Abstract
High-density hybrid integration of III–V compound optoelectronics (0E) with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Integrated Circuits (ICs) is emerging as a technology able to provide the features and performance required by the next generation of high functionality information processing subsystems [1–3]. Though the performance potential of III–V OE is widely recognized, high-density co-integration with CMOS and low-cost manufacturability remain the key issues, which will ultimately determine the potential of this technology for market penetration. A variety of approaches is currently proposed to achieve the goal of high-density III–V 0E-CMOS integration. Since there is not a single prevalent technology for the embodiment of such high-density OE subsystems, a comprehensive presentation of the state-of-the-art hybrid integration technologies of III–V OEs with CMOS is necessary to assess the potential of each approach.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Krishnamoorthy AV, Miller DAB (1996) Scaling optoelectronic-VLSI circuits into the 21st century: a technology roadmap. IEEE J of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 2: 55–76
Miller DAB (1998) Dense two-dimensional integration of optoelectronics and electronics for interconnections. In: Husain A, Fallahi M (eds) Heterogeneous integration: Systems on a chip, Critical Reviews of Optical Engineering, Vol CR70, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA, pp 80–109
Jokerst NM, Brooke MA, Laskar J, Wills DS, Brown AS, Vrazel M, Jung S, Joo Y, Chang JJ (2000) Microsystem optoelectronic integration for mixed multisignal systems. IEEE J of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 6: 1231–1239
Flipchip (2002) Internet site: www.flipchips.com
Pu R, Duan C, Wilmsen CW (1999) Hybrid integration of VCSELs to CMOS integrated circuits IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5: 201–208
Krishnamoorthy AV, Goossen KW (1997) Progress in optoelectronic-VLSI smart pixel technology based on GaAs/AlGaAs MQW modulators. Int Journal of Optoelectronics 11: 181–198
Plant DV, Venditti MB, Laprise E, Faucher J, Ravazi K, Chateauneuf M, Kirk AG, Ahearn JS (2001) 256-channel bidirectional optical interconnect using VCSELs and photodiodes on CMOS IEEE J of Lightwave Technology 19: 1093–1103
Krishnamoorthy AV, Goossen KW (1998) Optoelectronic-VLSI: Photonics integrated with VLSI circuits. IEEE J of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 4: 899–912
Krishnamoorty AV, Goosen KW, Chirovsky LMF, Rozier RG, Chandramani P, Hobson WS, Hui SP, Lopata J, Walker JA, D’Asaro LA (2000) 16X16 VCSEL array flip-chip bonded to CMOS VLSI circuit. IEEE Photonic Technology Letters 12: 1073 1075
Andreou AG, Kalayjian ZK, Apsel A, Pouliquen PO, Athale RA, Simonis G, Reedy R (2001) Silicon on sapphire CMOS for optoelectronic microsystems. IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 1: 22–30
Peregrine (2002) Internet site: www.peregrine-semi.com
Yablonovich E, Gmitter T, Harbison JP, Bhat R (1987) Extreme selectivity in the liftoff of epitaxial GaAs films. Applied Physics Letters, 51: 2222–2224.
Yablonovich E, Kapon E, Gmitter TJ, Yun CP, Bhat R, (1989) Double heterostructure GaAs/AlGaAs thin film diode lasers on glass substrates. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 1: 41–42
Maeda J, Sasaki Y, Dietz N, Shibahara K, Yokohama S, Miyazaki S, Hirose M, (1997) High-rate GaAs epitaxial lift-off technique for optoelectronic integrated circuits. Japan Journal of Applied Physics 36 (1 3B): 1554–1557.
Jokerst NM, Brooke MA, Vendier O, Wilkinson S, Fike S, Lee M, Twyford E, Cross J, Buchanan B, Wills S (1996) Thin-film multimaterial optoelectronic integrated circuits. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology Part B 19: 97–106
Camperi-Ginestet C, Hagris M, Jokerst N, Allen M (1991) Alignable epitaxial liftoff of GaAs materials with selective deposition using polyimide diaphragms. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 3: 1123–1126
Mathine DL (1997) The Integration of III—V Optoelectronics with Silicon Circuitry. IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 3: 952–959
Mathine DL, Droopad R, Maracas GN (1997) A vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser appliqued to a 0.8 pm NMOS driver. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 9: 869–871
Wheeler CB, Mathine DL, Johnson SR, Maracas GN, Allee DR (1997) Selectively oxidized GaAs MESFET’s transferred to a Si substrate. IEEE Electron Device Letters 18: 138–140
Marshall ED, Zhang B, Wang LC, Jiao PF, Chen WX, Sawada T, Lau SS, Kavanagh KL, Kuech TF (1987) Nonalloyed ohmic contacts to n-GaAs by solid-phase epitaxy of Ge. Journal of Applied Physics 62: 942–947
Palmstrom CJ, Schwartz SA, Yablonovitch E, Pharbison J, Schwartz CL, Florez LT, Gmitter TJ, Marshall ED, Lau SS (1990) Ge redistribution in solid-phase Ge/Pd/GaAs ohmic contact formation. Journal of Applied Physics 67: 334–339
Georgakilas A, Alexe M, Deligeorgis G, Cengher D, Aperathitis E, Androulidaki M, Gallis S, Hatzopoulos Z, Halkias G (2001) III—V material and device aspects for the monolithic integration of GaAs devices on Si using GaAs/Si low temperature wafer bonding. CAS 2001 Proceedings, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, IEEE Catalog. No. 01TH8547, pp 239–244
Georgakilas A, Deligeorgis G, Aperathitis E, Cengher D, Hatzopoulos Z, Alexe M, Dragoi V, Gosele U, Kyriakis-Bitzaros ED, Minoglou K, Halkias G (2002) Wafer-scale integration of GaAs optoelectronic devices with standard Si integrated circuits using a low-temperature bonding procedure. Applied Physics Letters 81: 5099–5101
Matsuo S, Nakahara T, Tateno K, Kurokawa T (1996) Novel technology for hybrid integration of photonic and electronic circuits. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 8: 1507–1509
Nakahara T, Tsuda H, Tateno K, Matsuo S, Kurokawa T (1999) Hybrid integration of smart pixels by using polyimide bonding: demonstration of a GaAs p-i-n photodiode/CMOS receiver. IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 5: 209–216
Yeh HJJ, Smith JS, (1994) Fluidic self-assembly for the integration of GaAs light-emitting diodes an Si substrates. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 6: 706–708.
Tu JK, Talghader JJ, Hadley MA, Smith JS, (1995) Fluidic self-assembly of InGaAs vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers onto silicon. IEE Electronics Letters 31: 14481449
Talghader JJ, Tu JK, Smith JS (1995) Integration of fluidically self-assembled optoelectronic devices using a silicon-based process. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 7: 1321–1323
Esener SC, Hartmann D, Heller MJ, Cable JM (1998) DNA-assisted micro-assembly: A heterogeneous integration technology for optoelectronics. In: Husain A, Fallahi M (eds) Heterogeneous integration: systems on a chip, Critical Reviews of Optical Engineering, Vol CR70, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA, pp 113–140
Edman CF, Swint RB, Gurtner C, Formosa RE, Roh SD, Lee KE, Swanson PD, Ackley DE, Coleman JJ, Heller MJ (2000) Electric field directed assembly of an InGaAs LED onto silicon circuitry. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 12: 1198–1200
Fonstad CG (2001) Magnetically-assisted statistical assembly: A new heterogeneous integration technique. Proc of the Singapore-MIT Alliance Symposium. Internet document:http://web.mit. edu/sma/About/SpecialEvents/Symposium/A MMNS/M ASA.pdf
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kyriakis-Bitzaros, E.D., Halkias, G. (2004). High-Density Hybrid Integration of III–V Compound Optoelectronics with Silicon Integrated Circuits. In: Alexe, M., Gösele, U. (eds) Wafer Bonding. Springer Series in MATERIALS SCIENCE, vol 75. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10827-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10827-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-05915-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10827-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive