    COM (2007) 55 final 6ff.

  25. 25.

    See eg ibid 8.

  26. 26.

    ibid 9.

  27. 27.

    ibid.

  28. 28.

    COM (2009) 490 final 3.

  29. 29.

    Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2002] OJ C325/33, arts 70 and 80.

  30. 30.

    COM (2009) 490 final 3.

  31. 31.

    ibid.

  32. 32.

    ibid 9-10 (Action 18).

  33. 33.

    See eg Commission, ‘European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide’ (White Paper) COM (2001) 370 final and a mid-term review of the agenda: Commission, ‘Keep Europe Moving – Sustainable Mobility for Our Continent’ COM (2006) 314 final.

  34. 34.

    Commission, ‘A Sustainable Future for Transport: Towards an Integrated, Technology-led and User Friendly System’ (Communication) COM (2009) 279 final.

  35. 35.

    COM (2009) 490 final 2.

  36. 36.

    COM (2011) 144 final.

  37. 37.

    COM (2007) 55 final 20.

  38. 38.

    COM (2009) 490 final 7-8.

  39. 39.

    COM (2011) 144 final 9ff.

  40. 40.

    COM (97) 197 final 15.

  41. 41.

    ibid.

  42. 42.

    COM (2011) 144 final 10.

  43. 43.

    Available in full at: European Commission, ‘Urban Mobility Package’ (European Commission, 27 August 2020) <www.ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/clean-transport-urban-transport/urban-mobility/urban-mobility-package_en> accessed 27 August 2020.

  44. 44.

    COM (2013) 913 final.

  45. 45.

    Commission, ‘A Call to Action on Urban Logistics’ (Commission Staff Working Document) SWD (2013) 524 final.

  46. 46.

    Commission, ‘A Call for Smarter Urban Vehicle Access Regulations’ (Commission Staff Working Document) SWD (2013) 526 final.

  47. 47.

    Commission, ‘Targeted Action on Urban Road Safety’ (Commission Staff Working Document) SWD (2013) 525 final.

  48. 48.

    Commission, ‘Mobilising Intelligent Transport Systems for EU Cities’ (Commission Staff Working Document) SWD (2013) 527 final.

  49. 49.

    Ricardo JM Poppeliers and Andrea Ricci, ‘Review of the Action Plan on Urban Mobility’ (European Commission Report 2013) <www.ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/themes/urban/studies/doc/2013-07-review-of-the-action-plan-on-urban-mobility.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  50. 50.

    COM (2009) 279 final 3ff.

  51. 51.

    ibid 3.

  52. 52.

    ibid.

  53. 53.

    ibid 4.

  54. 54.

    See among others Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC [2009] OJ L140/16, art 3(4); Parliament and Council Directive 2009/30/EC of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC [2009] OJ L140/88; Parliament and Council Directive 2008/50/EC of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe [2008] OJ L152/1; Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) 715/2007 of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information [2007] OJ L171/1; Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) 443/2009 of 23 April 2009 setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community’s integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles [2009] OJ L140/1.

  55. 55.

    For example, car exhaust emissions contain, among other things, considerable levels of dioxins and furans, both of which are highly toxic: Qing Qing Li and others, ‘Persistent Organic Pollutants and Adverse Health Effects in Humans’ (2006) 69 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 1987, 1992. Pollutants such as these are slow to biodegrade and thus accumulate in soil and water. As a result, they enter the food chains of various plants and animals: ibid.

  56. 56.

    COM (2009) 279 final 2.

  57. 57.

    ibid 5.

  58. 58.

    Commission Communication on guidelines on state aid for environmental protection and energy [2014] OJ C200/1.

  59. 59.

    Commission Regulation (EU) 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty [2014] OJ L187/1, section 7.

  60. 60.

    COM (2009) 279 final 9.

  61. 61.

    See among others the Parliament and Council Directive (EU) 2018/844 of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency [2018] OJ L156/75.

  62. 62.

    For example, one study found that the construction of roads led to a habitat loss of around 8 % for grizzly bears, often around areas with important food sources; it was also found that the bear population became more vulnerable to hunting: Bruce N McLellan and David M Shackleton, ‘Grizzly Bears and Resource-extraction Industries: Effects of Roads on Behaviour, Habitat Use and Demography’ (1988) 25 Journal of Applied Ecology 451.

  63. 63.

    Tim Richardson and Ole B Jensen, ‘Discourses of Mobility and Polycentric Development: A Contested View of European Spatial Planning’ (2000) 8 European Planning Studies 503.

  64. 64.

    For example, the Scotland’s Towns Partnership and the Scottish Cities Alliance, representing different sizes of local governments in Scotland: see for further details (STP) <www.scotlandstowns.org> accessed 4 January 2020 and (scottishcitiesalliance) <www.scottishcities.org.uk/about-us/policies> accessed 4 January 2020. Some initiatives are regional or global, such as the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy: (Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy) <www.covenantofmayors.eu/en/> accessed 4 January 2020.

  65. 65.

    An impression of the difficulties in definition is provided by the Randstad monitor: Walter Manshanden and Olaf Koops, ‘Randstad Monitor 2016: De Top-20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio’s 1995-2016’ (10th edn, 2017) 17-19 <www.neo-observatory.nl/site/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/PDF-121.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  66. 66.

    See for example Jan G Lambooy, ‘Polynucleation and Economic Development: The Randstad’ (1998) 6 European Planning Studies 457.

  67. 67.

    Finck (n 5).

  68. 68.

    See in detail the ‘Wet personenvervoer 2000’ [People transport Act], wet van 6 juli 2000, Stb 2000, 314 <www.wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0011470/2019-06-16> accessed 4 January 2020.

  69. 69.

    See also ‘Over MRDH’ (Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag) <www.mrdh.nl/over-mrdh> accessed 4 January 2020.

  70. 70.

    More information available via (metropool regioamsterdam) <www.metropoolregioamsterdam.nl/about-mra> accessed 5 January 2020.

  71. 71.

    San Murugesan, ‘Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practice’ (2008) 10 IT Professional 24; Sunil Mithas, Jiban Khuntia and Prasanto K Roy, ‘Green Information Technology, Energy Efficiency, and Profits: Evidence from an Emerging Economy’ (Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems, ICIS 2010, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA, 12-15 December 2010) <www.pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0698/05bbc124e3ba6f16ff4d41be99531493322b.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  72. 72.

    Indeed, there is some evidence that experts in general prefer technology-based solutions, whereas the layperson prioritizes behavioral changes and public transport: Dimitrios Xenias and Lorraine Whitmarsh, ‘Dimensions and Determinants of Expert and Public Attitudes to Sustainable Transport Policies and Technologies’ (2013) 48 Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 75.

  73. 73.

    Eg Uber and Lyft.

  74. 74.

    Eg Cicero in Italy.

  75. 75.

    Eg Santander cycles, London; emmy scooters, Munich; Lime, Copenhagen; Voi, Copenhagen; Vélib, Paris.

  76. 76.

    See also in this volume Mullen (n 19).

  77. 77.

    Linda Steg and Gerard Tertoolen, ‘Sustainable Transport Policy: The Contribution from Behavioural Scientists’ (1999) 19 Public Money and Management 63; Raman Kazhamiakin and others, ‘Using Gamification to Incentivize Sustainable Urban Mobility’ (IEEE First International Smart Cities Conference, Guadalajara, 25-28 October 2015) <www.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/226064365.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  78. 78.

    See eg Greenwheels in the Netherlands or Enjoy in Italy: (greenwheels) <www.greenwheels.com/nl/nl-en/private> accessed 4 January 2020 and (enjoy) <www.enjoy.eni.com/en> accessed 4 January 2020. There are numerous other car sharing platforms in most other European countries.

  79. 79.

    Scarlett T Jin and others, ‘Ridesourcing, the Sharing Economy, and the Future of Cities’ (2018) 76 Cities 96.

  80. 80.

    T Donna Chen and Kara M Kockelman, ‘Carsharing’s Life-cycle Impacts on Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions’ (2015) 47 Transport Research Part D: Transport and Environment 276; Hans Nijland and Jordy van Meerkerk ‘Mobility and Environmental Impacts of Carsharing in the Netherlands’ (2017) 23 Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 1.

  81. 81.

    See eg Florian Drevs and others, ‘Crowding-in or Crowding out: An Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Subsidies on Individual Willingness-to-pay for Public Transportation’ (2014) 59 Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 250.

  82. 82.

    See eg Robert C Hampshire, ‘An Analysis of Bike Sharing Usage: Explaining Trip Generation and Attraction from Observed Demand’ (2011) <www.nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/An-Analysis-of-Bike-Sharing-Usage-Explaining-Trip-Generation-and-Attraction-from-Observed-Demand-Hampshire-et-al-12-2099.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020 and Stephen D Parkes and others, ‘Understanding the Diffusion of Public Bikesharing Systems: Evidence from Europe and North America’ (2014) 31 Journal of Transport Geography 94.

  83. 83.

    Paulus Teguh Aditjandra, Xinyu (Jason) Cao and Corinne Mulley, ‘Exploring Changes in Public Transport Use and Walking Following Residential Relocation: A British Case Study’ (2016) 9(3) Journal of Transport and Land Use 77.

  84. 84.

    See eg Ben Hamilton, ‘Electric Scooter Injuries in Copenhagen: Over a Hundred and Counting!’ The Copenhagen Post Online (Copenhagen, 5 August 2019) <www.cphpost.dk/news/electric-scooters-injuries-in-copenhagen-over-a-hundred-and-counting.html> accessed 4 January 2020; James Tapper, ‘Invasion of the Electric Scooter: Can Our Cities Cope?’ The Guardian (Copenhagen, 15 July 2019) <www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jul/15/invasion-electric-scooter-backlash> accessed 4 January 2020.

  85. 85.

    See European Commission, ‘Clean Transport, Urban Transport: Programmes and Projects’ (European Commission, 26 August 2020) <www.ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/programmes_projects_en> accessed 4 January 2020.

  86. 86.

    See European Commission, Sustainable Urban Mobility: European Policy, Practice and Solutions (n 12).

  87. 87.

    See in detail European Commission, ‘2020 Climate and Energy Package’ (European Commission) <www.ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en> accessed 4 January 2020.

  88. 88.

    See European Commission, ‘Smart Cities’ (European Commission) <https://ec.europa.eu/info/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en> accessed 4 January 2020.

  89. 89.

    Parliament and Council Decision 1639/2006/EC of 24 October 2006 establishing a Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (2007 to 2013) [2006] OJ L310/15. Results available at European Commission, ‘Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP)’ (European Commission, 3 September 2015) <www.ec.europa.eu/cip/> accessed 4 January 2020.

  90. 90.

    This program has since been replaced by COSME (Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises), running from 2014-2020 with a EUR 2.3 billion budget: Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) 1287/2013 of 11 December 2013 establishing a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises (COSME) (2014 - 2020) and repealing Decision No 1639/2006/EC [2013] OJ L347/33.

  91. 91.

    European Commission, ‘NODES’ (European Commission) <www.trimis.ec.europa.eu/project/new-tools-design-and-operation-urban-transport-interchanges> accessed 4 January 2020; European Commission, ‘CLOSER’ (European Commission) <www.trimis.ec.europa.eu/project/connecting-long-and-short-distance-networks-efficient-transport> accessed 4 January 2020; European Commission, ‘Superhub’ (European Commission) <www.ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/content/superhub-tailor-made-mobility> accessed 4 January 2020.

  92. 92.

    Available here: European Commission, ‘Register of Commission Expert Groups and Other Similar Entities’ (European Commission, 27 November 2015) <www.ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/index.cfm?do=groupDetail.groupDetail&groupID=2520> accessed 4 January 2020.

  93. 93.

    Parliament and Council Directive 2010/40/EU of 7 July 2010 on the framework for the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of transport [2010] OJ L207/1.

  94. 94.

    Commission, ‘Action Plan for the Deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in Europe’ (Communication) COM (2008) 886 final.

  95. 95.

    COM (2007) 55 final 20.

  96. 96.

    On the kinds of legal and social challenges posed by this technology that might require such a policy response, see eg Brishen Rogers, ‘The Social Costs of Uber’ (2015) 82 University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue 85; on the legal challenges posed by the gig economy more generally, see Jeremias Prassl, Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy (Oxford University Press 2018).

  97. 97.

    European Communication, ‘Better Regulation Principles’ (European Commission, 15 April 2019) <www.ec.europa.eu/commission/news/better-regulation-principles-2019-apr-15_en> accessed 4 January 2020; European Commission, Science for Environment Policy Future Brief: The Precautionary Principle: Decision-making Under Uncertainty (European Union 2017); for the precautionary principle itself, see TFEU, art 191.

  98. 98.

    European Commission, Science for Environment Policy Future Brief: The Precautionary Principle: Decision-making Under Uncertainty (n 97) 4.

  99. 99.

    See eg ‘Statement by the Group of Chief Scientific Advisors: A Scientific Perspective on the Regulatory Status of Products Derived from Gene Editing and the Implications for the GMO Directive’ (European Commission 2018) 6 <www.op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a9100d3c-4930-11e9-a8ed-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-94584603> accessed 4 January 2020: ‘There is danger that unless the EU improves the regulatory environment for products of gene-editing, it will be left behind in this field, which could also diminish EU influence on ongoing debates at the international level with respect to specific applications and regulatory processes.’

  100. 100.

    See eg the recent CJEU’s Mutagenesis ruling on neonicotinoids: Kathleen Garnett, ‘Hold Your Pipettes: The European Court of Justice’s Findings in Confédération Paysanne & Others Stirs GMOtions’ (2019) 28 Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law 349.

  101. 101.

    Andy Stirling, ‘Precaution in the Governance of Technology’ (2016) University of Sussex Science Policy Research Unit Working Paper Series SWPS 2016-14 <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2815579> accessed 4 January 2020.

  102. 102.

    See eg European Risk Forum, ‘The Innovation Principle – Letter to the Presidents of the European Commission, the Europe Council, and the European Parliament’ (2013) <www.riskforum.eu/uploads/2/5/7/1/25710097/erf_communication_12.pdf_innovation_principle.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020; René von Schomberg and Jonathan Hankings (eds), International Handbook on Responsible Innovation (Edward Elgar 2019).

  103. 103.

    See Mullen (n 19), on reflexive legislation. On adaptive legislation, see Lori S Bennear and Jonathan B Wiener, ‘Adaptive Regulation: Instrument Choice for Policy Learning Over Time’ (2019) Draft Working Paper <www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/mrcbg/files/Regulation%20-%20adaptive%20reg%20-%20Bennear%20Wiener%20on%20Adaptive%20Reg%20Instrum%20Choice%202019%2002%2012%20clean.pdf> accessed 4 January 2020.

  104. 104.

    Daniel H Cole, ‘Explaining the Persistence of ‘Command-and-control’ in US Environmental Law’ in Kenneth R Richards and Josephine van Zeben (eds), Policy Instruments in Environmental Law (Edward Elgar 2020) (forthcoming).

  105. 105.

    See generally Veerle Heyvaert, Transnational Environmental Regulation and Governance: Purpose, Strategies and Principles (Cambridge University Press 2018).

  106. 106.

    See eg Richard Sclove, Democracy and Technology (Guilford Press 1995).

  107. 107.

    Albert Meijer and Manuel P Rodriguez Bolivar, ‘Governing the Smart City: A Review of the Literature on Smart Urban Governance’ (2016) 82 International Review of Administrative Sciences 392, 396.

  108. 108.

    While very important in many respects, the distinction between smart UM policy and ‘general’ UM policy has proven to have limited relevance with respect to the interaction with environmental policy.

  109. 109.

    Meijer and Rodriguez Bolivar (n 107).

  110. 110.

    See eg European Commission, European Urban Mobility: Policy Context (n 10) 16-19 and section 3.

  111. 111.

    See Julian Nowag, ‘Article 11 TFEU and Environmental Rights’ in Sanja Bogojević and Rosemary Rayfuse (eds), Environmental Rights in Europe and Beyond (Hart Publishing 2018) 13. See also Case C189/01 H Jippes v Minister van Landbrouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij [2001] ECR I-5689.

  112. 112.

    Case C161/04 Republic of Austria v European Parliament and Council [2006] ECR I-7209, Opinion of AG Geelhoed, para 59.

  113. 113.

    This is easily justified with reference to the democratic process, according to which elected representatives are to decide between conflicting policy aims rather than courts. At the same time, we see courts playing an increasingly important role in environmental protection, for example in HR 20 December 2019, NL:HR:2019:2006 (Nederlanden/Urgenda).

  114. 114.

    Andrew Jordan and Andrea Lenschow, ‘Environmental Policy Integration: a State of the Art Review’ (2010) 20 Environmental Policy and Governance 147; Kati Kulovesi, Elisa Morgera and Miquel Muñoz, ‘Environmental Integration and Multi-Faceted International Dimensions of EU Law: Unpacking the EU’s 2009 Climate and Energy Package’ (2011) 48 CML Rev 829; Jeroen JL Candel and Robbert Biesbroek, ‘Toward a Processual Understanding of Policy Integration’ (2016) 49 Policy Sciences 211.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Law Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Josephine van Zeben

Authors
  1. Josephine van Zeben
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Josephine van Zeben .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. MPI for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany

    Michèle Finck , Matthias Lamping , Valentina Moscon  & Heiko Richter , ,  & 

Additional information

I would like to thank Joshua Pike for his excellent editorial support. Josephine van Zeben is Professor and Chair of the Law Group at Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

van Zeben, J. (2020). Environmental Implications of the EU’s Urban Mobility Agenda. In: Finck, M., Lamping, M., Moscon, V., Richter, H. (eds) Smart Urban Mobility. MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, vol 29. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61920-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61920-9_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-61919-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-61920-9

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation