Abstract
Along with the state-of-the-art lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries approaching their limitation in specific energy density, “beyond Li-ion” battery technologies have become alternative energy storage solutions due to their higher specific energy density. Among them, rechargeable lithium metal battery (LMB) has been considered as one of the most promising battery technologies that promises a great increase in energy density. Among the known anode materials, the Li metal has some unique and attractive features, such as an ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh g−1), a lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.04 vs SHE), and a low gravimetric density (0.534 g cm−1). Therefore, Li metal has rendered as a potential ultimate anode material in rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, a combination of Li metal with oxygen (O2) or sulfur (S) cathodes brings more viable options for the next-generation high-energy rechargeable batteries (3,505 Wh kg−1 for Li-O2, 2,600 Wh kg−1 for Li-S batteries) with a great reduction in battery cost due to the high abundance and broad distribution of O2 and S sources. However, the use of Li metal anode in LMBs still causes some critical issues, including the well-known Li dendritic growth, uncontrolled interfacial reactions with electrolytes, and large volumetric change during Li plating/stripping process. The “short circuit” of the battery by dendrite formation and the continuous depletion of electrolytes/active bulk lithium have been significantly challenging the practical application of rechargeable LMBs. In this chapter, we will discuss the fundamental challenges for both Li anode and cathodes and the proposed strategies for rechargeable LMBs. A perspective on the future research direction is also presented to initiate more helpful thoughts and promote to solve the critical issues in this research field.
Author Contribution: Dr. H. Pan designed the manuscript. Dr. B. Liu and Dr. H. Pan wrote the manuscript together. The authors further acknowledge that there is no financial relationship with the editors or publisher and have contributed original work in this chapter, other than what was acknowledged or appropriately cited with copyright permission.
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Acknowledgments
This work is partially supported by US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, under Award KC020105-FWP12152 for the design and execution of experiments, and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) program of the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions of the reviewers, which have improved the presentation.
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Liu, B., Pan, H. (2019). Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. In: Zhen, Q., Bashir, S., Liu, J. (eds) Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Energy Storage and Conversion. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58675-4_4
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