Abstract
A large part of scholars who study the imposition of antidumping duties agree that developing countries have learned, with developed countries, how to use the protection instrument. During the first decade after the execution of the WTO agreement, developed countries were chief users of the instrument. In the second decade, this trend was completely reversed. Nowadays, the use of this protection for good or ill has become hard to set apart. The fact is that students have outmatched the masters, at least in connection with number of investigations. Even though the number of duties imposed since 1995 by the United States (312) was double the number of duties imposed by Brazil (133), past years have seen a reversed situation (in 2012, Brazil imposed 14 antidumping duties and the United States imposed only 7).
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Cordovil (2011).
- 3.
Paper Building Better Global Economic BRICs http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf.
- 4.
Publicação Estatística do BRICS. National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2011. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/otherdata/brics2011/P020110412519191303418.pdf.
- 5.
- 6.
Task Group on China. IPEA. “As Relações Bilaterais Brasil – China: A Ascensão da China no Sistema Mundial e os Desafios para o Brasil.”
- 7.
China’s main and export partners in 2011: US, 17.1 %; Hong Kong, 14.1 %; Japan, 7.8 %; South Korea, 4.4 %; Germany, 4 %. China’s main import partners in 2011: Japan, 11.2 %; South Korea, 9.3 %; US, 6.8 %; Germany, 5.3 %; Australia, 4.6 %.
- 8.
- 9.
Christine Lagarde at a speech at the Chine Development Forum, which joined businessmen and politicians from all over the world in Beijing.
- 10.
- 11.
OECD (2009).
- 12.
Boston Consulting Group, SASAC: China’s Megashareholder (December 1, 2007), available at http://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/globalization_strategy_sasac_chinas_megashareholder/.
- 13.
The Chinese government calculated in 2011 128 million Chinese people living below poverty line (US$ 1.00 a day). The World Bank uses the US$ 1.25 a day threshold and calculated in 2009 that 254 million Chinese were living with an income equal or lower than this amount.
- 14.
DECOM 2011 Report.
- 15.
Thorstensen (2011).
- 16.
Working Paper Series N° 42 BNDES/ANPEC. Program for sponsoring research in economic development—PDE.
- 17.
World Trade Organization Report 2012.
- 18.
Interview of WTO’s Director-General, Pascal Lamy, to the “Today” Singapore newspaper, on March 20th, 2012. Available at: http://www.todayonline.com/Business/EDC120320-0000077/WTOs-Lamy--Euro-zone-woes-may-lead-to-trade-protectionism.
- 19.
Fernandes (2012), p. 52.
- 20.
CAMEX Resolution n° 92, of December 18th, 2012.
- 21.
Hees (2013), p. 7.
- 22.
Light bulbs Case, Regulation (EU) 1470/2001, of July 16th, 2001, OJ L 194, July 19th, 2001, p. 8.
- 23.
Polyester Synthetic Fibers. Regulation (EU) 429/2005, of March 10th, 2005, OJ L 71, March 17th, 2005, p. 1.
- 24.
MDIC/Secex Process 52100-017966/2003-11, chrome steel imports, Camex Resolution 31, of October 5th, 2004.
- 25.
MDIC Process/Secex 52500.007154/2005-16, Portland cement imports. Camex Resolution 36, of November 22nd, 2006.
- 26.
Cordovil (2009).
- 27.
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Cordovil, L., de Carvalho, A. (2015). Antidumping, Public Interest and the Chinese Challenge. In: Wei, D. (eds) Settlements of Trade Disputes between China and Latin American Countries. Laws in Emerging Economies, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46425-0_5
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