Merger Control

Frenz, Walter

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_9

Walter Frenz²

2767 Accesses
1 Citations

Abstract

The Treaties contain no independent provisions regarding merger control. It may indeed be the case that a merger may be prohibited on the basis of Art. 101, 102 TFEU, however these provisions do not enable merger control on a systematic basis. This basis is given by the EC Merger Regulation which is further developed by the ECJ, so about conglomerate concentrations, market-related uniform behaviour and rescue mergers. The procedure is influenced by the fundamental rights, also the compensation of damages.

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Notes

1.
Immenga and Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Einführung FKVO para 14.
2.
See below paras 3227 et seq.
3.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 paras 1 et seq.
4.
Monopolies Commission, Special Report 17—Proposal for European merger control, 1989, p. 18.
5.
Dated 21 December 1989, OJ L 395, p. 1. Its entire text was re-published in corrected form due to a series of errors contained in the separate language versions of the Regulation, OJ 1990 L 257, p. 13.
6.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 1.
7.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (“EC Merger Regulation”), OJ L 24, p. 1.
8.
For a detailed discussion, see Berg (2004a), 561 et seq.; Staebe and Denzel (2004), 194 et seq. as well as comprehensive treatment in Farbmann (2005), p. 37 et seq.
9.
Frenz (2011), para 4731.
10.
Comprehensive discussion, Nowak (2009), 132 et seq.; Frenz (2011), para 3340.
11.
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ L 133, p. 1, last amended by Commission Regulation (EU) No. 519/2013 of 21 February 2013 adapting certain regulations and decisions in the fields of free movement of goods, freedom of movement for persons, right of establishment and freedom to provide services, company law, competition policy, agriculture, food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy, fisheries, transport policy, energy, taxation, statistics, social policy and employment, environment, customs union, external relations, and foreign, security and defence policy, by reason of the accession of Croatia, OJ L 158, p. 74.
12.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 879.
13.
At the outset, Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 911; see also Simon, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 1 FKVO para 3; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 21 FKVO para 18; see for further discussion below, paras 4031 et seq.
14.
On this topic and the provisions of the EEA Agreement of 1 January 1994, Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), paras 923 et seq.
15.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 1 FKVO para 10.
16.
Further discussion in Schmidt and Simon (2013), 213 et seq.
17.
In the context of the ECMR, see Art. 10 (1), Art. 14 (1) alt. a).
18.
Schmidt and Simon (2013), 215 et seq.
19.
See Commission Decision 2002/792/EC, OJ 2002 L 276, p. 31—BP/E.ON; 2003/26/EC, OJ 2003 L 15, p. 35—Shell/DEA.
20.
Schmidt and Simon (2013), 218.
21.
Comprehensive discussion in Silva Morais (2013), p. 172 et seq. and p. 184 et seq. with a self-developed model.
22.
See above paras 855 et seq.
23.
Silva Morais (2013), p. 192.
24.
See above paras 2304 et seq.
25.
See above paras 2314 et seq.
26.
4th Recital to the ECMR.
27.
Correctly critical of the productive efficiency of large undertaking emphasised in particular by the Chicago School of Antitrust, Drexl (1998), p. 136 et seq.; similarly critical in this regard, Leistner (2007), p. 36 et seq. In the event the greater efficiency in production should in fact be the case, the question presents itself of whether these benefits are absorbed by the undertakings themselves without consumers seeing any advantage.
28.
5th Recital to the ECMR.
29.
ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22—Continental Can.
30.
ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (para 24)—Continental Can.
31.
Discussing the corresponding focus of merger control, Roth (2008), 715.
32.
ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (paras 26 et seq.)—Continental Can.
33.
Simon, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Einfühung FKVO paras 33 et seq.
34.
Drexl (2009), p. 917, 957.
35.
For a more detailed discussion, see Fuchs and Möschel, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 102 AEUV para 390 end; see Mestmäcker (1988), 351.
36.
ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490 (para 37)—BAT and Reynolds. See also Rodger and MacCulloch (2015), p. 278.
37.
ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490 (paras 38 et seq.)—BAT and Reynolds.
38.
ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490 (para 38)—BAT and Reynolds.
39.
See, e.g. Basedow (2003) 47.
40.
Regarding this issue, see e.g. Mestmäcker (1988), 359 et seq.; Steindorff (1988), 57 et seq.
41.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO paras 4 et seq.
42.
See above paras 1848 et seq.
43.
Statements from the Commission and Council with regard to the interpretation of Art. 22 ECMR (prior version) to the Council’s minutes of 19 November 1989, WuW 1990, 240 et seq., issued in advance in 1989 upon the adoption of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 of 21 December 1989; however, to such an extent the new ECMR did not include any changes, see its Art. 21 (1); regarding the narrow scope of this provision, see Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Einführung FKVO paras 50 et seq.
44.
ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (para 25)—Continental Can.
45.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 889.
46.
Regarding the issue of making a distinction, Staebe (2003), 250 et seq.
47.
Monopolies Commission, Special Report 17—Proposal for European merger control, 1989, p. 27.
48.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Einführung FKVO para 35.
49.
Hoeg (2014), p. 29.
50.
Seventh Recital of the ECMR, also referring to concentrations in markets for agricultural products; for further discussion, see Simon, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Einführung FKVO para 17. Regarding restrictions for the flexibility clause in Art. 352 TFEU, German Federal Constitutional Court 123, 267 (paras 327 et seq.)—Lisbon as well as more open interpretation, Frenz (2010), paras 304 et seq.
51.
Graham (2013), p. 478 et seq.
52.
Price increases, for example.
53.
See Gore et al. (2013), p. 504 et seq.
54.
Commission Decision of 11 March 2008, M.4731.
55.
On this issue, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 946.
56.
Immenga (2013), 762.
57.
Detailed discussion of the prior version, Staudenmayer (2002).
58.
Cf. Twenty-fifth Recital to the ECMR; Staebe and Denzel (2004), 199.
59.
Kuhn (2007), p. 32; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 1 FKVO para 9; Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 902.
60.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 943 et seq.
61.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 51).
62.
However, this does not apply universally, see below paras 4202 et seq., 4378 et seq.
63.
Recital 22 to the ECMR.
64.
See above paras 643 et seq., especially in relation to health insurance providers.
65.
ECJ, Case C-244/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:392 (para 21)—Fédération française des sociétés d’assurance.
66.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 958 citing ECJ, Case 155/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:40—Sacchi.
67.
ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (para 46)—Wouters with additional citations of case law; see also Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 10).
68.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 8; on the broad interpretation of the definition of an undertaking, likewise Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 956 et seq.
69.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 8.
70.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 239 citing General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64—Cementbouw.
71.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 9.
72.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 5.
73.
Similarly, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 152 in conjunction with para 147): Case-by-case analysis of who the actual acting parties are.
74.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 9 end.
75.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 7).
76.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 28); detailed discussion of this issue Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 984 et seq.
77.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 80).
78.
Similar, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 34.
79.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 944.
80.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 16.
81.
Detailed discussion, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 994 et seq.
82.
See, e.g. regarding strategy, Commission Decision 2003/754/EC, OJ 2003 L 282, p. 1 (para 14)—Haniel; Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 27.
83.
Commission Decision of 29 July 2003, M.3198 (para 8)—VW Audi/VW Audi-Vertriebszentren.
84.
See, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 83); on the topic as a whole, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1067.
85.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 83).
86.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 28) with additional citations from Commission decisional practice.
87.
See Commission Decision of 30 April 2003, M.2903—DaimlerChrysler/Deutsche Telekom/JV, in which a period of concentration of twelve years for the joint venture Toll Collect was deemed to be sufficient.
88.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 948.
89.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 18.
90.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 16; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 21; Riesenkampff and Lehr, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 15.
91.
Immenga, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (1997), Art. 3 FKVO para 20.
92.
Schmidt (1991), 445 et seq.; Paschke and Reuter (1994), 395 et seq.
93.
Riesenkampff and Lehr, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 16.
94.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 16.
95.
Commission Decision of 7 December 1995, M.660 (paras 5 et seq.)—RTZ/CTA.
96.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 9 et seq.).
97.
Accordingly in doubt, Cook and Kerse (2009), p. 35 et seq.; further discussion, see Stockenhuber (1995), p. 153 et seq.
98.
See, e.g. Wessely and Wegner, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 17.
99.
Noting this, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 24; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 18.
100.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 7.
101.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 19; Commission Decision of 26 July 2000, M.1806—AstraZeneca/Novartis; of 26 January 2001, M.2208—Chevron/Texaco.
102.
Commission Decision 2003/790/EC, OJ 2003 L 300, p. 1 (para 3)—MCI WorldCom/Sprint.
103.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 19.
104.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 12.
105.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 12 end.
106.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 948.
107.
This comprises the material difference compared to a legal merger, Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 13.
108.
See only Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 16.
109.
Commission Decision of 20 May 1998, M.1016 (paras 6 et seq.)—Price Waterhouse/Coopers & Lybrand.
110.
Commission Decision of 22 July 1998, M.1204—Daimler-Benz/Chrysler.
111.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 10).
112.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 10); see above para 3268 with additional citations.
113.
M.660—RTZ/CRA.
114.
Commission Decision of 7 December 1995, M.660 (para 8)—RTZ/CRA.
115.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 950 citing Commission Decision of 07 December 1995, M.660 (paras 5 et seq.)—RTZ/CTA.
116.
See Commission Decision of 21 November 1990, M.18 (para 2)—AG/Ameer.
117.
Commission Decision of 7 November 1990, M.4 (paras 5 et seq.)—Renault/Volvo.
118.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 24.
119.
For example in the AG/Ameer und Renault/Volvo cases referred to above.
120.
Staudenmayer (2002), p. 96 et seq.
121.
Regarding the purchase of options, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1038 et seq. as well as paras 3305 end, 3314.
122.
See below para 3305.
123.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 13; Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 16).
124.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 16); Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 16.
125.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 33.
126.
General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (para 58)—Cementbouw.
127.
See, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 1998 C 66, p. 5 (para 36) and Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 31 in favour of common control.
128.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 17 June 2009, M.5469 (paras 4 et seq.)—Renova Industries/Sulzer; further discussion below, para 3301.
129.
See, e.g. Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 34; see also Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 32.
130.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 34.
131.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 34 end.
132.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 32.
133.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 16).
134.
Using this as a starting point, Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 34; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 107.
135.
See Commission Decision of 28 June 2004, M.3446 (para 8)—UNIQA/Mannheimer.
136.
See, e.g. Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 35.
137.
Detailed discussion, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 969 emphasizing core rights such as selecting company management or financial planning.
138.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 16).
139.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 17.
140.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1044.
141.
Ulshöfer (2003), p. 55.
142.
In favour of identity, Krimphove (1992), p. 49.
143.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 24) citing as an example Commission Decision of 22 December 2005, M.3867—Vattenfall/Elsam and E2 Assets.
144.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 54 end.
145.
Commission Decision of 13 September 1991, M.130 (para 3)—Delta/Pan Am; Karl (1996), p. 204.
146.
See Commission Decision 98/663/EC, OJ 1998 L 316, p. 1 (paras 13 et seq.) –Blokker/Toys R Us.
147.
See Commission Decision of 12 January 2001, M.2060 (paras 10 et seq.)—Bosch/Rexroth.
148.
On the topic as a whole, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1050 et seq., citing Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 25 et seq.).
149.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 27).
150.
Karl (1996), p. 206.
151.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 56 end.
152.
Wessely and Wegner, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 56.
153.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 14.
154.
See Commission Decision of 20 December 1993, M.391—BAI/Banca Populare di Lecco.
155.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 16, likewise with regard to the following.
156.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 57, 59).
157.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1000 et seq. with additional citations based on decisional practice.
158.
Commission Decision of 19 December 1991, M.159—Mediobanca/Generali.
159.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 44 with additional citations.
160.
ECJ, Case C-112/05, ECLI:EU:C:2007:623 (para 46)—Commission/Germany; Case C-543/08, ECLI:EU:C:2010:669 (paras 69 et seq.)—Commission/Portugal III; regarding the VW ruling of 22 October 2013, Frenz (2013b).
161.
Commission Decision of 14 April 1992, M.192—Banesto/Totta.
162.
Commission Decision of 17 June 2009, M.5469 (paras 4 et seq.)—Renova Industries/Sulzer; Commission Decision of 10 December 1990, M.25—Arjomari/Wiggens Teape; see also Commission Decision of 10 June 2009, M.4994 (paras 17 et seq.)—Electrabel/Compagnie Nationale du Rhône; regarding a minority shareholding interest, Hirsbrunner (2010), 727 et seq. with additional examples.
163.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.90; Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 26.
164.
General Court, Case T-2/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:55 (para 71)—Air France II referring to the absence of an intent to exercise.
165.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 46; citing Commission Decision of 28 April 1994, M.400 (para 7)—Allied Lyons; of 6 May 1994, M.440 (para 9)—GE/ENJ/Nuovo Pignone II.
166.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 48 citing Immenga (1996), p. 981 et seq.
167.
Karl (1996), p. 182.
168.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 18) citing Commission Decision of 20 July 2005, M.3858—Lehman Brothers/SCG/Starwood/Le Meridien and Commission Decision of 11 February 2002, M.2632—Deutsche Bahn/ECT International/United Depots/JV.
169.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 27.
170.
Pohlmann (1999), p. 138 et seq.
171.
Pohlmann (1999), p. 154 et seq. with additional citations.
172.
Ulshöfer (2003), p. 75; rejected the acquisition of control by contrast in the case of pure profit transfer agreements, Karl (1996), p. 210.
173.
Krimphove (1992), p. 258; Stockenhuber (1995), p. 129 et seq.
174.
Staudenmayer (2002), p. 95.
175.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 52 end.
176.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 51.
177.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 18).
178.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 50.
179.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 18) citing Commission Decision of 20 July 2005, M.3858—Lehman Brothers/SCG/Starwood/Le Meridien; further discussion, immediately below at para 3319.
180.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 66) citing Commission Decision of 30 July 1991, M.62—Eridania/ISI.
181.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 54, 58).
182.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 82; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 79.
183.
Contrary opinion Commission Decision of 27 April 1992, M.207 (paras 10 et seq.)—EUREKO; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 36 with additional examples.
184.
See Commission Decision of 3 June 1991, M.92 (paras 4 et seq.)—RVI/VBC/Heuliez; see by contrast a mere franchise arrangement, Commission Decision of 9 July 1997, M.940—UBS/Mister Minit as well as Commission Decision of 27 March 1996, M.697 (paras 6 et seq.)—Lockheed Martin/Loral Corporation citing Commission Decision of 25 September 1992, M.258 (paras 11 et seq.)—CCIE/GTE stating however that the contractual commitment was limited to ten years and was not intended to be permanent.
185.
In relation to corporate-based options for exercising influence, Pohlmann (1999), p. 166 et seq.; Ulshöfer (2003), p. 76; on an isolated basis as well, Karl (1996), p. 222; here by contrast, Deimel (1992), p. 114; Niemeyer (1991), p. 15.
186.
Karl (1996), p. 226.
187.
See above para 3305.
188.
On this issue as well as the preceding topic, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 20).
189.
Karl (1996), p. 227.
190.
Commission Decision of 7 November 1990, M.4 (para 6)—Renault/Volvo.
191.
See Commission Decision of 3 June 1999, M.1362 (paras 6 et seq.)—BayWA AG/RWA; of 20 December 1999, M.1790 (paras 6 et seq.)—Deutsche Bank/BHS/Pago.
192.
Viewing this as an exemplary case, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 64); Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1013.
193.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.89 citing Commission Decision of 23 July 2012, M.5979—KGHM/Tauron Wytwarzanie/JV.
194.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 57).
195.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 86 citing Commission Decision of 23 July 2008, M.5250 (para 9)—Porsche/Volkswagen.
196.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 120.
197.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 17).
198.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 62 et seq.)
199.
Commission Decision 2003/754/EC, OJ 2003 L 282, p. 1 (para 14)—Haniel; Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 63).
200.
See also for further discussion, Commission Decision of 04 July 1998, M.1146 (paras 10 et seq.)—SHV Energy/Thyssen Klöckner Recycling.
201.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1019 et seq.
202.
Commission Decision of 24 February 1993, M.304 (para 4)—VWAG (Volkswagen)/VAG UK; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 92.
203.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 69).
204.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 paras 32 end, 34.
205.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 80).
206.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 30 et seq.).
207.
See, e.g. Pohlmann (1999), p. 185 et seq. with additional citations.
208.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 82); See Commission Decision of 11 August 1997, M.925 (paras 7 et seq.)—Krupp-Hoesch/Thyssen.
209.
Commission Decision 96/346/EC, OJ 1996 L 134, p. 32 (paras 10 et seq.)—RTL/Veronica/Endemol II; see also General Court, Case T-221/95, ECLI:EU:T:1999:85 (paras 159 et seq.)—Endemol.
210.
However, this fundamentally represents sole control (see, e.g. Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 49), unless there is a reciprocal interrelationship of voting rights, etc. which does not enable any of the participants to exercise sole control.
211.
General Court, Case T-2/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:55 (paras 7, 65)—Air France II.
212.
General Court, Case T-2/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:55 (para 65)—Air France II.
213.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 62 et seq.); see Commission Decision of 19 July 1993, M.334 (paras 5 et seq.)—Costa Crociere/Chargeurs/Accor; detailed discussion of the topic as a whole, Ulshöfer (2003), p. 66 et seq.
214.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 74); Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 33.
215.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 70. For further discussion, see Böge (2004a), 139 et seq.
216.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1085.
217.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 72.
218.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1082.
219.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 37).
220.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 71, Art. 5 FKVO para 47.
221.
Further discussion of this problem, Staudenmayer (2002), p. 152 et seq., 160 et seq.
222.
General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (paras 104 et seq., 154 et seq.)—Cementbouw; further discussion on the topic of whether there are associated transactions, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 38 et seq.); Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1081 et seq.
223.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 38 et seq.).
224.
Commission Decision of 27 August 2002, M.2824—Ernest & Young/Andersen Germany.
225.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 72 end, 74.
226.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 45; further discussion, see General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (paras 104 et seq.)—Cementbouw.
227.
However, not meaning a stricter legal rule so that Art. 3 ECMR also remains open in practice, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 45 end.
228.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 44).
229.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 44).
230.
Cf. Commission Decision of 27 July 2000, M.2008 (para 9)—AOM/Air Liberté/Air Littoral.
231.
On this issue, see Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1095 et seq.
232.
Commission Decision of 16 September 2002, M.2926 (para 8)—EQT/H&R/Dragoco.
233.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 74.
234.
See General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (paras 125 et seq.)—Cementbouw.
235.
On the topic as a whole see, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 43 et seq.); Wiedemann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 5 para 44.
236.
Commission Decision of 27 March 2007, M.4346—NTN/SNR.
237.
Commission Decision of 27 March 2007, M.4346 (para 7)—NTN/SNR; further discussion of this topic, Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1092.
238.
General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (para 133)—Cementbouw.
239.
See Commission Decision of 29 July 2003, M.3198 (paras 8 et seq.)—VW Audi/VW Audi-Vertriebszentren.
240.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 42); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 76 citing Commission Decision of 26 January 2006, M.4028—Flaga/Progas/JV.
241.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 35.
242.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 34).
243.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 47); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 76.
244.
Cf. regarding various scenarios conceivable upon the formation of a joint venture, von Brevern (2012), 225 et seq.
245.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 para 124 relying on the not-yet superseded in this regard Commission notice on the concept of full-function joint ventures under Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 1998 C 66, p. 1 (para 3).
246.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 37.
247.
Lindemann, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 186; see also Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 20.
248.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 251.
249.
See, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 61.
250.
On this topic and the foregoing, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 348.
251.
However in the interim, the revision to the 1997 Merger Regulation, Council Regulation (EC) No. 1310/97 of 30 June 1997 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ L 180, p. 1, amended by OJ 1998 L 40, p. 17, has gone into effect. It remained unchanged by Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 to such an extent.
252.
Silva Morais (2013), p. 146; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 21.
253.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 240 discussing Commission Decision of 3 October 2008, M.5241—American Express/Fortis/Alpha Card.
254.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 109).
255.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 125.
256.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 107).
257.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 106).
258.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO paras 138 et seq. including the following topic as well.
259.
Commission Decision of 24 October 1997, M.994 (paras 9 et seq.)—Du Pont/Hitachi.
260.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 94).
261.
Commission Decision of 14 January 1992, M.152 (para 7)—Voltro/Atlan.
262.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 127 citing Radicati di Brozolo and Gustafsson (2003), 574.
263.
See Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 127, who, like Radicati di Brozolo and Gustafsson (2003), 577 et seq., would much rather dispense with the full-function criterion.
264.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 91).
265.
To such an extent, see also Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 127; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 99 end.
266.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 94) with additional citations from decisional practice, for example Commission Decision of 7 October 1996, M.791—British Gas Trading/Group 4 Utility Services.
267.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 2-036.
268.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.131.
269.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 94).
270.
Further discussion, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 91 et seq.).
271.
See Silva Morais (2013), p. 146.
272.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 142.
273.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 2-037.
274.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 93).
275.
Commenting on the various approaches, Karl (1996), p. 275 et seq.
276.
Wessely and Wegner, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 108.
277.
In particular Mestmäcker (1984), p. 447 et seq.
278.
See Commission Decision of 6 November 1995, M.544—Unisource/Telefónica.
279.
Karl (1996), p. 265.
280.
See Gerwing (1994), p. 39, who wants to replace the criterion of an independent planning unit, however such that it is merely one element among many.
281.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 98 et seq.).
282.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 100); see also Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 22.
283.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.135 citing Commission Decision of 4 April 2012, M.6439—Agrana/RWA/JV; Commission Decision of 4 July 2012, M.6503—La Poste/Swiss Post/JV.
284.
Commission Decision of 19 July 1995, M.490 (para 38)—Nordic Satellite Distribution; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 24.
285.
Commission Decision of 23 December 1997, M.1014 (para 19)—BASF/Shell II; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 137.
286.
Providing an example based on a joint venture formed for purposes of managing real estate owned by the parent companies, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 96).
287.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.136 citing Commission Decision of 16 May 2012, M.6477—BP/Chevron/Eni/Sonangol/Total/JV.
288.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 101 et seq.); Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 25.
289.
General Court, Case T-87/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:37 (para 73)—Assicurazioni Generali and Unicredito.
290.
See below paras 3546 et seq.
291.
See General Court, Case T-87/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:37 (paras 73 et seq.)—Assicurazioni Generali and Unicredito.
292.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 96 end) and, for example, Commission Decision of 23 January 2004, M.3325—Morgan Stanley/Glick/Canary Warf; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 130 using relationship to the market as a starting point.
293.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 95, 102); Commission Decision of 13 September 1993, M.353 (paras 6 et seq.)—British Telecom/MC3; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 143.
294.
Regarding both examples, see Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO paras 24 et seq. as well as with regard to buying and selling relationships in particular, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 97).
295.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 95).
296.
See e.g. General Court, Case T-87/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:37 (paras 76 et seq.)—Assicurazioni Generali and Unicredito.
297.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 97).
298.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 2-038.
299.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 2-038 citing Commission Decision of 02 April 1997, IV.M904—RSB/Tenex/Fuel Logistic.
300.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 2-036.
301.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 27.
302.
Commission Decision of 14 January 1992, M.152 (paras 8 et seq.)—Volvo/Atlas.
303.
Commission Decision of 27 November 1992, M.259 (para 10)—British Airways/TAT; critical view however, Karl (1996), p. 284.
304.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 103) citing Commission Decision of 30 April 2003, M.2903—DaimlerChrysler/Deutsche Telekom/JV; of 11 February 2002, M.2632—Deutsche Bahn/ECT International/United Depots/JV; of 20 July 2005, M.3858—Lehman Brothers/SCG/Starwood/Le Meridien.
305.
Further discussion, Kuhn (2007), p. 234; see also below paras 3366 et seq.
306.
See below paras 3375 et seq.
307.
See Commission Decision of 28 September 1992, M.256—Linde/Fiat.
308.
Commission Decision 2003/79/EC, OJ 2003 L 29, p. 40 (paras 84 et seq.)—De Beers/LVMH; further discussion in Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 paras 65 et seq.
309.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 614, 616 with additional citations.
310.
Advocating this method and discussing in greater detail, Karl (1996), p. 343 et seq.; see also, e.g. Meessen (1993), 907 et seq.; Pathak (1991), 183 as well as Venit (1991), 31.
311.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 617.
312.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2304 et seq., 3227 et seq.
313.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 68, 75.
314.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 615.
315.
In general, in more detail: see below paras 3521 et seq.; in this context, see Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 71 likewise with regard to other attempted interpretations in this context.
316.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 3 February 1992, M.179 (para 8)—Spar/Dansk Supermarket; from the literature. Pohlmann (2003), 474.
317.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 613.
318.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 91 fn. 84); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 613 end.
319.
See above paras 3361 et seq.
320.
On this topic and the foregoing, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 338.
321.
Expressing this, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 86.
322.
Taking this position, Ahlborn and Turner (1998), 257 et seq., likewise in favour of increased importance in conformance with the emphasis of Art. 2 (5) ECMR, critical also Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 82.
323.
In favour, Karl (1996), p. 48.
324.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 90.
325.
See above paras 3364 et seq.
326.
See above paras 3334 et seq.
327.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 104).
328.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 79.
329.
See the Fifth Recital to Council Regulation (EC) No. 1310/97, which included the application of the prohibition of cartels based on this reasoning, whereas structural effects were intended to be addressed exclusively via merger control.
330.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 84.
331.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.44, OJ 2000 C 153, p. 8—Hitachi/NEC-DRAM/JV.
332.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 344.
333.
Notice concerning the joint ventures 1994, para 18, sixth indent; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 620.
334.
Further discussion, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 344 noting that the practice of the Commission as to what are “linked markets” is difficult to assess.
335.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 620 citing Commission Decision COMP/JV.25, OJ 2000 C 116, p. 4 (para 31)—Sony/Time Warner/CDnow.
336.
Notice concerning the joint ventures 1994, para 18, seventh indent.
337.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.39, OJ 2000 C 125, p. 10—Bertelsmann/Planeta/NEB.
338.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.44, OJ 2000 L 153, p. 8 (para 33)—Hitachi/NEC-DRAM/JV; additional aspects and citations, see Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 272.
339.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 282, likewise with regard to the following.
340.
Commission Decision of 30 March 1999, IV/JV.15 (paras 167 et seq.)—BT/AT & T, see Commission press release, IP/99/209 of 30 March 1999.
341.
Commission Decision of 5 December 2001, M.2524 (paras 29 et seq.)—Hydro/SQM/Rotem/JV.
342.
Commission Decision of 3 December 1998, M.1327 (paras 35 et seq.)—NC/Canal+/CDPQ/Bank America; contrary however to the likely prevailing line of the Commission, see e.g. Commission Decision of 30 March 1999, IV/JV.15 (para 186)—BT/AT & T, see Commission press release, IP/99/209 of 30 March 1999.
343.
Pohlmann (2003), 488; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 282.
344.
Commission Decision of 3 December 1998, M.1327 (paras 22 et seq.)—NC/Canal+/CDPQ/Bank America; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 281; critical Schroeder (2004), 904.
345.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 279 citing Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 1724 fn. 2126.
346.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 86 with additional citations from the Commission’s decisional practice.
347.
Commission Decision of 28 June 1991, M.101 (paras 10 et seq.)—Dräger/IBM/HMP; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 273 with additional citations.
348.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 273; Kuhn (2007), p. 51.
349.
Mälzer (1992), 714.
350.
Commission Decision of 23 October 1991, M.86 (para 11)—Thomson/Pilkington.
351.
Commission Decision of 14 April 1993, M.318 (para 13)—Thomson/Short.
352.
Commission Decision of 12 February 1992, M.180 (para 9)—Tarmac/Steetley.
353.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 275 contra Mälzer (1992), 714 et seq. as well as supra para 274 on the previous topic.
354.
Commission Decision of 9 August 2005, M.3856 (para 17)—Boeing/Lockheed Martin/United Launch Alliance JV; Commission Decision IV/JV.11, OJ 1999 C 178, p. 17 (para 29)—@ Home Benelux BV; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 280.
355.
Regarding a five-year non-competition agreement, Commission Decision of 28 April 1992, M.188 (paras 8 et seq.)—Herba/IRR; see also Commission Decision of 23 October 1996, M.827 (para 22)—DBKOM.
356.
See above para 3388.
357.
ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 36 et seq.)—Expedia.
358.
Ritter (2003), p. 966.
359.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 283.
360.
Pohlmann, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 81 EG para 384; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 284; Wiedemann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 16 para 147.
361.
In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO paras 630 et seq.
362.
Venit (1999), 480.
363.
Citing this aspect, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 79 end.
364.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 631.
365.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 349.
366.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 88 with additional citations from decisional practice.
367.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 350.
368.
Commission Decision IV/JV.22, OJ 1999 L 318, p. 15 (paras 62 et seq.)—Fujitsu/Siemens.
369.
Commission Decision of 28 April 2005, M.3680 (paras 114 et seq.)—Alcatel.
370.
Commission Decision IV/JV.22, OJ 1999 L 318, p. 15 (para 64)—Fujitsu/Siemens.
371.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 288.
372.
See Kindler (1995), 325 as well as, for further discussion, Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1735 et seq.; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 293.
373.
Similarly, Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 293.
374.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 293 as well as para 3602.
375.
Commission Decision IV/JV.22, OJ 1999 L 318, p. 15 (para 63)—Fujitsu/Siemens.
376.
Commission Decision M.1834, OJ 2000 L 153, p. 8 (para 39)—Hitachi/NEC-DRAM/JV.
377.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.36, OJ 2000 L 49, p. 4 (para 47)—TXU Europe/EDF-London Investments; Commission Decision IV/JV.16, OJ 1999 C 186, p. 8 (para 26)—Bertelsmann/VIAG/Game Channel.
378.
Commission Decision of 9 August 2005, M.3856 (para 26)—Boeing/Lockheed Martin/United Launch Alliance JV. Additional aspects, see Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO paras 289 et seq.
379.
Commission Decision IV/JV.22, OJ 1999 L 318, p. 15 (para 57)—Fujitsu/Siemens.
380.
Commission Decision of 22 March 2005, M.3511 (para 52)—Vienna Stock Exchange et al. even given a 58 % market share.
381.
See above paras 879 et seq.
382.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 89.
383.
Commission Decision of 22 December 2000, M.2243 (paras 41 et seq.)—Stora Enso/AssiDomän/JV.
384.
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 para 8a.
385.
Accord Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 76.
386.
Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.
387.
Similarly, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 89; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 349.
388.
See above para 3400.
389.
Commission Decision IV/JV.8, OJ 1999 C 220, p. 28 (para 31)—Deutsche Telekom inter alia.
390.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.29, OJ 2000 C 21, p. 27 (para 20)—Lafarge/Readymix.
391.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 295 in conjunction with fn. 3.
392.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (para 62)—Airtours.
393.
Commission Decision of 12 August 2005, M.3729 (para 97)—EDF/AEM/Edison; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 295.
394.
Commission Decision of 30 March 1999, IV/JV.15 (para 190)—BT/AT & T, see Commission press release, IP/99/209 of 30 March 1999.
395.
On this topic and the foregoing, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 90.
396.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.37, OJ 2000 C 110, p. 45 (para 9)—BSkyB/KirchPayTV.
397.
Commission Decision of 12 August 2005, M.3729 (para 94)—EDF/AEM/Edison; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 296, likewise with regard to the following.
398.
Commission Decision IV/JV.22, OJ 1999 L 318, p. 15 (para 52)—Fujitsu/Siemens.
399.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.35, OJ 2000 C 56, p. 9 (para 30)—Beiselen/Bay Wa/MG Chemag are clearer Commission Decision of 9 August 2005, M.3856 (para 21)—Boeing/Lockheed Martin/United Launch Alliance JV.
400.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.37, OJ 2000 C 110, p. 45 (para 91)—BSkyB/KirchPayTV.
401.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 296; Pohlmann (2003), 473 (489); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 648.
402.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 356.
403.
See above para 1565.
404.
With regard to the energy transition, Frenz (2013a), 980 et seq.
405.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 651 contra Rosenthal and Thomas (2010), para 552.
406.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 90.
407.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 358.
408.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 652 with examples as well as para 654.
409.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 651.
410.
Hirsbrunner, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 524 et seq.; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 651.
411.
Pohlmann, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 81 EG para 338: “Guideline”.
412.
Ahlborn and Turner (1998), 258.
413.
See above paras 1510 et seq.
414.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 34 end; contra Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 42); de Crozals and Hartog (2004), 536.
415.
Accordingly rejecting this approach, see above at paras 164 et seq.
416.
Grabbe (2000), p. 42 et seq. as well as p. 37 et seq. also with regard to other questions related to the side agreements doctrine.
417.
The prior provision was not sufficient, General Court, Case T-251/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:278 (paras 87, 90, 101 et seq.)—Lagardère und Canal+.
418.
Kuhn (2007), p. 267.
419.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 86.
420.
Consequently, it may not involve an exercise with sensitive anti-trust law implication, ECJ, Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (para 28)—Nungesser; Case 51/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:85—EMI Records.
421.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 27.
422.
Recital 21 to the ECMR.
423.
Recital 21 to the ECMR.
424.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 17 et seq.); providing a summary overview, Rieger and Cappellari, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 8 FKVO paras 74 et seq.
425.
De Crozals and Hartog (2004), 538; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 25.
426.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 31.
427.
Further discussion of this problem, Rosenthal (2004), 332.
428.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 26.
429.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 26.
430.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 34.
431.
General Court, Case T-251/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:278 (para 90)—Lagardère und Canal+.
432.
See above para 3427.
433.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 92.
434.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 7).
435.
Grabbe (2000), p. 241.
436.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 7).
437.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 39.
438.
See, Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 17) citing Commission Decision of 30 August 1993, M.319 (para 16)—BHF/CCF/Charterhouse.
439.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 10).
440.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 para 99.
441.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 12).
442.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 41.
443.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 12).
444.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 11).
445.
Cf. the classification within scenarios in the Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 17 et seq., 36 et seq.).
446.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 14).
447.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 14 et seq.).
448.
Rieger and Cappellari, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para. 71.
449.
See previously, Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (para 36)—Elopak.
450.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 28).
451.
Accordingly assuming this in general, Commission Notice regarding restrictions ancillary to concentrations under Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89, OJ 1990 C 203, p. 5 (paras 21 et seq.).
452.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 27, 42); Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 paras 103 et seq., however relying on prior law.
453.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 34 end as well as above para 3424.
454.
General Court, Case T-112/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:215 (para 114)—M6.
455.
Further discussion of the topic as a whole, Grabbe (2000), p. 65 et seq.; Lückenbach (2003), p. 60 et seq.
456.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 3-005.
457.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 20 et seq.).
458.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 38 et seq.).
459.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 26, 41).
460.
Contra, Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 40).
461.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 34; de Crozals and Hartog (2004), 534.
462.
Indefinite in Commission Decision of 7 July 1995, M.585 (para 18)—VAI/Davy; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 67 end.
463.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 27 July 1998, M.1226 (para 22)—GEC/GPTH; of 19 December 1997, M.1057 (para 16)—Terra/ICI; of 02 October 1997, M.984 (para 55)—Dupont/ICI.
464.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 14). See above para 3441 from the direct relationship perspective.
465.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 45 citing, inter alia, Commission Decision of 30 January 2008, M.4734—Ineos/Kerling.
466.
Commission Decision of 18 December 2000, M.1863 (para 20)—Vodafone/BT/Airtel JV. Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 13) with additional citations from more recent Commission decisional practice. See also Commission Notice of 14 August 1990 regarding restrictions ancillary to concentrations under Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 1990 C 203, p. 5 (para 8).
467.
See previously, Commission Decision 84/737/EEC, OJ 1984 L 212, p. 1 (paras 8, 12)—BPCL/ICI; 87/3/EEC, OJ 1987 L 5, p. 13 (para 8)—ENI/Montedison.
468.
Further discussion of the topic as a whole, Grabbe (2000), p. 173 et seq.; Lückenbach (2003), p. 126 et seq.
469.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 35).
470.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 3-007.
471.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 52; Emberger and Peter, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 51 and 57.
472.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (para 13 end).
473.
OJ 2001 C 188, p. 5.
474.
For several examples, see above paras 3439 et seq.; see also Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO paras 30 et seq.
475.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 3-009.
476.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 18 September 1998, M.1292 (para 19)—Continental/ITT.
477.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 34, 44) as well as Commission Decision IV/M.1245, OJ 1998 C 288, p. 5 (para 64)—Valeo/ITT Industries.
478.
See Commission Decision of 13 March 1995, M.550 (paras 92 et seq.)—Union Carbide/Enichem; of 27 July 1995, M.612 (paras 38 et seq.)—RWE-DEA/Augusta (II).
479.
See above paras 3449 et seq.
480.
Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 33, 44).
481.
Commission Decision of 5 February 1996, M.651 (Section VII)—AT&T/Philips; of 30 March 1999, IV/JV.15 (para 209)—BT/AT&T; see Commission press release, IP/99/209 of 30 March 1999; previously Commission Decision 84/737/EEC, OJ 1984 L 212, p. 1 (para 39)—BPCL/ICI.
482.
Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 para 66.
483.
See, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 114).
484.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 114).
485.
See above para 3332 as well as Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 35); Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 3 FKVO paras 126 et seq.; cf. also Hirsbrunner (2011), 550 citing General Court, Case T-279/04, ECLI:EU:T:2010:384—Éditions Odile Jacobs.
486.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 128.
487.
See Cook and Kerse (2009), p. 67.
488.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 3 FKVO para 128.
489.
Cook and Kerse (2009), p. 67.
490.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 178.
491.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 187 end. Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 178; Riesenkampff and Lehr, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO para 66 in conjunction with fn. 188.
492.
In this regard, see, e.g. Krimphove (1992), p. 266.
493.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 180: immediately thereafter.
494.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 180.
495.
Commission Decision of 23 April 1997, M.891 (para 7)—Deutsche Bank/Commerzbank/J.M. Voith, discussed by Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 185.
496.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 24 paras 114 et seq.
497.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 181.
498.
Berlin (1992), p. 78; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 182 end. Cook and Kerse (2009), p. 67 et seq.
499.
Krimphove (1992), p. 268; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 3 FKVO para 190.
500.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 111)—Kali and Salz; Commission Decision of 9 July 1998, M.308 (para 71)—Kali + Salz/MDK/Treuhand; further discussion, Wagemann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 16 paras 219 et seq. regarding a restructuring merger as well as below, paras 3770 et seq.
501.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 3 FKVO para 186.
502.
Fourth Council Directive 78/660/EEC of 25 July 1978 based on Article 54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on the annual accounts of certain types of companies, OJ L 222, p. 11, last amended by Directive 2009/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 amending Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC as regards certain disclosure requirements for medium-sized companies and the obligation to draw up consolidated accounts, OJ L 164, p. 42.
503.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 114).
504.
On the topic as a whole see, Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 124 et seq.).
505.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 1 FKVO para 7; Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1129 fn. 1381; discussing other approaches and expressing a critical view, Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-003.
506.
Henschen, In: Schulte (2010), para 942 citing the Eighth Recital to the ECMR.
507.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 23 para 34 end.
508.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1131. Including computational examples, Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-013.
509.
Further discussion of the issue as a whole, Lampert (1995), p. 175 et seq.
510.
See Commission Decision of 10 February 1995, M.533 (para 12)—TWD/Akzo Nobel/Kuagtextil.
511.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 1 FKVO para 17 end.
512.
See Commission Decision of 28 June 1991, M.99 (para 3)—Nissan/Richard Nissan; of 27 May 1998, M.1027 (para 14)—Deutsche Telekom/BetaResearch.
513.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 1 FKVO para 17.
514.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 23 para 37.
515.
For general discussion, see above paras 416 et seq.
516.
See above paras 385 et seq., in particular 397.
517.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 937 citing General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 92)—Gencor.
518.
Extensive discussion, Meyer (2004).
519.
ECJ, Case C-202/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:814 (para 41)—Cementbouw.
520.
Further discussion of the report, Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1137 et seq.; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 1 FKVO para 5.
521.
See Immenga (2013), 762 as well as Commission Staff Working Document “Towards more effective EU merger control”, SWD (2013) 239 final.
522.
Further discussion, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO paras 7 et seq., citing General Court, T-417/05, ECLI:EU:T:2006:219 (para 144, 175)—Endesa.
523.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 157 et seq.).
524.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 160).
525.
Commission Decision of 27 June 2007, M.4439—Ryanair/Aer Lingus; Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.023 with earlier allocations.
526.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 212) subject to the exemption of operating leases (para 211, 213), to which the general rules apply.
527.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 214).
528.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 217 in conjunction with fn. 135).
529.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 218).
530.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (paras 219 et seq.) citing Commission Decision of 24 February 1992, M.166—Torras/Sarrio.
531.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 129); referring to this issue and providing a detailed discussion of the undertakings concerned, Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1143.
532.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 161) citing Commission Decision of 28 April 1992, M.126—Accor/Wagons-Lits, in which turnover from the vehicle leasing business were included despite their presentation under the item “Other operating income”.
533.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 118).
534.
Commission Decision of 27 November 1991, M.156—Cereol/Continentale Italiana.
535.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 166); Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-016.
536.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 20.
537.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 167).
538.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 163).
539.
Based on a voting trust agreement applicable to more than one-half of the voting rights represented at the general meeting, Commission Decision of 2 March 1992, M.187—Ifint/Exor; see Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 61; see also Commission Decision of 30 July 1991, M.62—Eridania/ISI.
540.
Commission Decision of 28 April 1992, M.126—Accor/Wagons-Lits.
541.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 70.
542.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 180).
543.
Commission Decision of 28 June 2000, M.1741—MCI Worldcom/Sprint.
544.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 181); Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 60.
545.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 181 end).
546.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 184); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 70.
547.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 184).
548.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 184).
549.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 65; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 61 end citing Commission Decision of 25 July 2003, M.3159—Rheinmetall/STN Atlas.
550.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 62: “strong”.
551.
Same view, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 62 citing the Commission Communication.
552.
See above in the matter of Commission Decision of 2 March 1992, M.187—Ifint/Exor.
553.
Viewing this issue as open, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 5 FKVO para 23.
554.
Commission Decision of 20 May 1998, M.1016 (paras 7 et seq.)—Price Waterhouse/Coopers & Lybrand; see also Commission Decision of 17 May 2000, M.1901—Cap Gemini/Ernst & Young.
555.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 180); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 70 as well as above para 3498.
556.
See Commission Decision of 27 August 2002, M.2824 (paras 13 et seq.)—Ernst & Young/Andersen Germany; of 5 September 2002, M.2816 (paras 11 et seq.)—Ernst & Young France/Andersen France; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 72 with additional citations.
557.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 177 end).
558.
See above para 3500.
559.
See Commission Decision of 25 July 2003, M.3159—Rheinmetall/ST; without criticism Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 72.
560.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 186).
561.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-019 citing accounting treatment that varies in part in practice.
562.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 169); General Court, Case T-417/05, ECLI:EU:T:2006:219 (para 128, 131)—Endesa.
563.
General Court, Case T-417/05, ECLI:EU:T:2006:219 (paras 176, 179)—Endesa confirming Commission Decision of 27 October 2005, M.3986—Gas Natural/Endesa.
564.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 170).
565.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 172).
566.
Commission Decision of 28 June 2000, M.1741—MCI Worldcom/Sprint; of 21 September 1995, M.632—Rhône-Poulenc/Fisons.
567.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 172 end).
568.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 172 end).
569.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 173).
570.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 174).
571.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 171).
572.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 196).
573.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 197).
574.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-020 citing Commission Decision of 29 October 2000, COMP/M.1879—Boeing/Hughes.
575.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 198).
576.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 199).
577.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 200).
578.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 202) whereby this must be distinguished from the turnover of the European operator from its own customers derived from such a call (fn. 130).
579.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 205).
580.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-018.
581.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.150.
582.
See only Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 50); from the literature, see, e.g. Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 5 FKVO para 12.
583.
Wiedemann (2011), p. 734.
584.
See, e.g. Cook and Kerse (2009), para 4-026; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 5 FKVO para 44; Wagemann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 15 para 93 and also Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 49) citing General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (para 118)—Cementbouw.
585.
Selecting this as an approach from the start, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 5 FKVO para 17.
586.
See above para 3328.
587.
See above para 3328 end.
588.
In favour of its elimination, Wiedemann (2011), p. 734.
589.
Recital 22 to the ECMR.
590.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 78.
591.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 194).
592.
See Commission Decision of 14 December 1993, M.308—Kali & Salz/MdK/Treuhand; of 14 May 2009, M.5508—SoFFin/Hypo Real Estate; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 5 FKVO para 79; further discussion regarding the Treuhand, Immenga (1995), p. 541 et seq.
593.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 23 para 43; see also General Court, Case T-22/97, ECLI:EU:T:1999:327 (paras 161 et seq.)—Kesko on the basis of various connections that ensure coordination of the retailers and at the same time bound them together as an association.
594.
For additional discussion, see below para 3824.
595.
See below paras 3801 et seq., 4126 et seq.
596.
See below paras 4027 et seq.
597.
For additional discussion, see paras 4029 et seq.
598.
Berg (2004a), 562; Staebe and Denzel (2004), 199.
599.
Detailed discussion, see Böge (2004a), 143 et seq.
600.
Hofer et al. (2005), 155 et seq.
601.
Further discussion, Bundeskartellamt, Arbeitskreis Kartellrecht, Diskussionspapier vom 24.9.2009, Marktbeherrschungs- und SIEC-Test, Eine Bestandsaufnahme, p. 4 et seq.
602.
Further discussion, Seehafer (2009), 728 et seq.
603.
Seehafer (2009), 737.
604.
See also Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 2).
605.
General Court, Case T-87/05, ECLI:EU:T:2005:333—EDP.
606.
Further discussion, Bundeskartellamt, Arbeitskreis Kartellrecht, Diskussionspapier vom 24.9.2009, p. 3.
607.
Cf. Commission Decision of 15 July 2005, M.3732—Procter & Gamble/Gillette.
608.
Commission Decision of 21 December 2005, M.3696 (paras 4, 20 et seq.)—E.ON/MOL.
609.
Commission Decision of 21 December 2005, M.3696 (para 40)—E.ON/MOL.
610.
Further discussion, Christiansen (2010), p. 521 et seq.
611.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 8.
612.
For additional discussion, see above paras 70 et seq.
613.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 12.
614.
Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 116.
615.
Commission Decision of 27 June 2007, M.4439 (paras 340 et seq.)—Ryanair/Aer Lingus; Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 145.
616.
Montag and von Bonin, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 29.
617.
Christiansen (2010), p. 527.
618.
Bundeskartellamt, Arbeitskreis Kartellrecht, Diskussionspapier vom 24.9.2009, Marktbeherrschungs- und SIEC-Test, Eine Bestandsaufnahme, p. 1.
619.
See Hausmann (2014), 102 as well as Kühnen (2012), 459. Nonetheless, not recognising Europeanisation, Immenga (2013), 762.
620.
Recital 26 to the ECMR. Presuming this as principle, Farbmann (2005), p. 258.
621.
Commission Decision 2004/134/EC, OJ 2004 L 48, p. 1 (para 567)—General Electric/Honeywell.
622.
Farbmann (2005), p. 261; comprehensive discussion of the genesis of the ECMR and the associated controversy in the legislative process, Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO paras 2 et seq.
623.
Böge (2004b), p. 20 f.: different treatment in Australia than in the US; see also criticism of the SLC test by the Monopolies Commission, Fifteenth Biennial Report, 2004, paras 232 et seq., which is why this criterion has not found its way into German law to date, Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 6.
624.
For additional discussion, see paras 3546 et seq.
625.
Bergmann and Burholt (2004), 161.
626.
See General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (para 353)—BaByliss.
627.
Sanden (2004), 623; cf. Böge (2004a), 144.
628.
See above paras 3366, 3377 et seq.
629.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5
630.
Regarding the focus in the Commission Guidelines for horizontal concentrations on consumer welfare, Roth (2008), 714 et seq.
631.
See Commission Decision of 26 April 2006, M.3916 (paras 125 et seq.)—T-Mobile Austria/tele.ring, in which the merger of T-Mobile Austria and the relatively small, but aggressive, competitor tele.ring was viewed as problematic, a conclusion that was unlikely to have been supported by the market share analysis alone. On this topic, see Hirsbrunner (2009), 241 et seq.
632.
From an economic welfare perspective, Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 116.
633.
ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (paras 36 et seq.)—T-Mobile Netherlands; further discussion above paras 70 et seq.
634.
See Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 14.
635.
See initially, Lang (2007), p. 8 et seq.
636.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 241 citing General Court, Case T-282/06, ECLI:EU:T:2007:203 (para 57)—Sun Chemical Group.
637.
General Court, Case T-282/06, ECLI:EU:T:2007:203 (para 61)—Sun Chemical Group.
638.
On the topic as a whole, Zimmer (2007), 1202.
639.
See above para 88.
640.
See ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia as well as above paras 1188 et seq.
641.
OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5.
642.
General Court, Case T-151/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:144 (para 53)—NVV.
643.
Commission Decision of 1 February 2012, M.6166 (paras 246 et seq.)—Deutsche Börse/NYSE Euronext.
644.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 658.
645.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 658, who criticises the lack of a more precise treatment of this issue in the Guidelines.
646.
See below para 3614.
647.
Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ 1997 C 372 p. 5 (para 12).
648.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 31; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 20.
649.
Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 10.
650.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO paras 86 et seq.
651.
For additional discussion, see above paras 1925, 1943. In the context of individual market segments in this context, see Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO paras 29 et seq.
652.
Further discussion of additional methods, for example the “critical loss” analysis, see Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 31 with additional citations.
653.
Annex I, Section 6 No. 1 Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ L 133, p. 1 (Annex I Section 6 No. 1), last amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1033/2008 of 20 October 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings.
654.
For additional discussion, see above para 1919.
655.
Commission Decision of 30 September 2013, M.6850, OJ 2013 C 312, 1—Marine Harvest/Morpol.
656.
See Cook and Kerse (2009), p. 190.
657.
In the current context, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 52.
658.
See, Wurmnest (2012), p. 279 et seq.
659.
See above paras 1923 et seq.
660.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 16 para 8.
661.
See above para 1915.
662.
Regarding the following topic with additional citations Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 paras 28 et seq.
663.
Commission Decision COMP/JV.37, OJ 2000 C 110, p. 45 (para 23)—BSkyB/KirchPayTV.
664.
Open in this regard and not decisive for the case, Commission Decision 2001/718/EC, OJ 2001 L 268, p. 28 (para 26)—AOL/Time Warner; detailed discussion of relevant online markets, Bartosch, In: Koenig et al. (2002b), p. 259 et seq.
665.
See General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635—Cisco Systems and Messagenet; Hirsbrunner (2014), 659.
666.
General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635—Cisco Systems and Messagenet.
667.
See, e.g. General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635—Cisco Systems and Messagenet.
668.
Commission Decision of 10 June 2005, M.3813 (para 11)—Fortune Brands/Allied Domecq.
669.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 210)—Gencor. Extension discussion of the issues related to European merger control on an economic basis, Kottmann (2000), p. 13 et seq.
670.
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004, L 133, p. 1 (Annex I Section 6 No. II).
671.
See above paras 1925 et seq.
672.
See above para 1942. Numerous different examples may be found in Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO paras 98 et seq.
673.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 20 November 2003, M.3294 (para 17)—Exxonmobile/BEB.
674.
Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 77.
675.
Rösler (2000), 768.
676.
General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (paras 170 et seq., 405)—Schneider Electric.
677.
See above para 3525.
678.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 245 citing Commission Decision of 6 November 2007, M.4746—Deutsche Bahn/English Welsh & Scottish Railway Holdings (EWS).
679.
See, e.g. Recital 25 to the ECMR.
680.
Recital 25 to the ECMR.
681.
See also, above paras 3550 et seq.
682.
Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 124 with additional citations.
683.
See above paras 1990 et seq.
684.
Recital 25 (end) ECMR.
685.
For additional discussion, see below para 3757.
686.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 205 subject to interpreting appreciability into the Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (2004 Merger Guidelines), OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 8). Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 10).
687.
No longer viewing this as necessary, Montag and von Bonin, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 43.
688.
Recital 26 to the ECMR.
689.
See above para 3540.
690.
See above para 3528, 3533.
691.
For additional discussion, see below paras 3645 et seq.
692.
See, however Zimmer (2004), 261; similarly critical, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 206.
693.
Montag and von Bonin, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 44.
694.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 220.
695.
See above paras 879 et seq.
696.
See para 1962.
697.
See above paras 3561 et seq.
698.
With additional citations Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 225. Regarding the relationship in the amount of turnover and the quantity of products sold plus additional supplemental factors such as production capacity, see Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO paras 177 et seq.
699.
See Art. 5 (4), (5) ECMR and above paras 3485 et seq.
700.
General Court, Case T-221/95, ECLI:EU:T:1999:85 (para 109)—Endemol.
701.
General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (paras 282 et seq.)—Schneider Electric.
702.
See above paras 2325 et seq.
703.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 205)—Gencor citing the ruling in Case C-62/86, ECLI:EU:C:1991:286 (para 60)—AKZO Chemie regard the prohibition of abusive practices. See above para 1957.
704.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 205)—Gencor citing the ruling in Hoffmann-La Roche (Case 85/76, ECLI:EU:C:1979:36) issued under the prohibition of abusive practices.
705.
Generally in favour, Ehricke, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 123.
706.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 225 with additional citations.
707.
Commission Decision of 4 September 2012, M.6314 (para 251, 259)—Telefonica UK/Vodafone UK/Everything Everywhere/JV; taking a more restrictive view, Hirsbrunner (2013), 659.
708.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (paras 51 et seq.)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
709.
See contra, Hirsbrunner (2013), 659. With regard to the problems in this regard, below paras 3607 et seq.
710.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 207)—Gencor.
711.
See above para 1957.
712.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 17); Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 40.
713.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 236 with additional citations.
714.
See, Commission Decision 1999/674/EC, OJ 1999 L 274, p. 1 (paras 21 et seq.)—Rewe/Meinl; in relation to the prohibition of abusive practices, see above paras 1958 et seq.
715.
See above paras 3573 et seq.
716.
For additional discussion of this topic, see below paras 3630 et seq.
717.
Commission Decision 91/251/EEC, OJ 1991 L 122, p. 48 (para 38)—Alcatel/Telettra; critical due to the exclusion of the collaboration between monopolistic customers and the merged undertaking that excluded third parties, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 94.
718.
Commission Decision 1999/641/EC, OJ 1999 L 254, p. 9 (paras 74 et seq.)—Enso/Stora.
719.
Critical of the lack of protection, see also Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 95 end.
720.
Commission Decision 1999/641/EC, OJ 1999 L 254, p. 9 (para 101)—Enso/Stora.
721.
See below paras 3630 et seq.
722.
On the topic of countervailing market power in general, Nordemann (1996), passim.
723.
Commission Decision of 7 November 1990, M.4—Renault/Volvo. Additional discussion of barriers to market access in particular, see below paras 3603 et seq.
724.
Commission Decision 91/251/EEC, OJ 1991 L 122, p. 48 (paras 38 et seq.)—Alcatel/Telettra.
725.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 54.
726.
See General Court, Case T-167/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:323—Microsoft II. See detailed discussion above at paras 2083 et seq.
727.
In relation to the Internet Commission Decision of 18 March 1998, M.1113—Nortel/Norweb.
728.
See, Commission Decision 2001/718/EC, OJ 2001 L 268, p. 28 (para 82)—AOL/Time Warner, in which the presumption remained that the Internet would serve as a magnet function for the broadcast of classic programmes from Time Warner.
729.
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (Annex I Section 6 No. III).
730.
See below paras 3686 et seq.
731.
For additional discussion, see paras 3689 et seq.
732.
General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (para 346, 356, 363)—BaByliss; in this regard, see below paras 3708 et seq.
733.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 126 et seq.)—Tetra Laval.
734.
See Commission Decision 2004/322/EC, OJ 2004 L 109, p. 1—GE/Instrumentarium.
735.
See below paras 3601 et seq.
736.
On the significance of the HHI Index in the content of European merger control, see immediately following para 3601; see also Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO paras 182 et seq.
737.
See 5th Recital of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 as well as ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 169)—Kali and Salz.
738.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (paras 170 et seq.)—Kali and Salz; Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (paras 150 et seq.)—Gencor.
739.
Calculation based on Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (Annex I Section 7 No. 7.3. fn. 3).
740.
See, Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (Annex I Section 7 No. 7.3).
741.
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (Annex I Section 7 No. 7.3. fn. 4).
742.
See, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 12.
743.
See above paras 1963 et seq.
744.
Extensive discussion of the entire issue, Jickeli (1992a), 101 et seq.; Jickeli (1992b), 195 et seq.
745.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 paras 46, 58 et seq. with numerous citations.
746.
On the issue of barriers to market access, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO paras 297 et seq.
747.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 244.
748.
Further discussion in Haggeney (2005), p. 124 et seq. citing Commission Decision 96/346/EC, OJ 1996 L 134, p. 32 (paras 7 et seq.)—RTL/Veronica/Endemol II.
749.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 162)—Tetra Laval.
750.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 659; Frenz (2014b), 16 et seq., for the following as well.
751.
Commission Decision of 4 September 2012, M.6314 (paras 251, 255 et seq.)—Telefonica UK/Vodafone UK/Everything Everywhere/JV.
752.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 659.
753.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (paras 51 et seq.)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
754.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 224)—Kali and Salz; General Court (President), Case T-342/00, ECLI:EU:T:2001:13—Petrolessence.
755.
Cf. German Federal Constitutional Court 16, 147 (181 et seq.); 38, 61 (7 et seq.); 50, 290 (331 et seq.) with regard to economics-related legislation.
756.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 225)—Kali and Salz.
757.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 145)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
758.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 7 end.
759.
See ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 226)—Kali and Salz.
760.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (para 39)—Tetra Laval, which confirmed the judgement of the General Court nearly completely.
761.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 162)—Tetra Laval.
762.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 42, 44)—Tetra Laval, however, with regard to the last point, specifically related to potential leverage effects; see immediately following, paras 3730 et seq.
763.
Also generalising, Wirtz and Möller (2005), 148.
764.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 51)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
765.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 52)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
766.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 5.
767.
See above paras 3240 et seq.
768.
Regarding the prohibition of cartels, see above paras 1388 et seq.
769.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 5.
770.
Further discussion, Christiansen (2010), p. 124 noting that the respective model premisses make quantitative arguments more vulnerable to attack than is the case with qualitative considerations.
771.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456—General Electric.
772.
See above paras 3528 et seq. as well as generally paras 70 et seq.
773.
See Haggeney (2005), p. 184, where even their suitability to provide indicia is denied.
774.
For additional discussion, see above paras 3580 et seq.
775.
Cf. Frenz (2007a), 143.
776.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 162)—Tetra Laval: at least probably not unlawful.
777.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 75 et seq.)—Tetra Laval, deviating from the General Court to such an extent.
778.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (para 89)—Tetra Laval.
779.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 74.
780.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 74.
781.
Commission Decision 92/553/EEC, OJ 1992 L 356, p. 1 (19)—Nestlé/Perrier.
782.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 74.
783.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 212.
784.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 395, citing the Statement to the Council’s minutes to Art. 2 ECMR (EEC) No. 4064/89, printed in WuW 1990, 240 et seq. as well as online at www.fkvo.eu, that referred to exactly this wording.
785.
See Commission Decision of 26 August 1991, M.124—BNP/Dresdner Bank; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 395.
786.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 212.
787.
In particular Kleemann (1997), p. 387 et seq.; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 212.
788.
General Court, Case T-87/05, ECLI:EU:T:2005:333 (para 236)—EDP; see previously Deselaers and Seeliger (2008), 61; see also Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 396; contra Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 80, where this question is seen as an open one.
789.
General Court, Case T-87/05, ECLI:EU:T:2005:333 (para 236)—EDP.
790.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 213.
791.
This represents the prevailing opinion, see, e.g. Hacker, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 478; Kleemann (1997), p. 383 et seq.
792.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 211.
793.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 80 end.
794.
However, see Hacker, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 479.
795.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 80, contra Kleemann (1997), p. 384 et seq.
796.
See, e.g. Kleemann (1997), p. 385.
797.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 211.
798.
Bechtold (1996), 393; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 82.
799.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 399; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 82 end; Frenz (2014b), 19, regarding the foregoing as well.
800.
Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 249.
801.
See, in particular ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610—Glaxo SmithKline Services as well as above, paras 70 et seq.
802.
General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187 (para 72)—easyJet.
803.
For additional discussion, see Frenz (2013a), 980 et seq.
804.
Rejecting this from the outset, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO paras 212 et seq.; open by contrast, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 3.
805.
Regarding the limited significance of gains in efficiency to date, Hirsbrunner (2009), 244 et seq. also citing the Commission’s decisional practice; Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 249; Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 216; with regard to an efficiency argument rejected by the Commission, confirmed by the courts, General Court, Case T-342/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:280 (paras 386 et seq.)—Ryanair.
806.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 75 end.
807.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 76.
808.
Regarding the comparable standards under Art. 101 (3) TFEU and in the merger control context, see General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187 (para 72)—easyJet.
809.
By contrast, no objection may be lodged in light of the general consideration given consumers in competition law; contra Kapp and Meßmer (2005), 161.
810.
Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO paras 256 et seq.
811.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 84).
812.
Further discussion, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 77.
813.
See above paras 1426 et seq.
814.
Referring to General Court, Case T-464/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:216—Impala Frenz (2006), 545.
815.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 77).
816.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 84).
817.
See above para 3695.
818.
See above paras 1350 et seq., 1379 et seq., 1406, 1416 end.
819.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 87).
820.
Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 259.
821.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 79.
822.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 85).
823.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 85).
824.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 85).
825.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 78.
826.
Frenz (2014b), 19 et seq. regarding the following as well.
827.
Commission Decision of 4 September 2012, M.6314 (paras 383 et seq.)—Telefonica UK/Vodafone UK/Everything Everywhere/JV.
828.
Commission Decision of 14 May 2008, M.4854 (para 238)—TomTom/Tele Atlas.
829.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 78.
830.
Regarding the economic underpinnings, Gore et al. (2013), p. 380 et seq.
831.
On this topic specifically, Gore et al. (2013), p. 502 et seq. subject to strict requirements so that it has gained no independent practical relevance to date; see above para 3245 citing Commission Decision of 11 March 2008, M.4731—Google Doubleclick.
832.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 59.
833.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 3).
834.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 7).
835.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 4); Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 para 236; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 303.
836.
Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 219; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO paras 303, 304.
837.
Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 para 237.
838.
The Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 12) note in this regard that the “primary source of anti-competitive effects” is precluded. This is accompanied by greater efficiencies.
839.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.810.
840.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 78) under heading “B. Other non-coordinated effects”, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 304.
841.
Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 para 241.
842.
Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 220; cf. also Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 31, 58).
843.
See above para 3541.
844.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 298)—General Electric.
845.
Regarding these requirements citing General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456—General Electric; Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 308.
846.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 320.
847.
See the classification in the Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 31 et seq., 58 et seq.) in “A. Ability to foreclose access to downstream markets”, “B. Incentive to foreclose access to downstream markets” and “C. Overall likely impact on effective competition”.
848.
See for the theory of harms Rose and Bailey (2013), paras 8.231 et seq.
849.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.815.
850.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 25).
851.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1441.
852.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 26).
853.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 535.
854.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 27).
855.
Cf. using an example, Commission Decision of 25 June 2008, M.4854—TomTom/Tele Atlas; Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1444, 1447, 1450, 1453.
856.
Commission Decision of 13 March 2009, M.5406 (para 33)—IPIC/MAN; Commission Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 35); Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.815.
857.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 298)—General Electric.
858.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 226 citing Commission Decision of 20 February 2007, M.4494—Evraz/Highveld.
859.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 39).
860.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1446.
861.
Noting this, Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 para 243. For additional discussion, see above paras 2208 et seq.
862.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 67. On this topic and the foregoing, Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 227.
863.
On the topic as a whole, Commission Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 58).
864.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.829.
865.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 67).
866.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 66).
867.
Commission Decision of 13 March 2009, M.5406 (para 33)—IPIC/MAN; Commission Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 40, 68).
868.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1450 et seq. presenting Commission Decision of 14 May 2008, M.4854—TomTom/Tele Atlas; of 2 July 2008, M.4942—Nokia/NAVTEQ as well as 4 August 2008, M.4875—Itema Holding/Barco Vision Division.
869.
See General Court, Case T-342/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:280 (para 136)—Ryanair Holdings.
870.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 228; see also Commission Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 46, 71).
871.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 319.
872.
Further discussion in the Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 47 et seq., 72 et seq.).
873.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 298)—General Electric.
874.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 299)—General Electric. Recently, Commission Decision of 1 February 2012, M.6166 (para 246)—Deutsche Börse/NVSE Euronext; critical view, Hirsbrunner (2013), 658.
875.
General Court, Case T-342/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:280 (para 136)—Ryanair Holdings.
876.
See ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 39 et seq.)—Tetra Laval.
877.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 299)—General Electric.
878.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 303)—General Electric.
879.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 40, 68).
880.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 231; see, however Commission Decision of 13 March 2009, M.5406 (paras 54 et seq.)—IPIC/MAN, in which potential coordinated effects were considered in order to provide additional support to the Commission’s decision relying on vertical effects.
881.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1455.
882.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (para 62)—Airtours.
883.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 123)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala; further discussion in the Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 5).
884.
Montag and von Bonin, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 381.
885.
General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (para 65)—General Electric.
886.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 155)—Tetra Laval from ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (para 24)—Tetra Laval merely cited without objection. Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 582 fn. 2151 contra Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 235.
887.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 5).
888.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 7-059.
889.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 5).
890.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 91).
891.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 325.
892.
Commission Decision of 15 October 1997, M.938 (paras 38 et seq.)—Guinness/Grand Metropolitan.
893.
For additional discussion, see para 3716; cf. also Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 104).
894.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 237 with additional examples from Commission practice.
895.
See General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (para 75)—Royal Philips Electronics; Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1457, 1464.
896.
On this issue and the foregoing, Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 paras 251 et seq.; cf. also with regard to bolstered financial resources, Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1457.
897.
Regarding the topic as a whole illustrated by an example, Commission Decision of 30 June 1997, M.877—Boeing/McDonnell Douglas Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 paras 255 et seq.
898.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 93); Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 240.
899.
Detailed discussion of the ruling in Tetral Laval in which this factor played a role, below paras 3704 et seq.
900.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 205 end.
901.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO paras 188 et seq., 205.
902.
Frenz (2014b), 20 et seq. regarding the following as well.
903.
See e.g. General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100—BaByliss.
904.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 146)—Tetra Laval.
905.
General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (para 343)—BaByliss.
906.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 208.
907.
General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635 (paras 118 et seq.)—Cisco Systems and Messagenet.
908.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 99).
909.
See Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1458 noting that these essentially flow from the ruling in General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264—Tetra Laval and the appellate proceedings, ECJ, Case C-12/03, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87—Tetra Laval, follow.
910.
Commission Decision of 4 September 2012, M.6314—Telefonica UK/Vodafone UK/Everything Everywhere/JV; see above para 3583.
911.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 240.
912.
Cf. Commission Decision of 26 January 2011, M.5984 (paras 175 et seq.)—Intel/McAfee; on this topic and the foregoing, Kling and Thomas (2007), § 9 para 261; Commission Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 96 et seq.).
913.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 100).
914.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 111 et seq.).
915.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 114).
916.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (paras 147, 151)—Tetra Laval.
917.
Once more clearly relying on this, ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (para 44)—Tetra Laval, which confirmed the judgement of the General Court nearly completely.
918.
See General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (paras 344 et seq.)—BaByliss.
919.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (paras 196 et seq.)—Tetra Laval.
920.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (paras 197 et seq.)—Tetra Laval.
921.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 216)—Tetra Laval.
922.
On this topic, see Commission Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 105 et seq.).
923.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 241.
924.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 254 and subsequently, e.g. para 307)—Tetra Laval.
925.
General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (para 353)—BaByliss.
926.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 162)—Tetra Laval and with greater emphasis, ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 42, 44)—Tetra Laval. However, a generalisation is generally prohibited based on fundamental considerations, see above paras 3613 et seq.
927.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 209.
928.
See, e.g. Hirsbrunner (2013), 659.
929.
General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (paras 356 et seq.)—BaByliss.
930.
See Commission Decision of 04/09/2012, M.6314 (paras 383 et seq.)—Telefonica UK/Vodafone UK/Everything Everywhere/JV; presenting a critical view, Hirsbrunner (2013), 659.
931.
General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (paras 205 et seq., 409)—Schneider Electric subject to the rescission of prior Commission Decision 2004/275/EC, OJ 2004 L 101, p. 1 (paras 567 et seq.)—Schneider/Legrand. Same result, General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (para 362)—BaByliss.
932.
General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264 (para 155)—Tetra Laval.
933.
Correctly relying on this approach, Hamer (2004), 218 et seq.
934.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 225)—Kali and Salz.
935.
Clear ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 39 et seq.)—Tetra Laval.
936.
Ehlermann and Völcker (2003), 1.
937.
Rosenfeld and Wolfsgruber (2003), 746 et seq.
938.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (para 44)—Tetra Laval.
939.
ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87 (paras 42, 44)—Tetra Laval.
940.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 94).
941.
Frenz (2014b), 21 et seq., regarding the foregoing as well.
942.
See Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 119 et seq.).
943.
Further discussion of gains in efficiency in general, above paras 3644 et seq.
944.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 31, 58).
945.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 118).
946.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 10, 15). Further discussion, Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.942 et seq. referring to companies UPS/TNT as well as Ryanair/Aer Lingus.
947.
ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 64 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services; further above paras 70 et seq.
948.
See above paras 1407 et seq.
949.
Similarly, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 529.
950.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 15).
951.
Regarding this issue and with regard to the Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 13), regarding potential pro-competitive effect, id. (paras 52, 92); see also Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 219 noting the circumstance that non-horizontal concentrations fundamentally have a positive effect on competition.
952.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 16).
953.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 21).
954.
General Court, Case T-342/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:280 (paras 406 et seq.)—Ryanair/Commission.
955.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 79.
956.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.959.
957.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 79, contra Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 87).
958.
Further discussion, Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.952 et seq.
959.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 53).
960.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO paras 303 et seq.
961.
Montag and Kacholdt, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 4 para 107 citing General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456 (paras 286 et seq.)—General Electric/Commission; regarding the role of Art. 102 TFEU, see also von Bonin (2006), 473 et seq.
962.
See, Commission Decision 2004/134/EC, OJ 2004 L 48, p. 1 (paras 70 et seq., 276 et seq.)—General Electric/Honeywell.
963.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 paras 78 et seq. with a summary discussion of the case.
964.
With regard to gains in efficiency resulting from business combinations, see further discussion above, paras 3644 et seq.
965.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 304.
966.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (para 25).
967.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 64.
968.
See above paras 3595 et seq.
969.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (paras 273 et seq.)—Gencor.
970.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (paras 273 et seq.)—Gencor citing General Court, Case T-68 inter alia/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:38 (para 358)—SIV. See above paras 2335 et seq.
971.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (paras 221 et seq.)—Kali and Salz.
972.
See General Court, Case T-221/95, ECLI:EU:T:1999:85 (para 167)—Endemol.
973.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (para 62)—Airtours.
974.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 123)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
975.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO paras 571 et seq.
976.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 79 et seq.).
977.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (paras 276 et seq.)—Gencor.
978.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (para 62)—Airtours; see also Bartosch (2002a), 645 et seq.
979.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (paras 122 et seq.)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala; regarding this, see Hirsbrunner and von Köckritz (2008), 592; Frenz (2007a), 138 regarding General Court, Case T-464/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:216—Impala.
980.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 124)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
981.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 471.
982.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 574 citing potentially stronger competition as a result of destroying symmetry on the part of the oligopolists (para 575).
983.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 16 May 2003, M.3101 (paras 25 et seq.)—Accor/Hilton/Six Continents/JV; additional cases in Montag and Köckritz Bonin, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 380 with a different classification (para 381).
984.
Frenz (2007a), 143 et seq.
985.
For further discussion, see General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (paras 148 et seq.)—Airtours.
986.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:1465 (para 62)—Airtours citing General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 276)—Gencor.
987.
Further discussion Bartosch (2002a), 648.
988.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 123)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
989.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 123)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
990.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 577 end.
991.
In ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 123)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala, they are no longer listed separately and are included in a different sequence.
992.
Completely against a distinction between internal and external circumstances, Hahn (2003), p. 172 et seq.
993.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 468.
994.
See General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:1465 (paras 251, 258 et seq. summary at 269)—Airtours.
995.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (para 63)—Airtours.
996.
General Court, Case T-464/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:216 (para 252)—Impala.
997.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 47)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
998.
See General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (paras 205 et seq.)—Schneider Electric.
999.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1000.
See Frenz (2006), 545; Frenz (2007a), 138 et seq.
1001.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (paras 47 et seq.)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1002.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO para 474.
1003.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 49)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1004.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 50)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1005.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 51)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1006.
Further discussion of the specific ruling in comparison to the Commission which had presumed the existence of a collective dominant market structure in the instant case contrary to the view of the General Court, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 paras 120 et seq.
1007.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2008 C 265, p. 6 (paras 79 et seq., 119 et seq.).
1008.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (paras 43 et seq.).
1009.
Regarding the focus of the analysis on the issue of incentive, see Ewald (2011), 26.
1010.
Regarding this example, Ewald (2011), 26 fn. 47.
1011.
Cf. also Commission Decision of 26 April 2006, M.3916—T-Mobile Austria/Tele.ring; Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), paras 1399 et seq. which notes that the Commission presumed non-coordinated effects in this case, however also discussed potential coordinated effects.
1012.
General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146 (para 58)—Airtours; General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 94)—Gencor.
1013.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (paras 170, 180, 193)—Gencor.
1014.
See above paras 3247 et seq.
1015.
See above paras 906 et seq.
1016.
So-called oligopoly blind-spot, Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 146; Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 2 FKVO para 4.
1017.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 107.
1018.
See above paras 3731 et seq. as well as paras 2327 et seq.
1019.
For additional discussion, see above para 3752.
1020.
For additional discussion, see above paras 3247 et seq., 3757 et seq.
1021.
Commission Decision of 26 October 2004, M.3216—Oracle/Peoplesoft.
1022.
See, Commission Decision 2003/777/EC, OJ 2003 L 291, p. 1 (paras 122, 142)—Siemens/Drägerwerk, in which Siemens was eliminated as an upcoming and dynamic competitor. In this context, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 138. With regard to an open source software solution for databases (MySQL), see Commission Decision of 21 January 2010, M.5529 (para 158)—Oracle/Sun Microsystems, citing Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 37).
1023.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 36).
1024.
Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 25 para 138.
1025.
See above paras 2208 et seq.
1026.
Graham (2013), p. 478.
1027.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (paras 28, 33 et seq.).
1028.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO paras 443 et seq. with various examples.
1029.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (paras 28 et seq.); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 2 FKVO paras 447 et seq.
1030.
See above paras 3749 et seq.
1031.
See also Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 90).
1032.
In Commission Decision of 9 October 2013, M.6796—Aegean Airlines/Olympic Air II from 2009–2012 and thus during the entire period or privatisation.
1033.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 239 citing Commission Decision of 3 December 2008, M.5384—BNP Paribas/Fortis.
1034.
COM, Press Release IP/13/804 of 2 September 2013 regarding the Nynas/Shell Harburg Refinery case.
1035.
Hirsbrunner (2014), 661.
1036.
Commission Decision 2003/777/EC, OJ 2003 L 291, p. 1—Siemens/Drägerwerk.
1037.
See ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 228)—Kali & Salz.
1038.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 115)—Kali and Salz.
1039.
See ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (paras 114, 116)—Kali and Salz; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 193.
1040.
See Commission Decision of 5 September 2002, M.2816 (para 80)—Ernst & Young/Andersen France.
1041.
On this topic, see Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO paras 219 et seq.
1042.
Commission Decision of 2 September 2013, M.6360—Nynas/Shell Harburg Refinery.
1043.
Hirsbrunner (2014), 661.
1044.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 2 FKVO para 195.
1045.
Tending in this direction, Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO paras 19 et seq.
1046.
Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 89).
1047.
See above paras 169 et seq., 1145 et seq.
1048.
See Commission Decision of 2 April 2003, M.2876—Newscorp/Telepiu.
1049.
See Commission Decision of 2 September 2013, M.6360—Nynas/Shell Harburg Refinery.
1050.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 90); ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 111)—Kali and Salz. On the topic as a whole, Bergau (2003).
1051.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 2 FKVO para 71.
1052.
ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 111)—Kali and Salz.
1053.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 11 July 2001, M.2314 (paras 157 et seq.)—BASF/Pantochim/Eurodiol.
1054.
Commission Decision of 2 September 2013, M.6360.
1055.
See Commission Decision of 1 July 2002, M.2810—Deloitte & Touche/Andersen; of 5 September 2002, M.2816—Ernst & Young/Andersen; Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 2 FKVO para 220.
1056.
Noting this, Commission Decision of 29 November 2002, M.2876—Newscorp/Telepiu.
1057.
Commission Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 C 31, p. 5 (para 91).
1058.
Art. 3 (3) subparagraph 1 TEU with the objective of full employment.
1059.
See above para 15.
1060.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 5-008.
1061.
Staebe and Denzel (2004), 197 with additional citations.
1062.
Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 289.
1063.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 5-005.
1064.
See Annex I Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1. According to Art. 3 (1), use of the form is mandatory.
1065.
Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.404.
1066.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 6) citing AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-202/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:814 (para 56)—Cementbouw.
1067.
Extensive discussion of the referral system in the new ECMR, Berg (2004a), 564 and with illustrations, Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (paras 46 et seq.) and the various Annexes.
1068.
Referrals numbered 259 between 2004 and August 2013, Commission, Competition Report 2004, Part 1, p. 83; Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 8 end.
1069.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 1), further discussion, below paras 4045 et seq.
1070.
XXXIIIrd Competition Report 2003, Section 226 (may be accessed at: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/annual_report/, accessed on 29 July 2015); “DG Competition, Best Practices on the conduct on EC merger proceedings (may be accessed at: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/legislation/proceedings.pdf, accessed on 29 July 2015).
1071.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO paras 15 et seq. with further citations.
1072.
See the 34th Recital to the ECMR.
1073.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 17; see previously, Commission Decision of 28 November 1990, M.23 (para 6)—ICI/Tioxide.
1074.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 22 also citing Commission Decision of 14 December 1993, M.308—Kali & Salz; of 25 April 1994, M.403 (para 7)—AGF/La Unión y el Fénix.
1075.
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2009 C 43, p. 10 (para 60.)
1076.
Likewise inclusive, Wagemann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 17 para 6; Ablasser-Neuhuber, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 4 FKVO para 14; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 23.
1077.
König, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 6; Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 13.
1078.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 24.
1079.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 18, 20.
1080.
Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 290.
1081.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 49.
1082.
The fundamental requirement is the applicability of national merger control law, see Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 65).
1083.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 49 with additional citations, inter alia Maudhuit and Soames (2005), 62: “Mini-Form CO”.
1084.
Soyez (2005), 434; contrary view Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 82; undecided Ablasser-Neuhuber, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 4 FKVO para 23.
1085.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 61).
1086.
16. Recital to the ECMR.
1087.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 2015.
1088.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (paras 13 et seq.).
1089.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 55 end.
1090.
For additional discussion, see above paras 3556 et seq.
1091.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 91.
1092.
For additional discussion, see para 4138.
1093.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 12); Bardong and Maass, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 48; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 91; particularly clear for Art. 9 (3) ECMR, General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (para 350)—Royal Philips Electronics.
1094.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 22).
1095.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 21).
1096.
Hellmann (2004a), 292; Körber (2007), 339.
1097.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 9 FKVO para 56; Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 57; see also Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 13, 60).
1098.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 57 end; Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 109; citing Art. 4 (3) TEU and the prohibition of venire contra factum proprium Soyez (2005), 433; contrary view Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO paras 102 et seq.
1099.
See Schild, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 9 FKVO para 9: no Member State application only in the case of unchanged competitive conditions.
1100.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 62.
1101.
See below para 4139.
1102.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 69); Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 68.
1103.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 69).
1104.
Soyez (2005), 436; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 98.
1105.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (paras 28 et seq.).
1106.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 104: 210 of 222 between 1 May 2004 and 30 June 2011.
1107.
Further discussion by Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 71.
1108.
Bardong and Maass, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 79.
1109.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO paras 65 and 70 et seq.: early contact with the Commission as well.
1110.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para. 75.
1111.
See below para 4001.
1112.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 72; Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 21 b).
1113.
See Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 60).
1114.
Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO paras 139 et seq.
1115.
See Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 139.
1116.
Using this as a basis, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 4 FKVO para 32 end.
1117.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 4 FKVO para 33.
1118.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 108 end.
1119.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 108.
1120.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 4 FKVO para 32.
1121.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 5-008.
1122.
CO = Concentration.
1123.
There are eleven sections.
1124.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 5-010.
1125.
Regarding these examination points, see above paras 3552 et seq.
1126.
Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), 8th Ch. para 295.
1127.
Commission Notice of 14 December 2013 on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5. The Commission presumes that in future 60 % to 70 % of mergers may be examined using this procedure, Press Release of 5 December 2013, EuZW 2014, 4.
1128.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 34, 36.
1129.
Short Form for notification of a concentration pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (22, Annex II, Intro. para 1.1); expanded by Commission Notice of 14 December 2013 on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 5).
1130.
Commission Notice of 14 December 2013 on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 6).
1131.
Short Form for notification of a concentration pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (22, Annex II, para 1.2).
1132.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 37; expressing doubt Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 55 end.
1133.
Commission Notice of 14 December 2013 on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5. (paras 10 et seq.).
1134.
ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512—Akzo Nobel; critical view, see, e.g. Henssler (2009), 952; recently AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404 (para 64)—Schenker: no “carte blanche”; see with regard to correspondence with external counsel for purposes of defence, ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157 (para 22)—AM & S.
1135.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 5 citing the short form.
1136.
Further discussion, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO paras 39 et seq.
1137.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 5-006.
1138.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 21; further discussion, Hellmann (2004b), 1389.
1139.
Schroeder, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 4 FKVO para 66.
1140.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 4 FKVO para 25.
1141.
See e.g. ECJ, Case C-92/09, ECLI:EU:C:2010:662—Schecke and Eifert.
1142.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 80).
1143.
Under Art. 4 (5) subparagraph 5 ECMR, the referral itself apparently rests not on a Commission decision but rather a presumption.
1144.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 106.
1145.
General Court, Case T-310/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:275 (paras 78 et seq.)—MCI likewise due to the protected expect ions in a different decision practice.
1146.
Noting this, Berg (2005), 56.
1147.
For this reason, leaning in favour of notice given the decisive nature of the turnover thresholds, Staebe (2005), 15 et seq. See General Court, Case T-310/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:275—MCI did not address this.
1148.
Addressing this issue, General Court, Case T-22/97, ECLI:EU:T:1999:327 (para 64)—Kesko.
1149.
For further discussion, see General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 41)—Gencor.
1150.
General Court, Case T-310/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:275 (paras 44 et seq.)—MCI; Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 45)—Gencor.
1151.
ECJ, Case C-42/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:379 (para 43)—Portugal/Commission.
1152.
See Art. 8 (3) ECMR in contrast to Art. 8 (1), (2) ECMR which require notice to have been provided, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 193.
1153.
Commission Decision of 03/07/2001, JV.55 (para 7)—Hutchinson/RCPM/ECT; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 3.
1154.
This likewise represents a decisions under Art. 288 (4) TFEU.
1155.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 22.
1156.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (paras 169 et seq.)—ARD.
1157.
See above paras 3561 et seq., 3756 et seq.
1158.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (paras 122 et seq.)—ARD.
1159.
See above paras 3424 et seq.
1160.
From 2004 to 2011, European Commission statistics; Gore et al. (2013), p. 11.
1161.
General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635—Cisco Systems and Messagenet.
1162.
In favour of parallel evidentiary and procedural controls, General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635—Cisco Systems and Messagenet.
1163.
S. ECJ, Case C-67/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204 (paras 41 et seq.)—CB.
1164.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 7.
1165.
See, e.g. Emberger and Peter, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 65.
1166.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 7.
1167.
On this topic and the foregoing, Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO paras 26 et seq. as well as the immediately following paras 3863 et seq.
1168.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 4.
1169.
And not a month, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 10 FKVO para 4.
1170.
Starting with the first working day Bengtsson et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 5.418.
1171.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 5
1172.
ECJ, Case C-551/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:681 (paras 80 et seq.)—Éditions Odile Jacobs; see also AG Mázák, ECJ, Case C-551/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:125 (para 74)—Éditions Odile Jacobs.
1173.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 81).
1174.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 78).
1175.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 12.
1176.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 78, fn. 4); Best practices on the conduct of EC Merger control proceedings of 20 January 2004 (para 33), cf. www.fkvo.eu; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 11.
1177.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 45 citing Commission Decision of 12 March 2001, M.2277 (para 49)—Degussa/Laporte.
1178.
See previously the principles stated by the General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100 (paras 139 et seq.)—BaByliss; Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (paras 239 et seq.)—Philips.
1179.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 46, Art. 10 FKVO para 27; Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 10 FKVO para 11; Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 6 FKVO para 30: the Commission also wants to avoid Phase II.
1180.
See Lübking (2011), 1230.
1181.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 35).
1182.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 8-018.
1183.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 53; Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (paras 22 et seq.).
1184.
Commission Decision of 22 July 2013, M.6851—Baxter International/Gambro.
1185.
See Commission Decision of 30 January 2013, M.6570—UPS/TNT Express.
1186.
See Commission Decision of 27 February 2013, M.6663 (para 1683)—Ryanair/Aer Lingus III.
1187.
See below para 3877.
1188.
Commission Decision of 27 February 2013, M.6663.
1189.
Critical, see also Hirsbrunner (2014), 662 et seq.
1190.
Noting this, Immenga (2011), 410, 416 et seq.
1191.
In the PC sector, Commission Decision of 26 January 2011, M.5984 (paras 62 et seq.)—Intel/MacAfee.
1192.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 55.
1193.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (paras 17, 69).
1194.
See Commission Decision of 5 August 2013, M.6607, OJ 2013 C 279, p. 6—US Airways/American Airlines for the air route London-Philadelphia.
1195.
Hirsbrunner (2014), 663.
1196.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (paras 62 et seq.) with additional sub-categories.
1197.
See above paras 2208 et seq.
1198.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 56, likewise with regard to the following.
1199.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 6 FKVO para 38 citing Commission Decision of 11 March 1997, M.873—Bank Austria/Creditanstalt; Commission Decision of 8 April 1999, M.1453—AXA/GRE.
1200.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 6 FKVO para 37 with a positive assessment on the whole.
1201.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 56 end citing Commission Decision of 8 May 2000, M.1846 (para 195 and 217)—Glaxo Wellcome/SmithKline Brecher.
1202.
See Commission sample asset sale agreement, see Press Release of 5 December 2013, EuZW 2014, 4.
1203.
Commission Decision 2003/792/EC, OJ 2003 L 300, p. 62 (para 68)—DaimlerChrysler/Deutsche Telekom/JV, where even the formation of an independent company for the problematic element was agreed to.
1204.
See Leibenath (2000), p. 96 et seq. National unbundling is then precluded, Roth (2011), p. 505.
1205.
General Court, Case T-48/04, ECLI:EU:T:2009:212 (para 112)—Qualcomm; noting this Hirsbrunner (2010), 730; further discussion Immenga (2011), 408 et seq.
1206.
Hoeg (2014), p. 15.
1207.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 29.
1208.
See Commission Decision of 30 January 2013, M.6570—UPS/TNT Express as well as criticism below, paras 3877 et seq.
1209.
General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187 (para 197)—easy Jet; Cook and Kerse (2009), para 8-014.
1210.
See above para 3868.
1211.
EU Commission, Press release of 5 December 2013, EuZW 2014, 4.
1212.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 6 FKVO paras 42 et seq.
1213.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 26, citing General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187 (paras 186 et seq.)—easyJet.
1214.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 58.
1215.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (para 178)—ARD.
1216.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 660.
1217.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (para 329)—ARD.
1218.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (para 178)—ARD.
1219.
General Court, Case T-87/05, ECLI:EU:T:2005:333 (para 71)—EDP.
1220.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (para 329)—ARD.
1221.
Narrower Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 6 FKVO para 47: potential impairment “under no conceivable perspective”, see also Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 29.
1222.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 43, 60 quoting Press Release IP/00/313 related to Commission Decision of 29 March 2000, M.1751—Shell/BASF/JV-Project Nicole.
1223.
Critical but ultimately accepting, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 60 end, 62.
1224.
Further discussion Berg (2003), 363 et seq.
1225.
EU Commission, Press release of 05/12/2013, EuZW 2014, 4.
1226.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 8-015.
1227.
Berg (2003), 366 et seq.
1228.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 64 in conjunction with footnote 104.
1229.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 22/11/2012, M.6541—Glencore.
1230.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 20).
1231.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 72; Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 20).
1232.
Commission Decision of 21 January 2010, M.5529—Oracle/Sun Microsystems; regarding the course of the proceedings, see Bischke and Boger (2010), 302.
1233.
Oracle announced that it would continue to develop the leading open source database, MySQL, in a publicly accessible manner following the merger; see Hirsbrunner (2010), 728; Immenga (2011), 414 et seq.
1234.
Immenga (2011), 410.
1235.
Immenga (2011), 423 et seq.
1236.
This is the case as well, for example, because the requirements of Art. 4 (5) ECMR have not been satisfied so that national competition law is applicable, Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 60) with additional aspects.
1237.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 56.
1238.
Schröer, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 6 FKVO para 54; Fuchs (1996a), 266 et seq.; for an analogy to Art. 10 (5) subparagraph 4 ECMR, see Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 98 with additional citations to the contrary opinion in para 97.
1239.
Against any deadline, see e.g. König, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 58.
1240.
See Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 87 citing Commission Decision of 28 July 1999, M.1543—Sanofi/Synthelabo.
1241.
von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 133; see previously Fuchs (1996a), 265; see also Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 88.
1242.
Emberger and Peter, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 6 FKVO para 71.
1243.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 6 FKVO para 58.
1244.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1828. More detailed discussion, Holzwarth (2014).
1245.
Hirsbrunner (2011), 549 (550) citing General Court, Case T-411/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:281 (para 82)—Aer Lingus. The Member States are prohibited from ordering dissolutions in the case of effects on merger control-related decisions by the Commission, Roth (2011), p. 505.
1246.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 6 citing Commission Decision, unpublished decision of 5 October 1994, M.477 (para 11)—Mercedes Benz/Kässbohrer.
1247.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 6 end.
1248.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 8.
1249.
Ablasser-Neuhuber, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 7 FKVO para 3.
1250.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 6.
1251.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 10.
1252.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1831 including a discussion of Commission Decision of 10 June 2009, M.4994—Electrabel/Compagnie Nationale du Rhone, in which a fine was imposed under Art. 14 ECMR.
1253.
See Commission Decision of 18/02/1998, M.920—Samsung/Ast as well as additional discussion, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 4 FKVO para 46.
1254.
Ablasser-Neuhuber, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 7 FKVO para 7.
1255.
See Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 7.
1256.
In favour, Commission Decision of 22 July 1992, M.190 (para 2)—Nestlé/Perrier; König, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 7 FKVO para 13.
1257.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 25; broader Wessely, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 7 FKVO para 76.
1258.
Accordingly, finding the rule to be nonsense, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 7.
1259.
Ablasser-Neuhuber, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 7 FKVO para 6.
1260.
Fundamental discussion, Jones and González-Días (1992), p. 202; similar, Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 15; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 27.
1261.
Cf. on the law of state aid, Soltész and Wagner (2013), 856.
1262.
Using this as a base and thus rejecting inclusion, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 8.
1263.
Limited to this, Wessely, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 7 FKVO para 81; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 26.
1264.
General Court, Case T-411/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:281 (paras 83 et seq.)—Aer Lingus.
1265.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 26.
1266.
Wessely, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 7 FKVO para 81.
1267.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 13.
1268.
Commission Decision of 19 February 1999, M.1419—Groupe Cofinoga/BNP.
1269.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 14.
1270.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 1851.
1271.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 19 with additional citations.
1272.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 14 citing Commission Decision of 27 March 1995, M.538 (para 6)—Omnitel.
1273.
See, e.g. Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 19 end.
1274.
Further discussion, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 FKVO para 32, 34.
1275.
See contra, Ablasser-Neuhuber, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 7 FKVO para 9.
1276.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 16.
1277.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 7 FKVO para 3.
1278.
Further discussion with examples, Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 19; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 15.
1279.
Maass, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 FKVO para 34.
1280.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 FKVO para 16.
1281.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 FKVO para 36.
1282.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (paras 31 et seq.)—Omya.
1283.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 2071.
1284.
Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 24 with examples.
1285.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (paras 99 et seq.)—Omya.
1286.
Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 25.
1287.
Hecker, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO para 5.
1288.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 FKVO para 2.
1289.
Accordingly critical Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 9; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 FKVO para 4: “even”.
1290.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1291.
See fundamentally ECJ, Case C-374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 34)—Orkem previously with regard to Art. 11 Regulation No. 17/62.
1292.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 15.
1293.
Noting this, Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 9.
1294.
Drawing a distinction on this basis, Hecker, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO para 7; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 14.
1295.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 26.
1296.
Hecker, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO para 7.
1297.
Cf. Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 10; see fundamentally ECJ, Case C-374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 15 et seq.)—Orkem regarding anti-trust proceedings.
1298.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 30)—Omya.
1299.
General Court, Case T-213/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:76 (para 986)—CMA CGM regarding regulations with comparable language in relation to infringements; in the instant context, see Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 14.
1300.
See above para 3914.
1301.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 33)—Omya.
1302.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 47)—Omya.
1303.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 33)—Omya.
1304.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 32)—Omya.
1305.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 32)—Omya.
1306.
General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (paras 100 et seq.)—Schneider Electric, in relation to 322 questions resulting in the need for more than 300,000 pieces of data (para 79).
1307.
Accordingly critical, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 18.
1308.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 33)—Omya.
1309.
ECJ, Case C-301/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:432 (para 41)—SGL Carbon.
1310.
General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 78)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke.
1311.
General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 78)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke.
1312.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 3.
1313.
ECJ, Case C-374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 38)—Orkem.
1314.
ECJ, Case C-301/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:432 (para 42)—SGL Carbon citing the ruling in the leading case, Case C-374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 35)—Orkem.
1315.
ECHR, ruling of 3 May 2001, No. 31827/96 (paras 64 et seq., 71)—J.B./Schweiz.
1316.
Ohloff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 30.
1317.
Further discussion, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO paras 16 et seq.; Nehl (2004), p. 73 et seq.; effects of the Charter are now no longer precluded, see contra still, General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 76)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke, where the need for equivalent protection as that provided under Art. 6 ECHR was referred to (para 77).
1318.
See only AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 41)—Schenker.
1319.
ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 40 et seq., 49)—AKZO Nobel.
1320.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 33)—Omya.
1321.
General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27 (para 31)—Omya.
1322.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO para 6; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 FKVO para 19.
1323.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 32.
1324.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 32.
1325.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 FKVO para 28: see Art. 14 (1) alt. b) and c) ECMR without reference to Art. 11 (5) ECMR.
1326.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 20.
1327.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 11 FKVO para 20.
1328.
ECJ, Case C-204/00, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 200)—Aalborg Portland; General Court, Case T-54/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:255 (para 147)—Lafarge.
1329.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO para 14.
1330.
Cf. above at paras 2565 et seq.
1331.
Maass, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 5 citing the ruling in ECJ, Case C-301/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:432—SGL Carbon and Case C-266/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:295—Evonik Degussa from the realm of competition law. For additional discussion, see above paras 3926 et seq. as well as a generally more restrictive view in light of the ECMR, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 11 FKVO paras 17 et seq.
1332.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 9, 32.
1333.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 10.
1334.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 FKVO para 12.
1335.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 10 end.
1336.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 11, 14.
1337.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 11 FKVO para 11 with additional citations and significant concerns from an international law standpoint due to the limitation on sovereignty of the European Union.
1338.
Hecker, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 12 FKVO paras 1 et seq.; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 12 FKVO para 6.
1339.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 12 FKVO para 5.
1340.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 12 FKVO para 7.
1341.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 12 FKVO para 3.
1342.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 12 FKVO para 2.
1343.
Further discussion available there.
1344.
See above paras 2669 et seq.
1345.
ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 23)—Roquette Frères.
1346.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 13 FKVO para 4 citing Commission, Proposal for a Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, COM (2002) 711 final (para 85).
1347.
See, e.g. German Federal Constitutional Court 76, 83 (88); 32, 54 (70 et seq.).
1348.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 13 FKVO para 15.
1349.
39th Recital to the ECMR.
1350.
ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738—E.ON; critical Werner (2013), 186.
1351.
41th Recital to the ECMR.
1352.
See above paras 3926 et seq.
1353.
Believing this to be a potential area of application, Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 13 FKVO para 2.
1354.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 13 FKVO para 8.
1355.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 13 FKVO para 6.
1356.
Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 13 FKVO para 10 end.
1357.
See, e.g. Völcker, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 13 FKVO para 10.
1358.
An inspection is a search under Art. 13 (2) GG, for further discussion see, Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 13 FKVO para 15.
1359.
40th Recital to the ECMR.
1360.
40th Recital to the ECMR.
1361.
Comprehensive discussion of the following topic, Heidenreich (2004), p. 149 et seq.
1362.
On both issues, Maass, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 18 FKVO para 1.
1363.
See immediately following paras 3974 et seq.
1364.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 19 FKVO para 18.
1365.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 19 FKVO para 18 end, 19 namely for customers with respect to whom an undertaking has obtained information and in the case of a non-disclosure agreement.
1366.
Decision of 23 May 2001 on the terms of reference of hearing officers in certain competition procedures, OJ L 162, p. 21.
1367.
Ohlhoff, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 18 FKVO para 3.
1368.
Doubting independence, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 18 FKVO para 3; more open Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 FKVO para 4.
1369.
For additional discussion, see above paras 3969 et seq.
1370.
General Court, Case T-290/94, ECLI:EU:T:1997:186 (para 109)—Kaysersberg. Contra, Miersch (1991), p. 235 et seq.; Heidenreich (2004), p. 166 et seq. with regard to the following as well.
1371.
ECJ, Case C-170/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2003:501 (para 33)—Schlüsselverlag Moser.
1372.
General Court, Case T-2/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:55 (para 44)—Air France II; Birk (2003), 163; contrary opinion Koch (1990), 72.
1373.
General Court, Case T-12/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:78 (paras 50 et seq.)—Vittel.
1374.
General Court, Case T-12/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:78 (paras 47 et seq.)—Vittel.
1375.
General Court, Case T-3/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:36 (para 82)—Air France I.
1376.
General Court, Case T-83/92, ECLI:EU:T:1993:93 (para 30)—Zunis.
1377.
“DG Competition, Best Practices on the conduct on EC merger proceedings” of 20 January 2004 (http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/legislation/proceedings.pdf, accessed on 8 April 2014).
1378.
Cf. above at para 3150.
1379.
Commission, 33rd Competition Report 2003, Section 211 (may be accessed at: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/annual_report/, accessed on 8 April 2014).
1380.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 19 FKVO para 2.
1381.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 19 FKVO para 2.
1382.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 19 FKVO para 8.
1383.
Bardong, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 19 FKVO para 9; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 19 FKVO para 11.
1384.
Further discussion, Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 19 FKVO para 11 citing Commission Decision of 18 December 1991, M.165—Alcatel/AEG Kabel.
1385.
Accordingly in favour, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 19 FKVO para 15.
1386.
Ohlhoff and Fleischmann, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 19 FKVO para 19.
1387.
Baron, In: Langen and Bunte (2010), Art. 19 FKVO para 11.
1388.
See current general view, Bickenbach (2013), 523.
1389.
See Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 19 FKVO para 10 as well as online under www.fkvo.eu.
1390.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 19 FKVO para 4.
1391.
General Court, Case T-25/95 P inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 742)—CBR.
1392.
General Court, Case T-290/94, ECLI:EU:T:1997:186 (para 88)—Kaysersberg; ECJ, Case C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 87)—Kali and Salz.
1393.
Hacker, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 19 FKVO para 21; Ohlhoff and Fleischmann, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 19 FKVO para 25.
1394.
See above paras 3819 et seq.
1395.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 1.
1396.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 7 citing ECA Network Notice regarding referrals under Art. 22 Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (“EC Merger Regulation”), OJ L 24, p. 1.
1397.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 9.
1398.
See Art. 24 Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1.
1399.
Cf. Commission Decision of 17 February 1993, M.278 (para 8)—British Airways/Dan Air.
1400.
Commission Decision of 20 September 1995, M.553—RTL/Veronica/Endemol.
1401.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 8; contra Dittert, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 22 FKVO para 14.
1402.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 26 contra, Niewiarra (1997), p. 433 et seq.
1403.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 FKVO para 9.
1404.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 23; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 3 end; contrary opinion, Klees (2005), § 12 para 17.
1405.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 23 end.
1406.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 11.
1407.
ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (para 54)—DLG; see General Court, Case T-22/97, ECLI:EU:T:1999:327 (para 107)—Kelso in the sense of an interpretation consistent with Art. 101 et seq. TFEU.
1408.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 4.
1409.
General Court, Case T-22/97, ECLI:EU:T:1999:327 (para 107)—Kesko.
1410.
General Court, Case T-22/97, ECLI:EU:T:1999:327 (para 109)—Kesko.
1411.
General Court, Case T-417/05, ECLI:EU:T:2006:219 (para 64)—Endesa.
1412.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 5, 7.
1413.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 5 end.
1414.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 906.
1415.
Contrary view, Hellmann (2004a), 292. By contrast, both Art. 4 (4) and Art. 9 ECMR presume a separate market; see, above para 3803 as well as para 4127.
1416.
Commission Decision of 4 July 2012, M.6502 (paras 18, 21 et seq.)—London Stock Exchange/LCH Clearnet, regarding the following as well.
1417.
Commission Decision of 4 July 2012, M.6502 (paras 21 et seq.)—London Stock Exchange/LCH Clearnet.
1418.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 660.
1419.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 660. “In an unusual approach for understanding for undertakings plagued by bureaucracy”.
1420.
Pursuant to Article 22 Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20/01/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation), OJ L 24, p. 1.
1421.
Noting this generally, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 7.
1422.
Commission Decision of 4 July 2012, M.6502 (paras 10 et seq.)—London Stock Exchange/LCH Clearnet.
1423.
Hirsbrunner (2013), 660.
1424.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 9-035.
1425.
General Court, Case T-221/95, ECLI:EU:T:1999:85 (para 42)—Endemol.
1426.
Still citing this, General Court, Case T-221/95, ECLI:EU:T:1999:85 (para 42)—Endemol.
1427.
Contrary opinion Westermann, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 22 FKVO para 11; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 22 FKVO para 62; see also further discussion, Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 47 fn. 2.
1428.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 44 citing Commission Decision of 18 May 2005, M.3796—Omya; vom 17.2.1993, M.278 (para 9)—British Airways/Dan Air.
1429.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 46 end.
1430.
Hellmann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 22 FKVO para 46.
1431.
See Art. 36 TFEU; ECJ, Case C-120/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:42 (para 8)—Cassis; Case C-368/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:325 (paras 18 et seq.)—Familiapress.
1432.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), paras 920 et seq. citing example decisions such as Commission Decision of 22/11/2000, M.2171—Secil/Holderbank/Cimpor, affirmed by ECJ, Case C-42/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:379—Portugal/Commission; Commission Decision of 20 December 2006, M.4197—E.ON/Endesa, affirmed by ECJ, Case C-196/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:146)—Commission/Spain.
1433.
See previously, e.g. ECJ, Case C-72/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:256—Campus Oil as well as related to merger control, Commission Decision of 26 September 2006, M.4197 (para 129)—E.ON/Endesa.
1434.
Commission Decision of 26 September 2006, M.4197 (para 58)—E.ON/Endesa.
1435.
See e.g. ECJ, Case C-203/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:316 (para 44)—Dusseldorp.
1436.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 21 FKVO para 18.
1437.
Cf. Council Regulation (EC) 428/2009 of 5 May 2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items, OJ L 134, p. 1.
1438.
ECJ, Case C-337/05, ECLI:EU:C:2008:203 (paras 46 et seq.)—Commission/Italy; Case C-157/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:530 (paras 27 et seq.)—Commission/Italy.
1439.
Still holding this view, ECJ, Case C-83/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:329 (para 35)—Leifer.
1440.
Dittert, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 346 AEUV para 35 et seq.; Kokott, In: Streinz (2012), Art. 346 AEUV para 25.
1441.
ECJ, Case C-414/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:417 (paras 21 et seq.)—Commission/Spain.
1442.
Frenz (2007b), paras 2204 et seq.
1443.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 21 FKVO para 18.
1444.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 42.
1445.
See Commission Decision of 10 December 2004, M.3596—TyssenKrupp/HWD.
1446.
See Commission Decision of 28 August 1998, M.1258—GEC Marconi/Alenia; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 42 end, 43.
1447.
See, e.g. Commission Decision of 3 January 2000, M.1797—Saab/Celsius.
1448.
The Commission’s means of action according to Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 21 FKVO para 18 end.
1449.
ECJ, Case C-414/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:417 (paras 21 et seq.)—Commission/Spain.
1450.
ECJ, Case C-414/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:417 (para 22)—Commission/Spain.
1451.
ECJ, Case C-414/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:417 (para 22)—Commission/Spain.
1452.
See Commission Decision of 24 November 1995, M.528 (para 1)—British Aerospace/VSEL.
1453.
For example, based on economic or fiscal considerations, AG Jacobs, ECJ, Case C-120/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:109 (para 67)—Commission/Greece.
1454.
Cf. Kokott, In: Streinz (2012), Art. 348 AEUV para 9.
1455.
For additional discussion, see paras 4256 et seq.
1456.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 44.
1457.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 33 end.
1458.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 37; in more detail: Statement of the Commission on Art. 21, available online at www.fkvo.eu.
1459.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 35 citing Commission Decision of 20 October 1999, M.1616—BCSH/Champalimaud.
1460.
Commission Decision of 21 December 1995, M.567—Lyonnaise des Eaux/Northumbrian Water.
1461.
Commission Decision of 20 September 2006, M.4197—E.ON/Endesa.
1462.
See e.g. ECJ, Case C-393/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:171—Almelo; further discussion under paras 4272 et seq.
1463.
See above para 4030 regarding Commission Decision of 26 September 2006, M.4197 (para 58)—E.ON/Endesa; with additional examples, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 FKVO para 35.
1464.
ECJ, Case C-42/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:379 (paras 55 et seq.)—Portugal/Commission.
1465.
General Court, Case T-58/09, ECLI:EU:T:2010:342 (para 118)—Schemaventotto.
1466.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 18 end; see www.fkvo.eu.
1467.
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 802/2004, OJ L 133, p. 1 (22 Annex II No. 1.1); Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 5).
1468.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 6): the growth (“delta”) in the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) is less than 150 %.
1469.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (paras 10 et seq.); see above para 2833.
1470.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 19).
1471.
Hoeg (2014), p. 32.
1472.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (paras 20 et seq.).
1473.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 28).
1474.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004 of 7 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 2004 L 133, p. 1 (Annex II No. 1.1).
1475.
Commission Notice of 14 December 2013 on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5. (para 26).
1476.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 19.
1477.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 26); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 6 FKVO para 22.
1478.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 22).
1479.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 25).
1480.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 26).
1481.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 26 et seq.).
1482.
Commission notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004, OJ 2013 C 366, p. 5 (para 27).
1483.
More detailed figures, see Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 6 FKVO para 2.
1484.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 8.
1485.
See above paras 3424 et seq.
1486.
See above paras 3415 et seq.
1487.
See above paras 3868 et seq.
1488.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 8-027.
1489.
OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1.
1490.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 6.
1491.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 7.
1492.
ECJ, Case C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148 (para 257)—Kali and Salz.
1493.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 99.
1494.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 7; Fuchs (1996b), 278.
1495.
With regard to commitments by undertakings, see detailed discussion above, paras 3868 et seq.
1496.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 15.
1497.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 16.
1498.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 319)—Gencor.
1499.
Fuchs (1996b), 272; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 119.
1500.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 18; Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 120.
1501.
Cook and Kerse (2009), para 8-005.
1502.
General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64 (para 308)—Cementbouw.
1503.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 18).
1504.
Commission notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ 2008 C 267, p. 1 (para 84); Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 122.
1505.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 11.
1506.
See Commission Decision of 30 March 1999, IV/JV.15 (para 98)—BT/AT & T, see Commission press release, IP/99/209 of 30 March 1999.
1507.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 12 end.
1508.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 14.
1509.
General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246 (paras 244 et seq., 329)—ARD.
1510.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 13.
1511.
Commission Decision of 23/06/2008, M.5047 (para 79)—REWE/ADEC.
1512.
General Court, President, Case T-342/00 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:13 (paras 46 et seq.)—Petrolessence; see generally above, para 2811 in the context of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.
1513.
See General Court, President, Case T-342/00, ECLI:EU:T:2001:13 (paras 51 et seq.)—Petrolessence.
1514.
Koch, In: Schulte (2010), para 2294; Hirsbrunner (2002), 458 et seq.
1515.
See Koch, In: Schulte (2010), para 2299, citing General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212—Schneider Electric and the appeal, ECJ, Case C-440/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:459—Schneider Electric; likewise on this topic, Hirsbrunner (2010), 729 et seq. as well as below, paras 4095 et seq.; regarding the requirement of causality in the initial proceedings, see Seitz (2007), 662.
1516.
See also Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 5.
1517.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 7.
1518.
General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (para 106)—Schneider Electric.
1519.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 8.
1520.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 49)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala.
1521.
See immediately following para 4081 et seq.; rejecting this path, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 10 end.
1522.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 11.
1523.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 12.
1524.
ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (para 49)—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala; Case C-202/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:814 (para 39)—Cementbouw.
1525.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 10 FKVO para 17 end.
1526.
Using this as a basis, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 12.
1527.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 32.
1528.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 10 FKVO para 13.
1529.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 10 FKVO para 17.
1530.
General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65 (para 316)—Gencor. The decisive issue is the protection of market structures such that the capacity to affect them is enough.
1531.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 36.
1532.
ECJ, Case C-440/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:324 (paras 205 et seq.)—Schneider Electric.
1533.
Case C-440/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:324—Schneider Electric.
1534.
Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212—Schneider Electric.
1535.
Extension discussion of this topic, see Frenz (2010), paras 1997 et seq.
1536.
ECJ, Case C-26/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:318 (para 16)—Oleifici Mediterranei; General Court, Case T-383/00, ECLI:EU:T:2005:453 (para 95)—Beamglow.
1537.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 114 f.)—Schneider Electric; see ECJ, Case C-282/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:226 (para 47)—Holcim.
1538.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 125)—Schneider Electric.
1539.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 122)—Schneider Electric.
1540.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 131)—Schneider Electric.
1541.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 131 end)—Schneider Electric.
1542.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 132)—Schneider Electric.
1543.
General Court, Case T-219/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:343 (paras 89 et seq.)—British Airways; affirmed in ECJ, Case C-95/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:166—British Airways.
1544.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 132)—Schneider Electric.
1545.
ECJ, Case C-282/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:226 (para 47)—Holcim; General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 117)—Schneider Electric.
1546.
ECJ, Case 5/66 inter alia, ECLI:EU:C:1967:31 (261)—Kampffmeyer; General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 118)—Schneider Electric.
1547.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 152)—Schneider Electric.
1548.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 147)—Schneider Electric; see ECJ, Case C-17/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:106 (para 15)—Transocean Marine Paint; General Court, Case T-87/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:37 (para 88)—Assicurazioni Generali and Unicredito.
1549.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (para 155)—Schneider Electric.
1550.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (paras 265 et seq.)—Schneider Electric.
1551.
ECJ, Case C-440/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:324 (para 206, 222)—Schneider Electric, however citing the particular risk of implementing a concentration, such as a public exchange offer, under Art. 7 (3) ECMR prior to the Commission’ final decision (para 204).
1552.
See with regard to both an omitted as well as deficient environmental impact review, ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712 (paras 37 et seq.)—Gemeinde Altrip rejecting a burden of proof for an additional causality requirement (paras 52 et seq.)
1553.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 36 end.
1554.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (paras 298, 344 et seq.)—Schneider Electric.
1555.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (paras 291 et seq.)—Schneider Electric.
1556.
Cf. ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712 (paras 52 et seq.)—Gemeinde Altrip.
1557.
General Court, Case T-77/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:255 (para 14)—Schneider Electric; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 38.
1558.
Contra Dittert (2004), 148 et seq.; Rosenthal (2004), 331.
1559.
Dittert (2004), 157.
1560.
von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 119.
1561.
Rieger and Cappellari, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 103.
1562.
Commission Decision of 30 January 2002, M.2283—Schneider/Legrand; Berg (2004a), 568 fn. 90; Rieger and Cappellari, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 103 end, 107; Rosenthal (2004), 331; applying a different approach, General Court, Case T-411/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:281 (para 84)—Aer Lingus; contrary view von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 119 end.
1563.
Roth (2011), p. 505.
1564.
Käseberg, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 123; Staebe and Denzel (2004), 198.
1565.
Hoeg (2014), p. 31.
1566.
This had been the rule to date, Rieger and Cappellari, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 100.
1567.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 201.
1568.
Emberger and Peter, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 36; König, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 48; by contrast, rejecting this approach Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 202.
1569.
For a detailed discussion, see Frenz (1997), p. 83 et seq.
1570.
Commission Decision of 20 September 1995, M.553 (para 116)—Endemol.
1571.
Correct to such an extent, Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 202 citing ECJ, Case C-202/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:814 (para 54)—Cementbouw; applying a contrary classification, the preceding Commission Decision of 26 June 2002, M.2650—Haniel/Cementbouw/JV.
1572.
Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 202 end; von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 121.
1573.
In this direction however, von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 121.
1574.
General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212 (paras 303 et seq.)—Schneider Electric; Seitz (2007), 662.
1575.
See, e.g. Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 FKVO para 52.
1576.
See above para 4089.
1577.
See above paras 4105 et seq.
1578.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 42.
1579.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 43.
1580.
ECJ, Case C-229 and 228/82 R, ECLI:EU:C:1982:320 (para 14)—Ford; Case C-471/00 P (R), ECLI:EU:C:2001:218 (para 107)—Cambridge; General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 116)—IMS Health with additional citations.
1581.
ECJ, Case C-471/00 P (R), ECLI:EU:C:2001:218 (para 108)—Cambridge.
1582.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 42.
1583.
Emberger and Peter, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 61.
1584.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 46.
1585.
General Court, Case T-251/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:278 (para 140)—Lagardère und Canal+.
1586.
For further discussion and critical view, see Frenz (2009), paras 3004, 3132 et seq.
1587.
Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 49; von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 136; other view, Dittert, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO para 59.
1588.
Cf. Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 49; Emberger and Peter, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 59.
1589.
von Koppenfels, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014), Art. 8 FKVO paras 116 et seq.; Rieger and Cappellari, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 127.
1590.
See Körber, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 8 FKVO para 224 contra Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 49; cf. also Fuchs (1996b), 266.
1591.
Generally, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 8 FKVO para 50 who advocates five years. However, this is a long period and does not comport with the requirement of rapid action generally reflected in the ECMR.
1592.
Hirsbrunner (2009), 245 citing ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392 (paras 166 et seq.)—Bertelsmann and Sony.
1593.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 888, further discussion at paras 916 et seq.; Frenz (2014a), 74 et seq. regarding the following issue as well with a current reference to the review proceedings in Telefónica Ireland/Hutchison (IP/13/1048), Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus (IP/13/1304), Holcim/Cemex West (IP/13/986, IP/14/2).
1594.
See above paras 3801 et seq.
1595.
Zeise, In: Schulte (2010), para 896.
1596.
See above para 3556 end.
1597.
Berg (2004b), 159; Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 40 in conjunction with footnote 34).
1598.
See Commission Decision of 20 July 2001, M.2446—Govia/Connex South Central; of 24/04/2002, M.2730—Connex/DNVBVG/JV.
1599.
See Commission Decision of 10 June 2003, M.3130—Arla Foods/Express Dairies.
1600.
See above paras 3556 et seq.
1601.
For additional discussion of this topic, see Frenz (2014b), 16 et seq.
1602.
General Court, Case T-346 and 347/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:256 (para 117)—Cableuropa.
1603.
EU Commission, of 6 January 2014, IP 14/2.
1604.
IP/14/95.
1605.
General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (para 343)—Philips.
1606.
General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (para 344)—Philips.
1607.
General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (para 346)—Philips.
1608.
General Court, Case T-346 and 347/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:256 (paras 176 et seq.)—Cableuropa.
1609.
General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (para 348)—Philips.
1610.
Based on a “may” argument, Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (para 9).
1611.
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of concentrations, OJ 2005 C 56, p. 2 (paras 11 et seq.).
1612.
Apparently criticising this broad definition, General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (paras 355 et seq.)—Philips.
1613.
General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101 (paras 350 et seq.)—Philips citing, e.g., Commission, Community Merger Control: Green Paper on the Review of the Merger Control Regulation, COM (1996) 19 final version, sub-section 94 and the 10th Recital to Council Regulation (EC) No. 1310/97 of 30 June 1997 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ L 180 sent. 1.
1614.
See above paras 3810 et seq.
1615.
See above paras 3485 et seq.
1616.
See above paras 2878 et seq.
1617.
For additional discussion, see above paras 2877 et seq.
1618.
See above paras 4081 et seq.
1619.
Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 8 FKVO para 32.
1620.
See above paras 3980 et seq.
1621.
General Court, Case T-48/04, ECLI:EU:T:2009:212 (paras 90 et seq.)—Qualcomm with additional citations of case law. Detailed discussion above at paras 3613 et seq., 3712 et seq.
1622.
Berg (2004b), 163, fn. 21.
1623.
Cf. Court of Justice of the European Union, 2010 Annual Report, p. 193 (available at: http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_11035/rapports-annuels, accessed on 8 April 2014).
1624.
See above para 4073.
1625.
See Art. 76a § 1 Rules of Procedure of the General Court, amended version, OJ 2000 L 322, p. 4.
1626.
Extensive discussion of the topic as a whole, Weitbrecht (2003), 123 et seq.

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Walter Frenz

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Table of Cases

AG Jacobs, ECJ, Case C-120/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:109—Commission/Greece

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-202/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:255—Cementbouw

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126—Schenker

AG Mázák, ECJ, Case C-551/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:125—Éditions Odile Jacob

ECHR, ruling of 3 May 2001, No. 31827/96—J.B./Schweiz

ECJ, Case 5/66 inter alia, ECLI:EU:C:1967:31—Kampffmeyer

ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22—Continental Can

ECJ, Case 155/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:40—Sacchi

ECJ, Case 17/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:106—Transocean Marine Paint

ECJ, Case 51/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:85—EMI Records

ECJ, Case 85/76, ECLI:EU:C:1979:36—Hoffmann-La Roche

ECJ, Case 120/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:42—Cassis

ECJ, Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211—Nungesser

ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S

ECJ, Case 26/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:318—Oleifici Mediterranei

ECJ, Cases C-229 and 228/82 R, ECLI:EU:C:1982:320—Ford

ECJ, Case 72/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:256—Campus Oil

ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490—BAT and Reynolds

ECJ, Case C-62/86, ECLI:EU:C:1991:286—AKZO Chemie

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387—Orkem

ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413—DLG

ECJ, Case C-393/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:171—Almelo

ECJ, Cases C-68/94 and 30/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:148—Kali and Salz

ECJ, Case C-83/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:329—Leifer

ECJ, Case C-244/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:392—Fédération française des sociétés d’assurance

ECJ, Case C-368/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:325—Familiapress

ECJ, Case C-203/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:316—Dusseldorp

ECJ, Case C-414/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:417—Commission/Spain

ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98—Wouters

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603—Roquette Frères

ECJ, Case C-204/00, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6—Aalborg Portland

ECJ, Case C-471/00 P (R), ECLI:EU:C:2001:218—Cambridge

ECJ, Case C-42/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:379—Portugal/Commission

ECJ, Case C-170/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2003:501—Schlüsselverlag Moser

ECJ, Case C-12/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:87—Tetra Laval

ECJ, Case C-95/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:166—British Airways

ECJ, Case C-301/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:432—SGL Carbon

ECJ, Case C-112/05, ECLI:EU:C:2007:623—Commission/Germany

ECJ, Case C-282/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:226—Holcim

ECJ, Case C-337/05, ECLI:EU:C:2008:203—Commission/Italy

ECJ, Case C-157/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:530—Commission/Italy

ECJ, Case C-202/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2007:814—Cementbouw

ECJ, Case C-266/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:295—Evonik Degussa

ECJ, Case C-413/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:392—Bertelsmann and Sony/Impala

ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610—GlaxoSmithKline Services

ECJ, Case C-196/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:146—Commission/Spain

ECJ, Case C-440/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:324—Schneider Electric

ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512—Akzo Nobel

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343—T-Mobile Netherlands

ECJ, Case C-543/08, ECLI:EU:C:2010:669—Commission/Portugal III

ECJ, Case C-92/09, ECLI:EU:C:2010:662—Schecke and Eifert

ECJ, Case C-551/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:681—Éditions Odile Jacobs

ECJ, Case C-89/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:738—E.ON

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795—Expedia

ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712—Gemeinde Altrip

ECJ, Case C-67/13, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2204—CB

General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65—Gencor

General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456—General Electric/Commission

General Court, Case T-68 inter alia/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:38—SIV

General Court, Case T-83/92, ECLI:EU:T:1993:93—Zunis

General Court, Case T-2/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:55—Air France II

General Court, Case T-3/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:36—Air France I

General Court, Case T-12/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:78—Vittel

General Court, Case T-290/94, ECLI:EU:T:1997:186—Kaysersberg

General Court, Case T-25/95 P inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77—CBR

General Court, Case T-221/95, ECLI:EU:T:1999:85—Endemol

General Court, Case T-87/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:37—Assicurazioni Generali and Unicredito

General Court, Case T-102/96, ECLI:EU:T:1999:65—Gencor

General Court, Case T-22/97, ECLI:EU:T:1999:327—Kesko

General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61—Mannesmannröhren-Werke

General Court, Case T-112/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:215—M6

General Court, Case T-219/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:343—British Airways

General Court, Case T-342/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:146—Airtours

General Court, Case T-158/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:246—ARD

General Court, Case T-213/00, ECLI:EU:T:2003:76—CMA CGM

General Court, Case T-251/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:278—Lagardère und Canal+

General Court, Case T-310/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:275—MCI

General Court, President, Case T-342/00 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:13—Petrolessence

General Court, Case T-383/00, ECLI:EU:T:2005:453—Beamglow

General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259—IMS Health

General Court, Case T-210/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:456—General Electric

General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254—Schneider Electric

General Court, Case T-5/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:264—Tetra Laval

General Court, Case T-77/02, ECLI:EU:T:2002:255—Schneider Electric

General Court, Case T-114/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:100—BaByliss

General Court, Case T-119/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:101—Philips

General Court, Case T-282/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:64—Cementbouw

General Court, Cases T-346 and 347/02, ECLI:EU:T:2003:256—Cableuropa

General Court, Case T-54/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:255—Lafarge

General Court, Case T-351/03, ECLI:EU:T:2007:212—Schneider Electric

General Court, Case T-48/04, ECLI:EU:T:2009:212—Qualcomm

General Court, Case T-177/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:187—easy Jet

General Court, Case T-279/04, ECLI:EU:T:2010:384—Éditions Odile Jacobs

General Court, Case T-464/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:216—Impala

General Court, Case T-87/05, ECLI:EU:T:2005:333—EDP

General Court, Case T-151/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:144—NVV

General Court, Case T-417/05, ECLI:EU:T:2006:219—Endesa

General Court, Case T-145/06, ECLI:EU:T:2009:27—Omya

General Court, Case T-282/06, ECLI:EU:T:2007:203—Sun Chemical Group

General Court, Case T-342/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:280—Ryanair

General Court, Case T-411/07, ECLI:EU:T:2010:281—Aer Lingus

General Court, Case T-167/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:323—Microsoft II

General Court, Case T-58/09, ECLI:EU:T:2010:342—Schemaventotto

General Court, Case T-79/12, ECLI:EU:T:2013:635—Cisco Systems and Messagenet

German Federal Constitutional Court 16, 147

German Federal Constitutional Court 32, 54

German Federal Constitutional Court 38, 61

German Federal Constitutional Court 50, 290

German Federal Constitutional Court 76, 83

German Federal Constitutional Court 123, 267—Lisbon

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Frenz, W. (2016). Merger Control. In: Handbook of EU Competition Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_9

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Published: 19 December 2015
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