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Electrochemical and Hyphenated Electrochemical Detectors in Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Systems for Drug Compound Analysis

  • Chapter
Electroanalysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Part of the book series: Monographs in Electrochemistry ((MOEC))

  • 1406 Accesses

Abstract

Electrochemical detectors can be very well adapted to hydrodynamic conditions such as those encountered in liquid chromatography (LC), in capillary electrophoresis, or in flow injection analysis (FIA) applied to drug compound analysis [1–10]. Detectors with low cell volume based on conductivity [11–13], potentiometry [14, 15], amperometry (AD) [1–10], or pulsed amperometry (PAD) [16, 17] can be located online in close proximity, in a post-column configuration, to a liquid chromatographic setup or inserted as microelectrodes close to a capillary end [18, 19]. A miniaturized electrolysis cell can also be part of an online in a FIA system or of a pre- or post-LC column coupled to a mass spectrometer for electrochemical product generation and characterization [20–23]. Trends are directed to miniaturize the entire flow analytical system (e.g., lab on chip) and microfabricated electrochemical sensors as ideally suited for such configurations [24–26]. This chapter describes some basic concepts of most used and commercially available amperometric detectors and reactors coupled to LC or FIA. Examples are collected from authors’ laboratory, and a nonexhaustive literature survey of applications to the assay of molecules of pharmacological interest is provided.

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Abbreviations

ACN:

Acetonitrile

ACPG:

Aminopropyl-controlled pore glass beads

AER:

Anion exchange resin

amol:

Attomole

BIA:

Batch injection analysis

CFE:

Porous carbon felt electrode

Chi:

Chitosan

ChOx:

Choline oxidase

CME:

Chemically modified electrode

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CoHCF:

Cobalt hexacyanoferrate

CSCNTs:

Cup-stacked carbon nanotubes

ECL:

Electrochemiluminescent

FIA:

Flow injection analysis

GOx:

Glucose oxidase

HMDE:

Hanging mercury-drop electrode

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

LOX:

Lysine oxidase

MBRS:

Meldola’s Blue-Reinecke Salt

MWCNT-COOH:

Multiwalled carbon nanotube with carboxyl groups

NADH:

Reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NS:

Not stated

OSA:

1-Octanesulfonic acid

OSS:

Sodium octyl sulfate

PB:

Prussian blue

PDDA:

Poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PGE:

Pyrolytic graphite electrode

PNDGA:

Poly(nordihydroguaiaretic acid)

PPyox :

Overoxidized polypyrrole film

PVI:

Poly(1-vinylimidazole)

Q:

Quercetin

QDs:

CdTe quantum dots

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SIA:

Sequential injection analysis

SPCE:

Screen-printed carbon electrode

SWAdSV:

Square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetry

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

SWV:

Square-wave voltammetry

TBO:

Toluidine blue O

TEA:

Triethylamine

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey

    Sibel A. Ozkan

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

    Jean-Michel Kauffmann

  3. Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA

    Petr Zuman

Authors
  1. Sibel A. Ozkan
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  2. Jean-Michel Kauffmann
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  3. Petr Zuman
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Ozkan, S.A., Kauffmann, JM., Zuman, P. (2015). Electrochemical and Hyphenated Electrochemical Detectors in Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Systems for Drug Compound Analysis. In: Electroanalysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Monographs in Electrochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47138-8_7

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