Abstract
Trauma is one of the causes that trigger stiffness of the shoulder joint. The pathophysiology caused by a major trauma might be quite different from the one caused by a minor trauma. In other words, post-traumatic shoulder stiffness covers a wide spectrum of dynamic and complex processes with different phases and severities. The complex pathogeneses are not yet entirely understood but can be basically structured into (1) extra-articular adhesions or neurophysiological deficits, (2) direct injuries to the intra-articular structures, and (3) intra-articular adhesions/fibrosis.
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Beitzel, K., Imhoff, A.B. (2015). Post-traumatic Shoulder Stiffness. In: Itoi, E., et al. Shoulder Stiffness. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46369-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46370-3
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