Zusammenfassung
Nebennierentumoren können sowohl im Rahmen von Routineuntersuchungen als auch bei uncharakteristischen Oberbauchbeschwerden zum Ausschluss von Leber-, Gallenwegs- oder Nierenerkrankungen (Aso u. Homma 1992; Herreraet al. 1991; Khafagi et al. 1991) als Zufallsbefund (Copeland 1983; Geelhoed u. Druy 1982) diagnostiziert werden. Solche Tumoren werden als „Inzidentalome“ bezeichnet. In einem Teil der Fälle werden Nebennierentumoren auch durch klinische Symptome manifestiert.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abecassis M, McLoughlin MJ,Langer B,KudlowJE (1985) Serendipitous adrenal mass: prevalence, significance,and management.Am J Surg 149: 783–788
Abrams HL,Siegelman SS,Adams DF (1982) Computed tomography versus ultrasound of the adrenal gland: A prospective study. Radiology 143: 121–125
Aso Y, Homma Y (1992) A survey on incidental adrenal tumors in Japan. J Urol 147: 1478–1481
Barry MK, Van Heerden JA, Farley DR, Grant CS, Thompson GB, Jistrup DM (1998) Can adrenal incidentalomas be safely observed? World J Surg 22: 599–605
Bathmann J, Neumann HPH, Sigmund G, Moser E (1994) False-positive diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma with I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine.Clin Nucl Med 19: 221–223
Becherer A,Vierhapper H, Pötzi C et al. (2001) FDG-PET in adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 16: 289–295
Belidegrun A, Hussain S, Seltzer SE, Loughlin KR, Gittes RF, Richie JP (1986) Incidentally discovered mass of the adrenal gland. Surg Gynecol Ob-stet 163: 203–208
Berkman WA, Bernardino M, Sewell CW, Barton Price R, Sones PJ (1984) The computed tomography-guided adrenal biopsy: an alternative to surgery in adrenal mass diagnosis. Cancer 53: 2098–2103
Bernardino ME, Walther MM, Philips VM (1985) CT-guided adrenal biopsy: Accuracy, safety, and indications. Am J Roentgenol 144: 67–69
Biersack HJ, Grünwald F (1995) Endocrinological applications in Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2: 92–110
Blumenfeld JD, Sealey JE, Schlussel Yet al. (1994) Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Ann Int Med 121: 877–885
Bonnin F, Lumbroso J, Tenenbaum F, Hartmann O, Parmentier C (1994) Refining interpretation of MIBG scans in children.J Nucl Med 35:803810
Brandi ML, Gage! RF, Angeli A et al. (2001) Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 56585671
Brauch H, Böhm J, Höfler H (1995) Das von Hippel Lindau Syndrom and die sporadischen Nierenzellkarzinome. Pathologe 16: 321–327
Brauckhoff M, Kaczirek K, Thanh PN et al. (2003) Technical aspects of subtoral endoscopic adrenalectomy. Eur Surg 35: 84–88
Bravo EL, Gifford RW (1984) Pheochromocytoma: diagnosis localization and management. N Engl J Med 311: 1298–1303
Candel AG, Gattuso P, Reyes CF, Prinz RA, Castelli MJ (1993) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of adrenal masses in patients with extraadrenal malignancy.Surgery 114: 1132–1137
Caplan RH,Strutt PJ,Wickus GG (1994) Subclinical hormone secretion by in- cidentally discovered adrenal masses. Arch Surg 129: 291–296
Chandrasekharappa S, Guru S, Collins F, Liotta L, Weisemann J, Marx S (1997) Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. Science 276: 404–406
Chang A,Glazer HS, Lee JKT,Ling D, Heiken JP (1987) Adrenal gland: MR imaging. Radiology 163: 123–128
Chang SY, Lee SS, Ma CP, Lee SK (1989) Non-functioning tumours of the adrenal cortex. Br J Urol 63: 462–464
Chatal JF (1993) Can we agree on the best image procedure for the localisation of pheochromocytoma? J Nucl Med 34: 180–181
ChezmarJL,Robbins SM,Nelson R, Steinberg HV,Torres WE, Bernardino ME (1988) Adrenal masses: characterization with T1-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 166: 357–359
Conn JW, Cohen EL, Lucas CP et al. (1971) Visualization of aldosteron-producing tumors by scintillation scanning employing tracer amounts of 131-iodocholesterol.J Lab Clin Med 78: 814–815
Conn JW, Hinerman DL, Cohen EL (1972) Primary aldosteronism. Photoscanning of tumors after administration of 131-I-19-iodocholesterol. Arch Int Med 129: 417–425
Conn JW (1955) Primary aldosteronism.A new clinical syndroe? J Lab Clin Med 45: 6–17
Cook DM, Loriaux DL (1996) The incidental adrenal mass. Endocrinologist 6: 4–9
Copeland M (1983) The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Ann Intern Med 98: 940–945
Eisenhofer G, Lenders JWM, Linehan WM, Walther MM, Goldstein DS, Keiser HR (1999) Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for dedecting pheochromocytome in von Hippel-Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. N Engl J Med 340: 1872–1879
Corsello SM, Della Casa S, Bollanti L et al. (1993) Incidentally discovered adrenal mass:A functional and morphological study.Exp Clin Endocrinol 101: 131–137
Counsel) RE, Wilette RE, Giguilio W (1967) The synthesis of carbon-14 and radioiodinated compounds in the dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) series.J Nucl Med 8: 684
Dominguez-Gadea L, Diez L, Bas C, Crespo A (1994) Differential diagnosis of solid adrenal masses using adrenocortical scintigraphy.Clin Radiol 49: 796–799
Dominguez-Gadea L, Diez L, Piedrola-Maroto G, Crespo A (1996) Scintigraphic diagnosis of subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome in patient s with adrenal incidentalomas. Nuclear Medicine Communications 17: 29–32
Doppman JL, Reinig JW, Dwyer AJ, Frank JP, Norton J, Loriaux DL, Keiser H (1987) Differentiation of adrenal masses by magnetic resonance imaging. Surgery 102: 1018–1026
Eisenhofer G (2003) Editorial: Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma–Is it time to switch to plasma-free metanephrines? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 550–552
Eisenhofer G,Goldstein DS,Walter MM, Fridberg P, Lenders JWM,Keisere HR, Pacak K (2003) Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: How to distinguish true - from false-positive results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 2656–2666
Evans HL,Vassilopoulo-Sellin R (1996) Adrenal cortical neoplasms:A study of 56 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 105: 76–86
Farthmann EH, Köbberling J, Hintze G et al. (1991) Inzidentalome der Nebenniere:wann operieren? Langenbecks Arch Chir 376: 247–252
Fendrich V, Ramaswamy C, Nies C (2003) Persistenz eines primären Hyperaldosteronismus nach subtotaler Adrenalektomie. Chirurg 74: 473477
Filipecki S, Feltynowski T, Poplaswka W, Lapinska K, Krus S, Wocial B, Januszewicz (1972) Carcinoma of the adrenal cortex with hyperaldosteronismus.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35: 225–229
Fischer M, Gross MD, Shapiro B,Vetter H (1993) Nebenniere. Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik and Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York Tokyo
Fischer M, Löhmer H (1993) Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik von Nebennieren-erkrankungen. Urologe 32: 128–132
Francis IR,Smid A, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Naylor B, Glazer GM (1988) Adrenal masses in oncologic patients: Functional morphologic evaluation. Radiology 166: 353–356
Freitas JE, Thrall JH, Swanson DP, Rifai A, Beierwaltes WH (1978) Normal adrenal asymmetry: explanation and interpretation. J Nucl Med 19: 149–154
Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E (1992) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome and pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 327: 1033
Gajraj H,Young AE (1993) Adrenal incidentaloma. Br J Surg 80:422–426 Geelhoed GW, Druy EM (1982) Management of the adrenal „incidentaloma“. Surgery 92: 866–874
Geelhoed G, Druy EM (1983) Adrenal radiography: Problems in adrenal localization.World J Surg 7: 209–222
Glazer GM (1988) MR imaging of the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. Radiology 166: 303
Glazer HS, Weyman PJ, Sage! SS, Levitt RG, McClennan BL (1982) Nonfunctioning adrenal masses: incidental discovery on computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol 139: 89–95
Glazer GM, Woolsey EJ, Borrello J et al. (1986) Adrenal tissue characterization using MR imaging. Radiology 158: 73–79
Göhring U,Ziegler R, Buhr H (1990) Wann sollen Incidentalome der Nebenniere operiert werden? Chirurg 61: 304–307
Goldfarb DA, Novick AC, Bravo EL, Straffon RA, Montie JE, Kay R (1989) Experience with extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma.J Urol 142: 931
Goldfarb DA (1994) Surgical adrenal disorders.Sem Nephrol 14:570–579 Gooding GAW (1993) Adrenal, pancreatic, and scrotal ultrasound in endocrine disease. Radiol Clin N Amer 31: 1069–1083
Gordon RD, Stowasser M,TunnyTJ,Klemm SA, Rutherford JC (1994) High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension.Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 21: 315–318
Gross MD, Freitas JE, Swanson DP, Brady T, Beierwaltes WH (1979) The normal dexamethason suppression adrenal scintiscan. J Nucl Med 20: 1131–1135
Gross MD,Thrall JH, Beierwaltes WH (1980)The adrenal scan: a current status report on radiotracers, dosimetry and clinical utility. In: Freeman LM, Weissmann HS (eds) Nuclear medicine annual. Raven Press, New York, pp 127–175
Gross MD, Freitas JE, Swanson DR Brady T, Beierwaltes WH (1981a) Dexamethason suppression adrenal scintigraphy in hyperandrogenism:concise communication.J Nucl Med 22: 12–17
Gross MD, Valk TW, Swanson DP, Thrall JH, Grekin RJ, Beierwaltes WH (1981b) The role of pharmacological manipulation in adrenal cortical scintigraphy.Semin Nucl Med 9: 128–156
Gross MD, Shapiro B, Grekin RJ, Freitas JE, Glazer G, Beierwaltes WH (1984) Scintigraphic localization of adrenal lesions in primary aldosteronism. Am J Med 77: 839–844
Gross MD, Shapiro B, Bouffard JA et al. (1988) Distinguishing benign from malignant euadrenal masses. Ann Intern Med 109: 613–617
Gross MD, Shapiro B (1989) Scintigraphic studies in adrenal hypertension. Semin Nucl Med 19: 122–143
Gross MD, Shapiro B (1993) Clinical review 50: Clinically silent adrenal masses.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77: 885–888
Gross MD,Shapiro B, Francis IRetal. (1994a) Scintigraphic evaluation of clinically silent adrenal masses.J Nucl Med 35: 1145–1152
Gross MD,Shapiro B, Francis IR et al. (1994b) Scintigraphy of incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal masses. Eur J Nucl Med 22: 315–321
Gschwandtner ME,Czech T, Matula C, Niederle B,Vierhapper H (1997) Diagnostik and Therapie des Cushing Syndroms. Wien Klin Wschr 109: 47–52
Guerrero LA (1985) Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to incidental adrenal mass. Urology 26: 430–435
Günther R, Kelbel C, Lenner V (1984) Realtime ultrasound of normal adrenal glands and small tumors.J Clin Ultrasound 12: 211–217
Hahn PF, Saini S, Stark DD, Papanicolaou N, Ferrucci JT (1987) Intraabdominal hematoma: the concentric-ring sign in MR imaging. AJR 148: 115119
Harrison JH, Mahoney EM, Bennett AH (1973) Tumors of the adrenal cortex. Cancer 32: 1227–1235
Hattner RS (1993) Practical considerations in the scintigraphic evaluation of endocrine hypertension-the adrenal cortex and medulla. Radio) Clin N Amer 31: 1029–1038
Heaston DK, Handel DB, Ashton PR, Korobin M (1982) Narrow gauge needle aspiration of solid adrenal masses. Am J Roentgenol 138: 1143–1148
Hedeland H, Ostberg G, Hökfelt B (1968) On the prevalence of adrenocortical adenomas in an autopsy material in relation to hypertension and diabetes.Acta Med Scand 184: 211–214
Heinz-Peer G, Hönigschnabl S, Schneider B, Niederle B, Kaserer K, Lechner G (1999) Characterization of adrenal masses by MR imaging with histopathologic correlation. Am J Radiology 173: 15–22
Henry JF, Defechereux T,Gramatica L, Raffaelli (1999) Should laparoscopic approach be proposed for large and/or potentially malignant adrenal tumors? Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 384: 366–369
Herrera MF, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Sheedy II PF, Ilstrup DM (1991) Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: An institutional perspective. Surgery 110: 1014–1021
Hiller WFA,Scheumann GFW, Dralle H (1993) Diagnostik and operative Behandlung des extraadrenalen Phäochromocytoms.Chirurg 64: 36–42
Hubbard MM,HusamiTW,Abumrad NN (1989) Nonfunctioning adrenal tumors: Dilemmas in management. In: Scott HW (ed) Surgery of the adrenal glands. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 287–295
Icard P, Chapuis Y, Andreassian B, Bernard A, Proye C (1992) Adrenocortical carcinoma in surgically treated patients:A retrospective study on 156 cases by the French Association of Endocrine Surgery. Surgery 112: 972–980
Ikeda Y,Takami H, Saski Y,Takayama J, Niimi M, Kan S (2003) Is laparoscopic partial or cortical-sparing adrenalectomy worthwhile? Eur Surg 35: 89–92
Jakob F, Seufert J, Haack D, Schröder, Ludwig J, Rendl J,Vecsei P (1993) Einseitige autonome Aldosteronproduktion bei Dexamethason-supprimierbarem Hyperaldosteronismus. Dtsch Med Wschr 118: 18371843
Khafagi FA, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Glazer GM, Francis I,Thompson NW (1991) Clinical significance of the large adrenal mass. Br J Surg 78: 828–833
Khafagi FA, Shapiro B, Fig LM (1989) Labetolol reduces 1311-MIBG uptake by pheochromocytoma and normal tissue.J Nucl Med 30: 481–489
Kier R, McCarthy S (1989) MR characterization of adrenal masses: field strength und pulse sequence considerations. Radiology 171: 671–674
Kjellman M, Kallioniemi O, Karhu R et al. (1996) Genetic aberrations in adrenocortical tumors detected using comparative genomic hybridization correlate with tumor size and malignancy. Cancer Res 56: 4219–4223
Kloos RT,Gross MD, Francis IR,Korobkin M,Shapiro B (1995) Incidentally discovered adrenal masses.Endocrin Rev 16: 460–484
Klose KC, Andreopoulos D, Adam G, Biesterfeld S (1992) Hypervaskularisiertes Nebennierenadenom. Ein differentialdiagnostisches Problem in der dynamischen CT und MRT. Radiologe 32: 32–35
Knapp WH, Moser E, Bares R (1994) Tumoren. In: Büll U, Schicha H, Biersack HJ, Knapp WH, Reiners C, Schober 0 (eds) Nuklearmedizin. Thieme, Stuttgart
Koch CA, Pacak K, Chrousos P (2002) The molecular pathogenesis of hereditary and sporadic adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors.) Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 5367–5384
Kobayashi S,SekiT,Nonomura K,CotohT,Togashi M,KoyanagiT (1993) Clinical experience of incidentally discovered adrenal tumor with particular reference to cortical function.J Urol 150: 8–12
Komminoth P (1997) Multiple endokrine Neoplasie Typ 1 und 2: Diagnos- tische Leitlinien und moleulare Pathologie. Pathologe 18: 286–300
Korobkin M, Lombardi TJ, Aisen AM (1995) Characterization of adrenal masses with chemical-shift and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 197: 411–418
Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ,Yutzy GG (1996) Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT attenuation values.Am J Radiology 166: 531–536
Krestin GP, Friedmann G, Fishbach R, Neufang KFR, Allolio B (1991) Evaluation of adrenal masses in oncologic patients: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR vs CT.J Comput Assist Tomogr 15: 104–110
Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, Friedmann G (1989) Adrenal masses: evaluation with fast gradient-echo MR imaging and Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic studies. Radiology 171: 675–680
Lack EE (1997)Tumors of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia. In: Atlas of tumor pathology (third series). AFIP Bethesda, Maryland
Lashford LS, Moyes J, Ott R, Fielding S, Babich J (1988) The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of meta-iodobenzylguanidine in childhood neuroblastoma. Eur J Nucl Med 13: 574–577
Latronico,AC, Chrousos GP (1997) Adrenocortical tumors.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 1317–1324
Lee MJ,Mayo-Smith WW, Hahn PF,Goldberg MA, Boland GW,Saini S,Papanicolaou N (1994) State of the art MR imaging of the adrenal gland. Radio Graphics 14: 1015–1029
Leroy-Willig A, Roucayrol JC, Luton JP, Courtieu J, Niesenbaum N, Louvel A (1987) In vitro adrenal cortex lesion characterization by NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imaging 5: 339–344
Lüning M (1990) Rationeller Einsatz bildgebender Verfahren für die Diagnostik von Tumoren des Abdomens unter Berücksichtigung der Magnetresonanz-Tomographie. Arch Geschwulstforsch 60: 51–54
Luton JP, Cerdas S, Billaud L et al. (1990) Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy. N Engl J Med 322: 1195–1201
Magill SB, Raff H, Shaker JL et al. (2001) Comparison of adrenal vein sampling and computed tomography in the differentiation of primary aldosteronism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 1066–1071
Maher ER, Reik W (2000) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: imprinting in clusters revisited.J Clin Invest 105: 247–252
Mac Farlane DA (1958) Cancer of the adrenal cortex. The natural history, prognosis and treatment in a study of fifty-five cases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 23: 155–186
MangnerTJ,Tobes MC,Wieland DW, Sisson JC, Shapiro B Metabolism of 1311 metaiodobenzylguanidine in patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma.J Nucl Med 27: 37–44
Mantero F,Terzolo M,Arnaldi G et al. (2000) A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 637–644
Mayo CH (1927) Paroxysmal hypertension with tumor of retroperitoneal nerve.J Am Med Ass 89: 1047–1050
McGahan JP (1988) Adrenal gland: MR imaging. Radiology 166:284–285 McCorkell SJ, Niles NL (1985) Fine-needle aspiration ofcatecholamine-producing adrenal masses:a possibly fatal mistake.Am J Roentgenol 145: 113–114
McNicholas MMJ, Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Hahn PF, Boland GW, Mueller PR (1995) An imaging algorithm for the differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas and metastases. Am J Radiology 165: 1453–1459
McLeod MK (1993) Adrenal incidentaloma.Acta Chir Austriaca 25: 202–209
Medeiros CJ,Weiss LM (1992) New developments in the pathological diag- nosis of adrenal cortical neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 97: 73–83
Melby JC (1997) Endocrine Hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69: 697–700
Melmon KL (1974) Catecholamines and adrenal medulla. In: Williams RH (ed) Textbook of endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto
Mitchell DG, Crovello M, Matteucci T, Petersen RO, Miettinen MM (1992) Benign adrenocortical masses: diagnosis with chemical MR imaging. Radiology 185: 345–351
Mitnick JS, Bosniak MA, Megibow AJ, Naidich DP (1985) Non-functioning adrenal adenomas discovered incidentally on computer tomography. Radiology 148: 495–499
Mody MK, Kazerooni EA, Korobkin M (1995) Percutaneous CT-guided biopsy of adrenal masses: immediate and delayed complications. J Comp Ass Tomogr 19: 434–439
Moses DC, Schteingart DE, Sturman MF, Beierwaltes WH, Ice RD (1974) Efficacy of radiocholesterol imaging of the adrenal gland in Cushing’s syndrome. Surg Gynecol Obstet 139: 1–4
Munden R, Adams DB, Curry NS (1985) Cystic pheochromocytoma: Radio-logic diagnosis.S Med J 86: 1302–1305
Musholt TJ (2003) Surgical management of advanced malignant adrenal tumours. Eur Surg 35: 97–101
Mutter D, Dutson E, Marescaux 1 (2003) Complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomies. Eur Surg 35: 80–83
Nakajo M,Shaoiro B,Glowniak J, Sisson JC, Beierwaltes WH (1983a) Inverse relationship between cardiac accumulation of 1311-MIBG and circulating catecholamines in suspected pheochromocytoma.J Nucl Med 24: 1127–1134
Nakajo M,Shapiro B,CoppJ (1983b)The normal and abnormal distribution of the adrenomedullary imaging agent m-(1131) lodobenzylguanidine (I-131-MIBG) in man: evaluation by scintigraphy.J Nucl Med 24: 672–682
Nakajo M, Shapiro B, Sisson JC (1994) Salivary gland accumulation of meta1311-lodobenzylguanidine.J Nucl Med 25: 2–6
Nakao Y, Abe I, Kobayashi K, Fujishima M, Ichiya Y, Onizuka H, Takishita S (1993) Evaluation of the localizing procedures of primary aldosteronism. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 35: 345–351
Neuhold N, Schmid KW (1994) Tumoren der Nebenniere in Histologische Tumorklassifikation Springer, Wien New York
Neville AM (1978) The nodular adrenal. Invest Cell Pathol 1:99–111 Niederle B, Winkelbauer FW, Frilling A (1995) Inzedentalome der Nebenniere–eine Ubersicht. Chir Gastroenterol 11: 34–41
Niederle B, Prager G (2003) Advanced endoscopic adrenal surgery–new developments. Eur Surg 35: 71–75
Nies C (1997) Minimal invasive adrenalectomie. Chir Gastroenterol 13: 333–337
Nies C, Langer P (2003) Minimally invasive adrenalectomy and malignant adrenal tumours. Eur Surg 35: 76–79
O’Leary TJ, Ooi TC (1986) The adrenal incidentaloma.Can J Surg 29:6–8 OliverTWJr,Bernardino ME,MillerJl,Mansour K,Greene D,DavisWA (1984) Isolated adrenal mass in non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Radiology 153: 217–218
Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Whatley M, Goldstein DS (2002) Diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma: the coming of age of positron emission tomography. Ann N Y Acad Sci 970: 170–176
Pattou FN, Combemale FP, Poirette JF et al. (1996) Questionability of the benefits of routine laparotomy as the surgical approach for pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas. Surgery 120: 1006–1012
PlotzCM,Knowlton Al, Ragan C (1952)The natural history of Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Med 13: 597–614
Pommier RF, Brennan MF (1992) An eleven year experience with adrenocortical carcinoma.Surgery 112: 963–973
Prager G, Scheuba C, Passler C, Heinz-Peer Gertraud,Vierhapper H, Nieder-le B (1999) Minimal invasive (endoskopische) Adrenalektomie. Acta Chir Austriaca 31: 159–166
Prager G, Heinz-Peer G, Passler C et al. (2002) Can dynamic Gadolinium-enhanced magnet resonance imaging with chemical shift studies predict the status of adrenal masses? World J Surg 26: 958–964
Prager G, Heinz-Peer G, Passler C, Kaczirek K, Schindl M, Scheuba C, Nieder-le B (2002) Surgical strategy in adrenal masses. Eur J Radiol 41: 70–77
Prager G, Heinz-Peer G, Passler C, Kaczirek K, Scheuba C, Niederle B (2003) Applicability of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in 150 consecutive patients - a prospective study. Arch Surgery 138: (in press)
Prinz RA, Brooks MH, Churchill R (1982) Incidental asymptomatic adrenal masses detected by computer tomographic scanning: is operation required? JAMA 248: 701–704
Quint LE, Glazer GM, Francis IR, Shapiro B, Chenevert TL (1987) Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Comparison of MR imaging with CT and 1–131 MIBG scintigraphy. Radiology 165: 89
Raber W, Raffesberger W, Bischof M et al. (2000) Diagnostic efficacy of un-conjugated plasma metanephrines for the detection of pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med 160: 2957–2963
Reichmann I, Frilling A, Broelsch CE (2000) Diagnostik and Therapie des adrenokortokalen Karzinoms. Min Inv Chir 9: 90–95
Reincke M,NiekeJ,Krestin GP,SaegerW,Allolio B,Winkelmann W (1992) Pre-clinical Cushings syndrome in adrenal „incidentalomas“: comparison with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 826832
Reiners C (1994) Nebenierenrinde. In: Büll U, Schicha H, Biersack HJ, Knapp WH, Reiners C, Schober 0 (Hrsg) Nuklearmedizin.Thieme, Stuttgart Reinig JW, Doppman JL, Dwyer AJ,FrankJ (1986a) MRI of indeterminate adrenal masses. AJR 147: 493–496
Reinig JW, Doppman JL, Dwyer AJ, Johnson AR, Know RH (1986b) Adrenal masses differentiated by MR. Radiology 158: 81–84
Reinig JW, Stutley JF, Leonhardt CM, Spicer KM, Margolis M, Caldwell CB (1994) Differentiation of adrenal masses with MR imaging: Comparison of techniques. Radiology 192: 41–46
Remer EM, Weinfeld RM, Glazer GM et al. (1989) Hyperfunctioning and non-hyperfunctioning benign adrenal cortical lesions: characterization and comparison with MR imaging. Radiology 171: 681–685
Reznek RH,Armstrong P (1994)Theadrenal gland.Clin Endocrinol 40:561576
Roden M (2002) How to detect pheochromocytoma? The diagnostic relevance of plasma free metanephrines. Wien Klin Wschr 114: 246–250
Ross NS, Aron DC (1990) Hormonal evaluation of the patient with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med 323: 1401–1405
Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Chiesura-Corona M et al. (2001) Identification of the etiology of primary aldosteronism with adrenal vein sampling in patients with equivocal computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings: results in 104 consecutive cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 1083–1090
Rubello D, Rufini V, Casara D, Calcagni ML, Samanes Gajate AM, Shapiro B (2002) Clinical role of positron emission tomography ( PET) in endocrine tumours. Panminerva Med 44: 185–196
Sawka AM, Jaeschke R, Singh RJ, Young WF (2003) A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: Measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 553–558
Schmid M, Lorenz D, Winter J, Richter A, Schwall G,Trede M. Adrenale Inzidentalome.Zentralbl Chir 120: 702–706
Schröder S, Komminoth P, Heitz PU (1995) Moorphologische Typisierung, Dignitäts- and Prognosebeurteilung sowie ätiologische Einordnung adrenomedullärer and adrenokortikaler Neoplasien. Pathologe 16: 307–314
Schteingart DE, Seabold JE, Gross MD, Swanson DP (1981) lodocholesterol adrenal tissue uptake and imaging in adrenal neoplasm. J Clin Endocrol Metab 52: 1152–1161
Schwartz RW, Sloan DA, Kenady DE (1991) Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal tumors.Curr Opin Oncol 3: 121–127
Seabold JE,HaynieTP,Deasis DN,Samaan NS,Glenn HJ,Jahns MF (1977) Detection of metastatic adrenal carcinoma using 1311–6ß-iodomethyl19-norcholesterol total body scans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 705–708
Seddon KJ, Baranetsky N, van Boxel Pi (1985) Adrenal „incidentalomas“. Urology 25: 1–7
Semelka RC, Shoenut JP, Lawrence PH et al. (1993) Evaluation of adrenal masses with gadolinium enhancement and fat-suppressed MR imaging.JMR1 3: 337–343
SeppeITH,Schlaghecke R (1994) Augmented 17a-hydroxyprogesteron response to ACTH stimulation as evidence of decreased 21-hydroxylase activity in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal tumours (incidentalomas).Clin Endocrinol 41: 445–451
Shapiro B, Nakajo M, Gross MD, Freitas JE, Copp JE, Beierwaltes WH (1983) Value of bowel preparation in adrenocortical scintigraphy with NP 59. J Nucl Med 24: 732–734
Shapiro B, Fig LM (1989) Management of pheochromocytoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Amer 18: 443–481
Shapiro B,Grekin RJ, Gross MD, Freitas JE (1994) Interference of spironolactone on adrenocortical scintigraphy and other pitfalls in the location of adrenal abnormalities in primary aldosteronismus. Clin Nucl Med 19: 441–445
Siekavizza JL, Bernardino ME, Samaan NA (1981) Suprarenal mass and its differential diagnosis. Urology 18: 625–632
Simon D,Goretzki PE,Röher HD (1995) Operationsstrategie bei Nebennierentumoren. Ch it Gastroenterol 11: 42–46
Siren JE, Haapiainen RK, Huikuri KT, Sivula AH (1993) Incidentalomas of the adrenal gland:36 operated patients and review of literature. World J Surg 17: 634–639
Siren J, Välimäki M, Huikuri K, Sivula A, Voutilainen P, Haapiainen R (1998) Adrenalectomie for primary aldosteronism: Long-term follow-up study in 29 patients. World J Surg 22: 418–422
Siren J, Tervahartiala P, Sivula A, Haapiainen R (2000) Natural course of adrenal incidentalomas: Seven-year follow-up study. World J Surg 24: 579–582
Sjoberg RJ, Simcic KJ, Kidd GS (1992) The clonidine suppression test for pheochromocytoma. a review of its utility and pitfalls. Arch Intern Med 152: 1193–1197
Smith SM, Patel SK,Turner DA, Matalon TAS (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of adrenal cortical carcinoma. Urol Radiol 11: 1–6
Solanki KK, Bomanji J, Moyes J, Mather SJ,Trainer PJ, Britton KE (1992) A pharmacological guide to medicines which interfere with the bio tribution of radiolabelled meta-iodobezylguanidine ( MIBG ). Nuclear Med Commun 13: 513–521
Steenman M, Westerveld A (2000) Genetics of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome-associated tumors: common genetic pathways. Genes Chrom Cancer 28: 1–13
Stimpel M (1992) Diagnostik des primären Aldosteronismus. Dtsch Med Wschr 117: 907–911
Streeten DH, Dalakos TG, Anderson GH (1977) Diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. In: Rose L, Levine R (eds) New concepts in endocrinology and metabolism. Grune FANN Stratton, New York, pp 57–71
Strohm M, Reincke M,Theis M, Diehl KL, Allolio B (1994) Bilaterale massive makronoduläre Nebennierenhyperplasie.Dtsch Med Wschr 119:180184
Stumvoll M, Schmülling RM, Brambs HJ, Wehrmann M, Eggstein M (1994) Rudimentary second stomach as adrenal incidentaloma. Br J Clin Pract 48: 102–103
Sutton MG, Sheps 5G, Lie JT (1981) Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma: A review of a 50-year autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc 56: 354–360
Szolar DH, Kammerhuber F (1997) Quantitative CT evaluation of adrenal gland masses:a step forward in the differentiation between adenomas and nonadenomas? Radiology 202: 517–521
Thompson NW, Cheung PSY (1987) Diagnosis and treatment of funtioning and non-funtioning adrenocortical neoplasms including incidentalomas. Surg Clin N Amer 67: 423–436
Tsushima Y,Ishizaka H,Matsumoto M (1993) Adrenal masses:differentiation with chemical shift, fast low-angle shot MR imaging. Radiology 186: 705–709
van Heerden JA, Grant CS, Weaver AL (1993) Primary carcinoma of the adrenal cortex: An institutional surgical perspective. Acta Chir Austriaca 25: 216–220
Vaughan ED Jr (1992) Imaging of the adrenal gland. World J Urol 10: 190197
Vierhapper H,Nowotny P, Krisch K, Kletter K,Waldhäusl W (1982) Androgen-produzierendes Nebennierenadenom bei einer 18-jährigen Patientin: Diagnostik mittels gaschromatographischer Steroidanalyse, Histologie und postoperativer Verlauf.Wien Klin Wschr 94: 670–673
Vierhapper H, Raber W (1997) Die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten bei metastasiertem Phäochromozytom. Zentralbl Chir 122: 494–497
Wagner J, Portwine C, Rabin K, Leclerc JM, Narod SA, Malkin D (1994) High frequency of germline mutations in childhood adrenocortical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 1707–1710
Walz MK, Neumann HPH, Peitgen K,Petersenn S,Janssen 0E, Mann K (2003) Endoscopic treatment of recurrent phaeochromocytomas and retroperitoneal paragangliomas. Eur Surg 35: 93–96
Whalen RK,Althausen AF, Daniels GH (1992) Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas.J Urol 147: 1–10
Wieland DM, Brown LE, Tobes MC (1981) Imaging the primate adrenal medulla with 1231 and 1311 metaiodobenzylguanidine.Concise communication.) Nucl Med 22: 358–364
Wieland DM, Wu JL, Brown LE, Mangner TJ, Swanson DP, Beierwaltes WH (1980) Radiolabeled adrenergic neuron blocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with 1311-iodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med 21: 349–353
Yano T, Linehan M, Anglard P et al. (1989) Genetic changes in human adrenocortical carcinomas.) Natl Cancer Inst 81: 518–523
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Niederle, B., Prager, G., Kaserer, K., Kurtaran, A., Heinz-Peer, G., Vierhapper, H. (2004). Nebennierentumoren. In: Die Onkologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06670-6_66
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06670-6_66
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-06671-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-06670-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive