Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology pp 243–267Cite as

Chitin Biosynthesis and Morphogenetic Processes

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: The Mycota ((MYCOTA,volume 3))

Abstract

Chitin, one of the most abundant substances of biological origin, is an important component of cell walls and septa of many fungi (Wessels and Sietsma 1981; Ruiz-Herrera 1992). Because walls and septa have a well-defined shape and an essential role in cell maintenance and growth, there has been increasing interest in chitin biogenesis. Thus, the synthesis of chitin in fungi has served as a useful model for morphogenesis (Cabib 1987; Cabib et al. 1982b, 1988; Bulawa 1993).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams AEM, Johnson DJ, Longnecker RM, Stoat JR, Pringle JR (1990) CDC42 and CDC43, two additional genes involved in budding and the establishment of cell polarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 111: 131 - 142

    Google Scholar 

  • Amatruda JF, Cannon JF, Tatchell K, Hug C, Cooper JA (1990) Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in yeast capping protein mutants. Nature 344: 352 - 354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appeltauer U, Achstetter T (1989) Hormone-induced expression of the CHS1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 181: 243 - 247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Au-Young J, Robbins PW (1990) Isolation of a chitin synthase gene (CHS1) from Candida albicans by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 4: 197 - 207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballou CE, Maitra SK, Walker JW, Whelan WL (1977) Developmental defects associated with glucosamine auxotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 4351 - 4355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartnicki-Garcia S, Lippmann E (1972) The bursting tendency of hyphal tips of fungi: presumptive evidence for a delicate balance between wall synthesis and wall lysis in apical growth. J Gen Microbiol 73: 487 - 500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartnicki-Garcia S, Bracker CE, Reyes E, Ruiz-Herrera J (1978) Isolation of chitosomes from taxonomically diverse fungi and synthesis of chitin microfibrils in vitro. Exp Mycol 2: 173 - 192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baymiller J, McCullough JE (1993) Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutation that allows cells to grow without chitin synthase 1 or 2. Curr Genet 23: 102107

    Google Scholar 

  • Benziman M, Haigler CH, Brown RM, White AR, Cooper KM (1980) Cellulose biogenesis: polymerization and crystallization are coupled processes in Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6678 - 6682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borgia PT (1992) Roles of the orlA, tsE and bimG genes of Aspergillus nidulans in chitin synthesis. J Bacteriol 174: 384 - 389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borgia PT, Dodge CL (1992) Characterization of Aspergillus nidulans mutants deficient in wall chitin or glucan. J Bacteriol 174: 377 - 383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen AR, Chen-Wu JL, Momany M, Szaniszlo PJ, Robbins PW (1992) Classification of fungal chitin synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 519 - 523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers B, Levin G, Cabib E (1974) Effect of polyoxin D on chitin synthesis and septum formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 119: 564 - 575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bracker CE, Ruiz-Herrera J, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1976) Structure and tranformation of chitin synthetase particles (chitosomes) during microfibril synthesis in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73: 4570 - 4574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briza P, Winkler G, Kalchhauser H, Breitenbach M (1986) Dityrosine is a prominent component of the yeast ascospore wall. A proof of its structure. J Biol Chem 261: 4288-4294

    Google Scholar 

  • Briza P, Ellinger A, Winkler G, Breitenbach M (1988) Chemical composition of the yeast ascospore wall. The second outer layer consists of chitosan. J Biol Chem 263: 11569-11574

    Google Scholar 

  • Briza P, Breitenbach M, Ellinger A, Segall J (1990) Isolation of two developmentally regulated genes involved in spore wall maturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev 4: 1775 - 1789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulawa CE (1992) CSD2, CSD3 and CSD4, genes required for chitin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the CSD2 gene product is related to chitin synthases and to developmentally regulated proteins in Rhizobium species and Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol 12:17641776

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulawa CE, Osmond BC (1990) Chitin synthase I and chitin synthase II are not required for chitin synthesis in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 7424 - 7428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulawa CE (1993) Genetics and molecular biology of chitin synthesis in fungi. Annu Rev Microbiol 47: 505 - 534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulawa CE, Slater M, Cabib E, Au-Young J, Sburlati A, Adair WL, Robbins PW (1986) The S. cerevisiae structural gene for chitin synthase is not required for chitin synthesis in vivo. Cell 46: 213 - 225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byers B, Goetsch L (1976) A highly ordered ring of membrane-associated filaments in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 69: 717 - 721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E (1981) Chitin: structure, metabolism and regulation of biosynthesis. In: Tanner W, Loewus FA (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol 13B. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 395 - 415

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E (1987) The synthesis and degradation of chitin. Adv Enzymol 59: 59 - 101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E (1991) Differential inhibition of chitin synthetases 1 and 2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by polyoxin D and nikkomycins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35: 170 - 173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Bowers B (1975) Timing and function of chitin synthesis in yeast. J Bacteriol 124: 1586 - 1593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Shematek EM (1981) Structural polysaccharides of plants and fungi: comparative and morphogenetic aspects. In: Ginsburg V, Robbins PW (eds) Biology of carbohydrates, vol 1. Wiley, New York, pp 51 - 90

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Bowers B, Roberts RL (1982a) Vectorial synthesis of a polysaccharide by isolated plasma membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3318 - 3321

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Roberts R, Bowers B (1982b) Synthesis of the yeast cell wall and its regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 51: 763 - 793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Bowers B, Sburlati A, Silverman SJ (1988) Fungal cell wall synthesis: the construction of a biological structure. Microbiol Sci 5: 370 - 375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Sburlati A, Bowers B, Silverman SJ (1989) Chitin synthase, 1, an auxiliary enzyme for chitin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 108: 1665 - 1672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabib E, Silverman SJ, Shaw JA (1992) Chitinase and chitin synthase 1: counterbalancing activities in cell separation of Saccharomyces cerevisae. J Gen Microbiol 138: 97 - 102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter BLA, Jagadish MN (1978) The relationship between cell size and cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 112: 15 - 24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chattaway FW, Holmes MR, Barlow AJE (1968) Cell wall composition of the mycelial and blastospore forms of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 51: 367 - 376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen-Wu JL, Zwicker J, Bowen AR, Robbins PW (1992) Expression of chitin synthase genes during yeast and hyphal growth phases of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 6: 497 - 502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi W-J, Cabib E (1994) The use of divalent cations and pH for the determination of specific yeast chitin synthetases. Anal Biochem 219: 368 - 372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi W-J, Sburlati A, Cabib E (1994a) Chitin synthase 3 from yeast has zymogenic properties that depend on both the CALI and the CALS gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 4727 - 4730

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi W-J, Santos B, Duran A, Cabib E (19946) Are yeast chitin synthases regulated at the transcriptional or the posttranslational level? Mol Cell Biol 14: 7685 - 7694

    Google Scholar 

  • Correa JU, Elango N, Polacheck I, Cabib E (1982) Endochitinase, a mannan-associated enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 257: 1392 - 1397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis LL, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1984a) Chitosan synthesis by the tandem action of chitin synthetase and chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii. Biochemistry 23: 10651073

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis LL, Bartnicki-Garcia S (19846) The coordination of chitosan and chitin synthesis in Mucor rouxii. J Gen Microbiol 130: 2095 - 2102

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker H, Zähner H, Heitsch H, König WA, Fiedler H-P (1991) Structure-activity relationship of the nikkomycins. J Gen Microbiol 137: 1805 - 1813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson K, Keer V, Hitchcock CA, Adams DJ (1989) Chitinase activity from Candida albicans and its inhibition by allosamidin. J Gen Microbiol 135: 1417 - 1421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson K. Keer V, Hitchcock CA, Adams DJ (1991) Microsomal chitinase activity from Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1073: 177 - 182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duran A, Cabib E (1978) Solubilization and partial purification of yeast chitin synthetase. Confirmation of the zymogenic nature of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 253: 44194425

    Google Scholar 

  • Duran A, Bowers B, Cabib E (1975) Chitin synthetase zymogen is attached to the yeast plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 3952 - 3955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duran A, Cabib E, Bowers B (1979) Chitin synthetase distribution on the yeast plasma membrane. Science 203: 363 - 365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg D. Weiss RM, Terwilliger TC (1982) The helical hydrophobic moment: a measure of the amphiphilicity of a helix. Nature 299: 371 - 374

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elango N, Correa JU, Cabib E (1982) Secretory character of yeast chitinase. J Biol Chem 257: 1398 - 1400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elorza MV, Rico H, Sentandreu R (1983) Calcofluor White alters the assembly of chitin fibrils in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cells. J Gen Microbiol 129: 1577 - 1582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelman DM, Steitz TA, Goldman A (1986) Identifying nonpolar transbilayer helices in amino acid sequences of membrane proteins. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 15: 321 - 353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez MP, Correa JU, Cabib E (1982) Activation of chitin synthetase in permeabilizcd cells of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant lacking proteinase B. J Bacteriol 152: 1255 - 1264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fèvre M (1984) ATP and GTP stimulate membrane-hound but not digitonin-solubilized beta-glucan synthases from Saprolegnia monoica. J Gen Microbiol 130: 32793284

    Google Scholar 

  • Flach J, Pilet P-E, Jollès P (1992) What’s new in chitinase research? Experientia 48: 701 - 716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Martinez A, Lopez-Romero E, Martinez JB, Bracker CE, Ruiz-Herrera J, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1990) Protein composition of purified chitosomes of Mucor rouxii. Exp Mycol 14: 160 - 168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furter R, Rast DM (1985) A comparison of the chitin synthase-inhibitory and antifungal efficacy of nucleoside-peptide antibiotics: structure-activity relationships. FEMS Microbiol Lett 28: 205 - 211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geis PA, Jacobs CW (1985) Polymorphisms of Wangiella dermatitidis. In: Szaniszlo PJ, Harris JL (eds) Fungal dimorphism with emphasis on fungi pathogenic for humans. Plenum, New York pp 205 - 233

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooday GW (1971) An autoradiographic study of hyphal growth of some fungi. J Gen Microbiol 67: 125 - 133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooday GW (1977) Biosynthesis of the fungal wall. Mechanisms and implications. J Gen Microbiol 99: 1 - 11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grove SN, Bracker CE (1970) Protoplasmic organization of hyphal tips among fungi: vesicles and Spitzenkörper. J Bacteriol 104: 989 - 1009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haarer BK, Lillie SH, Adams AEM, Magdolen Y, Bandlow W, Brown SS (1990) Purification of profilin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and analysis of profilindeficient cells. J Cell Biol 110: 105 - 114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashibe M, Katohda S (1973) Initiation of budding and chitin ring. J Gen Appl Microbiol 19: 23 - 39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashibe M, Sando N, Abe N (1973) Increase in cell size as a measure of growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Appl Microbiol 19: 287 - 303

    Google Scholar 

  • Herndndez J, Lopez-Romero E, Cerbon J, Ruiz-Herrera J (1981) Lipid analysis of chitosomes, chitin-synthesizing microvesicles from Mucor rouxii. Exp Mycol 5: 349 - 356

    Google Scholar 

  • Herth W (1980) Calcofluor white and Congo red inhibit chitin microfibril assembly of Poterioochromonas: evidence for a gap between poymerization and microfibril formation. J Cell Biol 87: 442 - 450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilenski LL, Naider F, Becker JM (1986) Polyoxin D inhibits colloidal gold–wheat germ agglutinin labelling of chitin in dimorphic forms of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 132: 1441 - 1451

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hori M, Eguchi J, Kakiki K, Misato T (1974) Studies on the mode of action of polyoxins. VI Effect of polyoxin B on chitin synthesis in polyoxin-sensitive and resistant strains of Alternaria kikuchiana. J Antibiotics 27: 260 - 266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys AM, Gooday GW (1984a) Phospholipid requirement of microsomal chitinase from Mucor mucedo. Curr Microbiol 11: 187 - 190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys AM, Gooday GW (1984b) Properties of chitinase activities from Mucor mucedo: evidence for a membrane-bound zymogenic form. J Gen Microbiol 130: 1359 - 1366

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston GC, Pringle JR, Hartwell LH (1977) Coordination of growth with cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 105: 79 - 98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamada T, Bracker CE, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1991) Chitosomes and chitin synthetase in the asexual life cycle of Mucor rouxii: spores, mycelium and yeast cells. J Gen Microbiol 137: 1241 - 1252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang MS, Elango N, Mattia E, Au-Young J, Robbins PW, Cabib E (1984) Isolation of chitin synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification of an enzyme by entrapment in the reaction product. J Biol Chem 259: 14966-14972

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang MS, Au-Young J, Cabib E (1985) Modification of yeast plasma membrane density by concanavalin A attachment. Application to study of chitin synthetase distribution. J Biol Chem 260: 12680-12684

    Google Scholar 

  • Katohda S, Konno K, Sasaki Y, Suzuki K, Sakamoto S (1984) Isolation and composition of the spore cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Agric Biol Chem 48: 895 - 901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz D, Rosenberger RF (1970) A mutation in Aspergillus nidulans producing hyphal walls which lack chitin. Biochim Biophys Acta 208: 452 - 460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz D, Rosenberger RF (1971) Lysis of an Aspergillus nidulans mutant blocked in chitin synthesis and its relation to wall assembly and wall metabolism. Arch Mikrobiol 80: 284 - 292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolldr R, Petrâkovâ E, Ashwell G, Robbins PW, Cabib E (1995) Architecture of the yeast cell wall. The linkage between chitin and ß(1-*3)glucan. J Biol Chem 270: 1170 - 1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuranda MJ, Robbins PW (1987) Cloning and heterologous expression of glycosidase genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 2585 - 2589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuranda MJ, Robbins PW (1991) Chitinase is required for cell separation during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 266: 19758 - 19767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyte J, Doolittle RF (1982) A simple method for displaying the hydropathy of a protein. J Mol Biol 157: 105 - 132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leal-Morales CA, Bracker CE, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1988) Localization of chitin synthetase in cell-free homogenates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: chitosomes and plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 85168520

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Bretscher A (1992) Characterization of TPMI disrupted yeast cells indicates an involvement of tropomyosin in directed vesicular transport. J Cell Biol 118: 285 - 299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Romero E, Ruiz-Herrera J, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1982) The inhibitory protein of chitin synthetase from Mucor rouxii is a chitinase. Biochim Biophys Acta 702: 233 - 236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Romero E, Monzon E, Ruiz-Herrera J (1985) Sterol composition of chitosomes from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii: comparison with whole cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 30: 369 - 372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy PJ, Troke PF, Gull K (1985a) Mechanism of action of nikkomycin and the peptide transport system of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 131: 775 - 780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy PJ, Newman DJ, Nisbet LJ, Kingsbury WD (1985b) Relative rates of transport of peptidyl drugs by Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28: 494 - 499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitani M, Inoue Y (1968) Antagonists of antifungal substance polyoxin. J Antibiotics 21: 492 - 496

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mol PC, Wessels JGH (1987) Linkages between glucosaminoglycan and glucan determine alkali-insolubility of the glucan in walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 41: 95 - 99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molano J, Bowers B, Cabib E (1980) Distribution of chitin in the yeast cell wall. An ultrastructural and chemical study. J Cell Biol 85: 199-212

    Google Scholar 

  • Moneton P, Sarthou P, LeGoffic F (1986) Transport and hydrolysis of peptides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 132: 2147 - 2153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naider F, Shenbaghamurthi P, Steinfeld AS, Smith HA, Boney C, Becker JM (1983) Synthesis and biological activity of tripeptidyl polyoxins as antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24: 787 - 796

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notario V, Kawai H, Cabib E (1982) Interaction between yeast ß(1-3)glucan synthetase and activating phosphorylated compounds. A kinetic study. J Biol Chem 257: 1902-1905

    Google Scholar 

  • Novick P, Botstein D (1985) Phenotypic analysis of temperature-sensitive yeast actin mutants. Cell 40: 405416

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlean (1987) Two chitin synthases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 262: 5732 - 5739

    Google Scholar 

  • Pammer M, Briza P, Ellinger A, Schuster T, Stucka R, Feldmann H, Breitenbach M (1992) DIT101 (CSD2, CALI), a cell cycle-regulated yeast gene required for synthesis of chitin in cell walls and chitosan in spore walls. Yeast 8: 1089 - 1099

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedraza-Reyes M, Lopez-Romero E (1989) Purification and some properties of two form of chitinase from mycelial cells of Mucor rouxii. J Gen Microbiol 135: 211218

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedraza-Reyes M, Lopez-Romero E (1991) Detection of nine chitinase species in germinating cells of Mucor rouxii. Curr Microbiol 22: 43 - 46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polacheck I, Rosenberger RF (1978) Distribution of autolysins in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans: evidence for a lipid-mediated attachment to hyphal walls. J Bacteriol 135: 741 - 747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RL, Bowers B, Slater ML, Cabib E (1983) Chitin synthesis and localization in cell division cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 3: 922 - 930

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roncero C, Duran A (1985) Effect of Calcofluor White and Congo Red on fungal cell wall morphogenesis: in vivo activation of chitin polymerization. J Bacteriol 163: 11801185

    Google Scholar 

  • Roncero C, Valdivieso MH, Ribas JC, Duran A (1988) Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to Calcofluor White. J Bacteriol 170: 1950 - 1954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Herrera J (1992) Fungal cell wall: structure, synthesis and assembly. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Herrera J, Lopez-Romero E, Bartnicki-Garcia S (1977) Properties of chitin synthetase in isolated chitosomes from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii. J Biol Chem 252: 3338 - 3343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuda S, Nishimoto Y, Ohi M, Watanabe M, Takayama S, Isogai A, Yamada Y (1990) Effect of demethylallosamidin, a potent yeast chitinase inhibitor, on the cell division of yeast. Agric Biol Chem 54: 1333 - 1335

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sburlati A, Cabib E (1986) Chitin synthetase 2, a presumptive participant in septum formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 261: 15147 - 15152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schekman R, Brawley Y (1979) Localized deposition of chitin on the yeast cell surface in response to mating pheromone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 645 - 649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw JA, Mol PC, Bowers B, Silverman SJ, Valdivieso MH, Duran A, Cabib E (1991) The function of chitin synthases 2 and 3 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J Cell Biol 114: 111 - 123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenbaghamurthi P, Smith HA, Becker JM, Naider F (1986) Synthesis and biological properties of chitin synthetase inhibitors resistant to cellular peptidases. J Med Chem 29: 802 - 809

    Google Scholar 

  • Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1979) Evidence for covalent linkages between chitin and ß-glucan in a fungal wall. J Gen Microbiol 114: 99 - 108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1990) The occurrence of glucosaminoglycan in the wall of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Gen Microbiol 136: 2261 - 2265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman SJ (1989) Similar and different domains of chitin synthases 1 and 2 of S. cerevisiae: two isozymes with distinct functions. Yeast 5: 459 - 467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman SJ, Sburlati A, Slater ML, Cabib E (1988) Chitin synthase 2 is essential for septum formation and cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 4735 - 4739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman SJ, Shaw JA, Cabib E (1991) Proteinase B is, indeed, not required for chitin synthetase 1 function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 174: 204-210 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater ML, Bowers B, Cabib E (1985) Formation of septum-like structures at locations remote from the budding sites in cytokinesis-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 162: 763 - 767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloat BF, Adams A, Pringle JR (1981) Roles of the CDC24 gene product in cellular morphogenesis during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J Cell Biol 89: 395405

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith HA, Shenbaghamurthi P, Naider F, Kundu B, Becker JM (1986) Hydrophobic polyoxins are resistant to intracellular degradation in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 29: 33 - 39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirling JO, Cook GA. Pope AMS (1979) Chitin and its degradation. In: Burnett JH, Trinci APJ (eds) Fungal walls and hyphal growth. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 169-188

    Google Scholar 

  • Suhadolnik RJ (1970) Nucleoside antibiotics. Wiley, New York, pp 218 - 234

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan PA, Yin CY. Molloy C, Templeton MD, Shepherd MG (1983) An analysis of the metabolism and cell wall composition of Candida albicans during germ tube formation. Can J Microbiol 29:1514-1525

    Google Scholar 

  • Surarit R, Gopal PK, Shepherd MG (1988) Evidence for a glycosidic linkage between chitin and glucan in the cell wall of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 134: 17231730

    Google Scholar 

  • Vagabov VM, Lupashin VV, Knyazeva IN, Kulaev IS (1986) Study on the influence of ATP on the activity of membrane-bound chitin synthase of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Biokhimiya 51: 1540 - 1547

    Google Scholar 

  • Vagabov VM, Knyazeva IN, Lupashin VV, Krupyanko VI, Kulaev IS (1987) Study of chitin synthase from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Effect of ATP on solubilized enzyme. Biokhimiya 52: 456-464

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdivieso MH, Mol PC. Shaw JA, Cabib E, Duràn A (1991) CALL, a gene required for activity of chitin synthase 3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 114: 101 - 109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vannini GL, Poli F, Donini A, Pancaldi S (1983) Effects of Congo Red on wall synthesis and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Plant Sci Lett 31: 9 - 17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen CA, Wessels JGH (1984) Ultrastructural differences between wall apices of growing and non-growing hyphae of Schizophyllum commune. Protoplasma 120: 123 - 131

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen CA, Wessels JGH (1986). Chitin biosynthesis by a fungal membrane preparation. Evidence for a transient non-crystalline state of chitin. Eur J Biochem 158: 411-415

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter P, Lingappa VR (1986) Mechanism of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Annu Rev Cell Biol 2: 499 - 516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weete JD, Furter R, Hänseler E, Rast D (1985) Cellular and chitosomal lipids of Agaricus bisporus and Mucor rouxii. Can J Microbiol 31: 1120 - 1126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock KG, Ballou CE (1987) Tunicamycin inhibition of epispore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 169: 4384 - 4387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessels JGH, Sietsma JH (1981) Fungal cell walls: a survey. In: Tanner W, Loewus FA (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol 13B. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 352 - 394

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessels JGH, Sietsma JH, Sonnenberg ASM (1983) Wall synthesis and assembly during hyphal morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune. J Gen Microbiol 129: 16071616

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessels JGH, Mol PC, Sietsma JH, Vermeulen CA (1989) Wall structure, wall growth and fungal cell morpho-genesis. In: Kuhn PJ, Trinci APJ, Jung MJ, Goosey MW, Copping LG (eds) Biochemistry of cell walls and membranes in fungi. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 81 - 95

    Google Scholar 

  • Whelan NL, Ballou CE (1975) Sporulation in Dglucosamine auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: meiosis with defective ascospore wall formation. J Bacteriol 124: 1545 - 1557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadan J-C, Gonneau M, Sarthou P, LeGoffic F (1984) Sensitivity to nikkomycin Z in Candida albicans: role of peptide permeases. J Bacteriol 160: 884888

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarden O, Yanofsky C (1991) Chitin synthase 1 plays a major role in cell wall biogenesis in Neurospora crassa. Genes Dev 5: 2420 - 2430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarain-Herzberg A, Arroyo-Begovich A (1983) Chitinolytic activity from Neurospora crassa. J Gen Microbiol 129: 3319 - 3326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    E. Cabib, J. A. Shaw, P. C. Mol & W.-J. Choi

  2. Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    B. Bowers

Authors
  1. E. Cabib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. A. Shaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. C. Mol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Bowers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. W.-J. Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 55108, Saint Paul, MN, USA

    Robert Brambl

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, 43210-1292, Columbus, OH, USA

    George A. Marzluf

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cabib, E., Shaw, J.A., Mol, P.C., Bowers, B., Choi, WJ. (1996). Chitin Biosynthesis and Morphogenetic Processes. In: Brambl, R., Marzluf, G.A. (eds) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The Mycota, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10367-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10367-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10369-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10367-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation