Abstract
Wood is a porous, hygroscopic material that can take up moisture from the atmosphere or directly in liquid form. Moisture content refers to water which is adsorbed on the interior wood surfaces or present as liquid, free water within the porous structure. Moisture content affects (1) physical properties such as shrinking and swelling; density; electrical, thermal, and acoustic properties; weathering; and mechanical properties; (2) reaction to biological agents such as decay fungi, insects, bacteria, and marine borers; and (3) technological properties and processes such as machinability, drying, preservative treatment, gluing, coating, and consolidation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Böttcher P (1989) Untersuchungen zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Gründungspfählen. Holz Roh Werkst 47: 179–184
Bröker F-W (1985a) Technologische Untersuchungen an langjährig verbauten Dalben und Uferbefestigungen. Holz Roh Werkst 43: 476
Bröker F-W (1985b) Technologische Untersuchungen am Holz einer gesunkenen Bark. Holz Roh Werkst 43: 476
Buck RD (1952) A note on the effect of age on the hygroscopic behaviour of wood. Stud Consery 1: 39–44
De Jong J (1979) Conservation of water-logged wood. Netherlands National Commission for UNESCO, Amsterdam
Deppe H-J, Rühl H (1993) Zur Beurteilung alter Bauhölzer. Holz Roh Werkst 51: 379–383
Dietz P (1975) Dichte und Rindengehalt von Industrieholz. Holz Roh Werkst 33: 1135–141
DIN 68 364 (1979) Kennwerte von Holzarten. Festigkeit, Elastizität, Resistenz
EN 350–2 (1994) Natürliche Dauerhaftigkeit von Vollholz
Erhardt D, Mecklenburg MF, Tumosa CS, Olstad TM (1996) New versus old wood: differences and similarities in physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 11th Triennial Meeting, Edinburgh, 1–6 Sept 1996, vol II, pp 903–910
Florian M-L (1986) The freezing process - effects on insects and artifact materials. Leather Consery News 3:1–13, 17
Forest Products Laboratory (1987) Wood handbook, agriculture handbook no 72. US Dept of Agriculture, Washington, DC
Fridley KJ, Mitchell JB, Hunt MO, Senft JF (1996) Effect of 85 years of service on mechanical properties of timber roof members, part 1. Experimental observations. For Prod J 46 (5): 72–78
Hoffmann P (1988) Zur Rückformung mittelalterlicher Drechslerware. Teil II. Hölzer mit Schwindungsschäden. Arbeitsbl Restaur, Gruppe 8, pp 171–185
Hoffmann P (1993) Restoring deformed fine medieval turned woodware. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington, DC, 22–27 Aug 1993, preprints 257–261
Hoffmann P, Peek R-D, Pulz J, Schwab E (1986) Das Holz der Archäologen: Untersuchungen an 1600 Jahre altem wassergesättigtem Eichenholz der “Mainzer Römerschiffe”. Holz Roh Werkst 44: 241–247
Jagels R, Seifert B, Shottafer JE, Wolfhagen JL, Carlisle JD (1988) Analysis of wet-site archaeological wood samples. For Prod J 38 (5): 33–38
Kamba N, Nishiura T (1993) Measurement of the dimensional change of wood in a closed case. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington, DC, 22–27 Aug 1993, vol I, pp 406–409
Kellogg RM (1989) Density and porosity. In: Schniewind AP (ed) Concise encyclopedia of wood and wood-based materials. Pergamon Press, Oxford/MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 79–82
Klein P, Bröker F-W (1990) Investigations on swelling and shrinkage of panels with wooden support. ICOM Committee for Conservation, 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, 26–31 Aug 1990, vol I, pp 41–43
Knigge W, Schulz H (1966) Grundriß der Forstbenutzung. Parey, Hamburg
Kohara J (1984) Wood-based culture and the Japanese. Asahi Shimbunsha, Tokyo
Kollmann FFP, Côté WA Jr (1968) Principles of wood science and technology I: solid wood. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Legrum J (1993) Temperatur-und Feuchteverhalten von Holztafelbildern. Institut für Steinkonservierung in Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland, Heft 2
Mantanis GI, Young RA, Rowell RM (1994) Swelling of wood, part II. Swelling in organic liquids. Holzforschung 48: 480–490
Mantanis GI, Young RA, Rowell RM (1995) Swelling of wood, part III. Effect of temperature and extractives on rate and maximum swelling. Holzforschung 49: 239–248
Niemz P (1993) Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe. DRW-Verlag Weinbrenner, Leinfelden-Echterdingen
Noack D (1965) Der gegenwärtige Stand der Dimensionsstabilisierung von Holz und Schlußfolgerungen für die Konservierung der Bremer Kogge. Brem Jahrb 50: 20–52
Noack D (1969) Zur Verfahrenstechnik der Konservierung des Holzes der Bremer Kogge. Die Bremer Hanse-Kogge, Monographien der Wittheit zu Bremen, vol 8. Röver, Bremen
Noack D (1990) Holzphysik. Vorlesungsmanuskript, Universität Hamburg
Payton R (1984) The conservation of an eighth century BC table from Gordion. In: Bromelle NS, Pye EM, Smith P, Thomson G (eds) Adhesives and Consolidants. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London
Rug W, Seemann A (1989) Ermittlung von Festigkeitskennwerten an alten Holzkonstruktionen. Holztechnologie 30: 69–73
Sakai H (1991) Syutsudo-mokuzai to mizu no sougosayo kanso to kyushitu (Interaction between waterlogged wood and water: drying and water absorption). Gango-ji bunkazai kenkyu 37:2–8, AATA 30–1292
Schirp M, Kibler H (1968) Untersuchungen über die kältebedingten Längenänderungen kleiner Holzproben. Holz Roh Werkst 26: 335–341
Schniewind AP (1989a) Archaeological wood. In: Schniewind AP (ed) Concise encyclopedia of wood and wood-based materials. Pergamon Press, Oxford/MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 14–18
Schniewind AP (1989b) Strength. In: Schniewind AP (ed) Concise encyclopedia of wood and wood-based materials. Pergamon Press, Oxford/MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 245–250
Schniewind AP (1990) Physical and mechanical properties of archaeological wood. In: Rowell RM, Barbour J (eds) Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry, and preservation. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Adv Chem Ser 225: 87–109
Schniewind AP, Gammon B, Bendtsen BA (1982) Strength of untreated Douglas-fir foundation piles after some 70 years’ service. For Prod J 32 (11/12): 39–46
Schwarz A, Gadesmann D (1994) Holzfeuchtemessungen an Tafelgemälden–Untersuchungsergebnisse aus der Celler Schloßkapelle, Teil 2. Restauro 100: 256–261
Skaar C (1989a) Hygroscopicity and water sorption. In: Schniewind AP (ed) Concise encyclopedia of wood and wood-based materials. Pergamon Press, Oxford/MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 143–147
Skaar C (1989b) Shrinking and swelling. In: Schniewind AP (ed) Concise encyclopedia of wood and wood-based materials. Pergamon Press, Oxford/MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 243–245
Sutter H-P (1986) Holzschädlinge an Kulturgütern erkennen und bekämpfen. Haupt, Bern Trendelenburg R ( 1955 ) Holz als Rohstoff. Hanser, München
Wilcox WW (1978) Review of literature on the effects of early stages of decay on wood strength. Wood Fiber 9 (4): 252–257
Wilcox WW (1989) Decay during use. In: Schniewind AP (ed) Concise encyclopedia of wood and wood-based materials. Pergamon Press, Oxford/MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 71–75
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Unger, A., Schniewind, A.P., Unger, W. (2001). Wood Properties. In: Conservation of Wood Artifacts. Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06398-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06398-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07480-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-06398-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive