Zusammenfassung
In Abhängigkeit von der Tumorentität ist von einer Prävalenz der kognitiven Dysfunktion von 16–75 % auszugehen. In einer großen Kohortenstudie aus Deutschland fand sich bei 41 % der Frauen mit Brustkrebs im Rahmen einer Anschlussrehabilitation eine kognitive Dysfunktion, die sich nach 6 Monaten deutlich rückläufig zeigte. Die Genese und die Pathophysiologie scheinen multifaktoriell zu sein und lassen sich nicht auf die Chemo- bzw. Tumortherapie reduzieren. So konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass andere Faktoren, wie reaktive Depression, Angst, posttraumatische Stresssituation, Fatigue und Lebensqualität, eine wichtigere Rolle spielen als der Umfang und die Art der Tumorbehandlung. Infolgedessen konnten in den letzten Jahren Risikofaktoren, die die Entwicklung einer kognitiven Dysfunktion begünstigen können, evaluiert werden. Neben umfangreichen neuropsychologischen Testbatterien, die sich für die klinische Routine nicht eignen, können auch einfachere und praktikablere Instrumente (validierte Fragebögen, computergestützte Testverfahren) zuverlässig eine kognitive Dysfunktion nachweisen. Der Mini-Mental-Status-Test ist dahingehend nicht verwertbar. Die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten der kognitiven Dysfunktion sind nach wie vor begrenzt, und es stehen nur wenige evidenzbasierte Ansätze zur Verfügung. Nahezu ausnahmslos können derzeit nur webbasierte bzw. computergestützte therapeutische Interventionen empfohlen werden. Erste positive Hinweise für die Effektivität von Entspannungs- und Achtsamkeitsverfahren (Yoga, Meditation, Qigong, Mindfullness Based Stress Reductio) haben sich in den letzten Jahre ergeben. Eine körperliche Aktivität scheint der kognitiven Dysfunktion vorzubeugen, eine ausreichend Evidenz zum therapeutischen Ansatz liegt derzeit allerdings nicht vor.
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© 2022 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
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Rick, O., König, V. (2022). Kognitive Dysfunktion. In: Schmoll, HJ. (eds) Kompendium Internistische Onkologie . Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46764-0_326-1
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