Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Amino Acid Metabolism

  • Chapter
Plant Nitrogen

Abstract

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are not only important for cell structure but direct and control the chemical reactions that constitute life processes. Proteins are composed of many copies of 20 amino acids linked in chains by covalent bonds. Thus a 100-unit protein has 20100 possible structures. This enormous variability means that cells and organisms can differ greatly in structure and function, even though they are made up of similar macromolecules produced by the same type of reaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Al-Sulaiti A, Lea PJ, Davies WJ (1990) Effects of soil drying on morphogenetic and physiological responses of barley photorespiratory mutants. Br Soc Plant Growth Regul Monogra 21: 347–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Ameziane R, Richard-Molard C, Deleens E, Morot-Gaudry JF, Limami MA (1997) Nitrate (15NO3) limitation affects nitrogen partitioning between metabolic and storage sinks and nitrogen reserve accumulation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Planta 202: 303–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arisi ACM, Noctor G, Foyer CH, Jouanin L (1997) Modification of thiol contents in poplars (Populus Tremula x P. alba) overexpressing enzymes involved in glutathione synthesis. Planta 203: 362–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arruda P, Bright SWJ, Kueh JSH, Lea PJ, Rognes SE (1984) Regulation of aspartate kinase isoenzymes in barley mutants resistant to lysine plus threonine. Plant Physiol 76: 442–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkins CA, Smith PMC, Storer PJ (1997) Reexamination of the intracellular localization of de novo purine synthesis in cowpea nodules. Plant Physiol 113: 127–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aulabaugh A, Schloss J V (1990) Oxalyl hydroxamates as reaction intermediate analogues for keto-acid reductoisomerase. Biochemistry 29: 2824–2830

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo RA, Arruda P, Turner WL, Lea PJ (1997) The biosynthesis and metabolism of the aspartate derived amino acids in higher plants. Phytochemistry 46: 395–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry G, Kishore G, Padgette S, Taylor M, Kolacz K, Weldon M, Re D, Eichholtz D, Fincher K, Hallas L (1992) Inhibitors of amino acid biosynthsis: strategies for imparting glyphosate tolerance to crop plants. In: Sing BK, Flores HE, Shannon JC (eds) Biosynthesis and molecular regulation of amino acids in plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, pp 139–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlyn MB, Last RL, Fink GR (1989) A gene encoding the tryptophan synthase 13 subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4604–4608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biou V, Dumas R, Cohen-Addad C, Douce R, Job D, Pebay-Peyroula E (1997) The crystal structure of plant acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase complexed with NADPH, two magnesium ions and a herbicidal transition state analog determined at 1.65 A resolution. EMBO J 16: 3405–3415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell RD, Murray AJS, Lea PJ (1990) Photorespiratory mutants of the mitochondrial conversion of glycine to serine. Plant Physiol 94: 1316–1322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchereau A, Aziz A, Larher F, Martin-Tanguy (1999) Polyamines and environmental challenges: recent development. Plant Sci 140: 103–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgin JP (1978) Valine resistant plants grown in vitro selected tobacco cells. Mol Gen Genet 161: 225–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourguignon J, Rebeille F, Douce R (1999) Serine and glycine metabolism in higher plants. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids. Biochemistry and biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 111–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Bown AW, Shelp BJ (1997) The metabolism and functions of y-aminobutyric acid. Plant Physiol 115: 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bright SWJ, Kueh JSH, Franklin J, Rognes SE, Miflin BJ (1982) Two genes for threonine accumulation in barley seeds. Nature 299: 278–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouquisse R, James F, Pradet A, Raymond P (1992) Asparagine metabolism and nitrogen distribution during protein degradation in sugar-starved maize root tips. Planta 118: 384–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang AK, Duggleby RG (1997) Expression, purification and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxyacid synthase. Biochem J 327, 161–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba Y, Ishikawa M, Kijima F, Tyson RH, Kim J, Yamamoto A, Nambara E, Leustek T, Wallsgrove RM, Naito S (1999) Evidence for autoregulation of cystathionine x-synthase mRNA stability in arabidopsis. Science 286: 1371–1374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christopher JT, Powles SB, Holtum JAM (1992) Resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) involves at least two mechanisms. Plant Physiol 100: 1909–1913

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Addad C, Pares S, Sieker L, Neuberger M, Douce R (1995) The lipoamide arm in the glycine decarboxylase complex is not freely swinging. Nat Struct Biol 2: 63–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Addad C, Faure M, Neuburger M, Ober R, Sieker L, Bourguignon J, Macherel D, Douce R (1997) Structural studies of the glycine decarboxylase complex from pea leaf mitochondria. Biochimie 79: 637–644

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curien G, Job D, Douce, R Dumas R (1998) Allosteric activation of Arabidopsis threonine synthase by S-adenosylmethionine. Biochemistry 37, 13212–13221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delaunay AJ, Verma DPS (1993) Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants. Plant J 4: 215–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Delauney AJ, Hu C, Kishor K, Verma DPS (1993) Cloning of ornithine delta-aminotransferase cDNA from Vigna aconitifolia by trans-complementation in Escherichia coli and regulation of proline biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 268: 18673–18678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Lumen BO, Krenz DC, Revilleza MJ (1997) Molecular strategies to improve the protein quality of legumes. Food Technol 51: 67–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diedrick TJ, Frisch DA, Gengenbach BG (1990) Tissue culture isolation of a second mutant lows for increased threonine accumulation in maize. Theor Appl Genet 79: 209–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierks-Ventling C, Tonelli C (1982) Metabolism of proline, glutamate and orni- thine in proline mutant root tips of Zea mays L. Plant Physiol 69: 130–134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douce R (1985) Mitochondria in higher plants: structure, function and Biogenesis. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Droux M, Ravanel S, Douce R (1995) Methionine biosynthesis in higher plants. II. Purification and characterization of cystathionine ß-lyase from spinach chloroplaste. Arch Biochem Biophys 316: 585–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Droux M, Ruffet M-L, Douce R, Job D (1998) Interactions between serine acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase in higher plants. Structural and kinetic properties of free and bound enzymes. Eur J Biochem 255: 235–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumas R, Job D, Douce R (1994a) Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data for acethohydroxy acid isomeroreductase from Spinacea oleracea. J Mol Biol 242: 578–581

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas R, Cornillon-Bertrand C, Guigue-Talet P, Genix P, Douce R, Job D (1994b) Interactions of plant acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase with reaction intermediate analogues: correlations of the slow competitive inhibition kinetics of enzyme activity and herbicidal effects. Biochem J 301: 813–820

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas R, Butikofer MC, Job D, Douce R (1995) Evidence for two catalytically different magnesium binding sites in acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochemistry 34: 6026–6036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Malki F, Frankard V, Jacobs M (1998) Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA sequence encoding histidinol phosphate aminotransferase from Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Mol Biol 37: 1013–1022.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elthon TE, Stewart CR (1981) Submitochondrial location and electron transport characteristics of enzymes involved in proline oxidation. Plant Physiol 67: 492–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Epelbaum S, Chipman DM, Barak Z (1996) Metabolic effects of two enzymes of the branched-chain amino acid pathway in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 178: 1187–1196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falco SC, Guida T, Locke M, Mauvais J, Sanders C, Ward RT, Webber P (1995) Transgenic canola and soybean seeds with increased lysine. Biotechnology 13: 577–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillatti JAJ, Kiser J, Rose R, Comai L (1987) Efficient transfer of a glyphosate tolerance gene into tomato using a binary Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector. Biotechnology 5: 726–730

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forlani G, Nielsen E, Racchi ML (1992) A glyphosate resistant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase conferts tolerance to a maize cell line. Plant Sci 85: 9–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowden L (1981) Nonprotein amino acids. In: Conn EE (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol. 7. Academic Press, New York, pp 215–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Lopez-Delgado H, Dat JF, Scott I (1997) Hydrogen peroxide and glutatione associated mechanisms of acclimatory stress tolerance and signalling. Physiol Plant 100: 241–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankard V, Ghislain M, Jacobs M (1992) Two feedback-insensitive enzymes of the aspartate pathway in Nicotiana sylvestris. Plant Physiol 99: 1285–1293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankard V, Vauterin M, Jacobs M (1997) Molecular characterisation of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA coding for a monofunctional aspartate kinase. Plant Mol Biol 34: 233–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita T, Maggio A, Garcia-Rioz M, Bressan RA, Csonka LN (1998) Comparative analysis of the regulation of expression and structures of two evolutionarily divergent genes for delta N-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase from tomato. Plant Physiol 118: 661–674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimori K, Ohta D (1998) Isolation and characterization of a histidine biosynthetic gene in Arabidopsis encoding a polypeptide with two separate domains for phophoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase and phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase. Plant Physiol 118: 275–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galili G (1995) Regulation of lysine and threonine synthesis. Plant Cell 7: 899–906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galili G, Shaul O, Perl A, Karchi H (1995) Synthesis and accumulation of the esssential amino acids lysine and threonine in seeds. In: Kigel J, Gazlili G (eds) Seed development and germination. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 811–831

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhardt C, Shimamoto K, Lazar G, Schnebli V, King PJ (1983) Isolation of biochemical mutants using haploid mesophyll protoplasts of Hyoscyamus muticus III. Planta 159: 18–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli J, Veluthambi K, Thompson GA, Mudd SH, Datko AH (1984) Threo- nine synthase of Lemna paucicostata Helgem. 6746. Plant Physiol 76: 285–292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli J, Mudd SH, Datko AH (1985) Quantitative analysis of pathways of methionine metabolism and their regulation in Lemna. Plant Physiol 78: 555–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli J, Mudd Sh, Datko AH (1989) Regulatory structure of the biosynthetic pathway for the aspartate family of amino acids in Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. 6746, with special reference to the role of aspartokinase. Plant Physiol 90: 1584–1599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girousse C, Bournoville R, Bonnemain J-L (1996) Water deficit-induced changes in concentration in proline and some other amino acids in the phloem sap of alfalfa. Plant Physiol 111: 109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Givan CV (1980) Aminotransferases in higher plants. In: Miflin BJ (ed) The biochemistry of plants, vol 5. Academic Press, New York, pp 329–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassman KF (1992) A molecular approach to elevating free lysine in plants. In: Singh BK, Flores HE, Shannon JC (eds) Biosynthesis and molecular regulation of amino acids in plants. Americain Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville Maryland, pp 217–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Green CE, Phillips RL (1974) Potential selection system for mutants with increased lysine, threonine and methionine in cereal cropss. Crop Sci 14: 827–830

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruys KJ, Sikorsky JA (1999) Inhibitors of tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis as herbicides. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids. biochemistry and biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 357–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilhaudis L, Simorre JP, Blackledge M, Marion D, Gans P, Neuburger M, Douce R (2000) Combined structural and biochemical analysis of the H-T complex in the glycine decarboxylase cycle: Evidence for a destabilization mechanism of the H-protein. Biochemistry 39: 4259–4266

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyer D, Patton D, Ward E (1995) Evidence for cross-pathway regulation of metabolic gene expression in plants. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92: 4997–5000

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halgand F, Vives F, Dumas R, Biou V, Andersen J, Andrieu JP, Cantegril R, Gagnon J, Douce R, Forest E, Job D (1998) Kinetic and mass spectrometric analyses of the interactions between plant acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase and thiadiazole derivatives. Biochemistry 37: 4773–4781

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hare PD, Cress WA, van Staden J (1999) Proline synthesis and degradation: a model system for elucidating stress-related signal transduction. J Exp Bot 50: 413–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haughn GW, Somerville CR (1990) A mutation causing imidazolinone resistance maps to the csrl locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 92: 1081–1085

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haughn GW, Smith J, Mazur B, Somerville CR (1988) Transformation with a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase gene renders tobacco resistant to sulphonylurea herbicides. Mol Gen Genet 211: 266–271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hell R (1997) Molecular physiology of plant sulphur metabolism. Planta 202: 138–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann KM (1995) The shikimate pathway: early steps in the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds. Plant Cell 7: 907–919

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofgen R, Laber B, Schüttke I, Klonus AK, Streber W, Pohlenz HD (1995) Repression of acetolactate synthase activity through antisense inhibition. Plant Physiol 107: 469–477

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu CA, Delauney AJ, Verma DPS (1992) A bifunctional enzyme (41-pyrroline-5carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9354–9358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hua XJ, van de Cotte B, Van Montagu M, Verbruggen N (1997) Developmental regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 114: 1215–1224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi Y, Yoshiba Y, Sanada Y Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Wada K, Shinozaki K (1997) Characterization of the gene for A1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and corre lation between the expression of the gene and salt tolerance in Oriza sativa L. Plant Mol Biol 33: 857–865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inaba K, Fujiwara T, Hayashi H, Chino M, Komeda Y, Naito S (1994) Isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, mtol, that overaccumulates soluble methionine. Temporal and spatial patterns of soluble methionine accumulation. Plant Physiol 104: 881–887

    Google Scholar 

  • Ireland RJ, Lea PJ (1999) The enzymes of glutamine, glutamate, asparagine, and aspartate metabolism. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids.Biochemistry and biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 49–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones JD, Henstrand JM, Handa AK, Herrmann KM, Weller SC (1995) Impaired wound induction of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate ( DAHP) synthase and altered stem development in transgenic potato plants expressing a DAHP synthase antisense construct. Plant Physiol 108: 1413–1421

    Google Scholar 

  • Karchi H, Shaul O, Galili G (1993) Seed-specific expression of the bacterial desensitized aspartate kinase increases the production of seed threonine and methionine in transgenic tobacco. Plant J 3: 721–727

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karchi H, Shaul O, Galili G (1994) Lysine synthesis and catabolism are coordinately regulated during tobacco seed development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2577–2581

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper EL, Cord-Neto G, Capella AN, Gonçalves-Butruile, Azevedo RA, Arruda P (1998) Structure and regulation of the bifunctional enzyme lysine-oxoglutarate reductase-saccharopine dehydrogenase in maize. Eur J Biochem 253: 720–729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keys AJ, Bird IF, Cornelius MJ, Lea PJ, Wallsgrove RM, Miflin BJ (1978) The photorespiratory nitrogen cycle. Nature 275: 741–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Kishor PB, Hong Z, Miao G-H, Hu C-AA, Verma DPS (1995) Overexpression of 41-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol 108: 1387–1394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyosue T, Yoshiba Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (1996) A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydratation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 8: 1323–1335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klee HJ, Muskopf YM, Gasser CS (1987) Cloning of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate -3-phosphate synthase: sequence analysis and manipulation to obtain glyphosate tolerant plants. Mol Gen Genet 210: 437–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam HM, Coschigano KT, Oliveira IC, Melo-Oliveira R, Coruzzi GM (1996) The molecular genetics of nitrogen assimilation in to amino acids in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 47: 569–593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lappartient AG, Touraine B (1996) Demand-driven control of root ATP sulfurylase activity and sulfate uptake in intact Canola. Plant Physiol 111: 147–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last RL (1993) The genetics of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid biosynthesis in flowering plants: progress and prospects. Int Rev Cytol 143: 297–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last RL, Fink GR (1988) Tryptophan-requiring mutants of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 240: 305–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last RL, Bissinger PH, Mahoney DJ, Radwanski ER, Fink GR (1991) Tryptophan mutants in Arabidopsis: the consequences of duplicated tryptophan synthase (3 genes. Plant Cell 3: 345–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lea PJ, Forde BG (1994) The use of mutants and transgenic plants to study anino acid metabolism. Plant Cell Environ 17: 541–556

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lea PJ, Ireland RI (1999) Nitrogen metabolism in higher plants. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids. Biochemistry and biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Lea PJ, Robinson SA, Stewart GR (1990) The enzymology and metabolism of glutamine, glutamate and asparagine. In: Miflin BJ, Lea PJ (eds) The biochemistry of plants, vol 16. Academic Press, London, pp 121–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Leegood RC, Lea PI, Adcock MD, Hausler RE (1995) The regulation and control of photorespiration. J Exp Bot 46: 1363–1376

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Last RL (1996) The Arabidopsis thaliana trp5 mutant has a feedback-resistant anthranilate synthase and elevated soluble tryptophan. Plant Physiol 110: 51–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macherel D, Bourguignon J, Forest E, Faure M,Cohen-Addad C, Douce R (1996) Expression, lipoylation and structure determination of recombinant pea H-protein in Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem 236: 27–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madison JT, Thompson JF (1988) Characterization of soybean tissue culture cell lines resistant to methionine analogs. Plant Cell Rep 7: 473–476

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallory-Smith C, Thill DC, Dial MJ, Zemetra RS (1990) Inheritance of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in Lactuca spp. Weed Technology 4: 787–790

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur BJ, Falco SC (1989) The development of herbicide-resistant crops. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 40: 441–470

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell LM, Klug CA, Beusen DD, Schaefer J (1996) Ligand geometry of the ternary complex of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from rotational-echo double-resonance NMR. Biochemistry 35: 5395–5403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metha K, Hale TI, Christen P (1989) Evolutionary relationships among aminotransferases: tyrosine aminotransferase, histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase are homologous proteins. Eur J Biochem 186: 249–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Micallef BJ, Shelp BJ (1989) Arginine metabolism in developing soybean cotyledons. Plant Physiol 90: 624–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills WR, Lea PJ, Miflin BJ (1980) Photosynthetic formation of the aspartate family of amino acids in isolated chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 65: 1166–1172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori I, Fonne-Pfister R, Matsunaga S, Tada S, Kimura Y, Iwasaki G, Mano J, Hatano M, Nakano T, Kolzumi S, Scheidegger A, Hayakawa K, Ohta D (1995) A novel class of herbicides. Plant Physiol 107: 719–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouillon JM, Aubert S, Bourguignon J, Gout E, Douce R, Rebeille F (1999) Glycine and serine catabolism in non-photosynthetic higher plant cells: their role in C1 metabolism. Plant J. 20: 197–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mourad G, King J (1992) Effect of four classes of herbicides on growth and aceto-lactate synthase activity in several varients of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 188: 491–497

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai A, Ward E, Beck J, Tada S, Chang JY, Scheidegger A, Ryals J (1991) Structural and functional conservation of histidinol dehydrogenase between plants and microbes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 88: 4133–4137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nafziger ED, Widholm JM, Steinrucken HC, Kilmer JL (1984) Selection and characterization of a carrot cell line tolerant to glyphosate. Plant Physiol 76: 571–574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negrutiu I, Cattoir-Reynaerts A, Verbruggen I, Jacobs M (1984) Lysine overproducing mutants with an altered dihydrodipicolinate synthase from protoplast culture of Nicotiana sylvestres (Spegg and Comes) Theor Appl Genet 68: 11–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negrutiu I, De Bronwer D, Dirks R, Jacobs M (1985) Amino acid auxotrophs from protoplast cultures of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Mol Gen Genet 199: 330–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noctor G, Arisi ACM, Jouanin L, Kunert KJ, Rennenberg H, Foyer CH (1998) Glutathione: biosynthesis, metabolism and relationship to stress tolerance explored in transformed plants. J Exp Bot 49: 623–647

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noctor G, Arisi ACM, Jouanin L, Foyer CH (1999) Photorespiratory glycine enhances glutathione accumulation in both the chloroplastic and cytosolic compartments. J Exp Bot 50: 1157–1167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odell JT, Caimi PG, Yadav NS, Mauvais CJ (1990) Comparison of increased expression of wild-type and herbicide-resistant acetolactate synthase genes in transgenic plants and indication of posttranscriptional limitation of enzyme activities. Plant Physiol 94: 1647–1654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver DJ, Neuburger M, Bourguignon J, Douce R (1990) Interaction between the component enzymes of the glycine decarboxylase multienzyme complex. Plant Physiol 94: 833–839

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padgette SR, Re DB, Barry GF, Eichholtz DE, Delannay X, Fuchs RL, Kishore GM, Fraley RT (1996) New weed control opportunities: development of soybeans with a roundup Ready gene. In: Duke SO (ed) Herbicide-resistant crops. Lewis, Boca Raton Florida, pp 53–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Pares S, Cohen-Addad C, Sieker L, Neuburger M, Douce R (1994) X-ray structure determination at 2.6 — A resolution of a lipoate-containing protein: the H-protein of the glycine decarboxylase complex from pea leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 4850–853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racchi ML, Gavazzi G, Dierks-Ventling C, King P (1981) Characterization of proline requiring mutants in Zea mays. Z Pflanzenphysiol 101: 303–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radwanski ER, Last RL (1995) Tryptophan biosynthesis and metabolism: biochemical and molecular genetics. Plant Cell 7: 921–934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravanel S, Gakière B, Job D, Douce R (1998) The specific features of methionine biosynthesis and metabolism in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7805–7812

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebeille F, Neuberger M, Douce R (1994) Interaction between glycine decarboxylase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase and tetrahydrofolate polyglutamates in pea leaf mitochondria. Biochem J 302: 223–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinbothe C, Orgel B, Parthier B, Reinbothe S (1994) Cytosolic and plastid forms of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in Euglena gracilis are differently expressed during light-induced chloroplast development. Mol Gen Genet 245: 616–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochat C, Boutin JP (1991) Metabolism of phloem-borne amino acids in maternal tissues of fruit of nodulated or nitrate-fed pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). J Exp Bot 42: 207–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rognes SE, Bright SWJ, Miflin BJ (1983) Feedback-insensitive aspartate kinase isoenzymes in barley mutants resistant to lysine plus threonine. Planta 157: 32–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolland N, Droux M, Douce R (1992) Subcellular distribution of 0-acetylserine(thiol) lyase in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) inflorescence. Plant Physiol 98: 927–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosens NH, Tran TT, Iskandar HM, Jacobs M (1998) Isolation of the ornithinedelta-aminotransferase cDNA and effect of salt stress on its expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 117: 263–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose AB, Casselman AL, Last RL (1992) A phosphoribosylanthranilate transferase gene is defective in blue fluorescent Arabidopsis thaliana tryptophan mutants. Plant Physiol 100: 582–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito K, Kurosawa M, Tatsuguchi K, Takagi Y, Murakoshi I (1994) Modulation of cysteine biosynthesis in chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco overexpressing cysteine synthase [0-Acetylserine (thiol)-lyase].Plant Physiol 106: 887–895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sammons RD, Gruys KJ, Anderson KS, Johnson KA, Sikorski JA (1995) Reevaluating glyphosate as a transition-state inhibitor of EPSP synthase: identification of an EPSP synthase•EPSP•glyphosate ternary complex. Biochemistry 34: 6433–6440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savoure A, Hua XJ, Bertauche N, Van Montagu, Verbruggen N (1997) Abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent regulation of proline biosynthesis following cold and osmotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 254: 104–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schloss JV, Ciskanik LM, Van Dyk DE (1988) Origin of the herbicide binding site of acetolactate synthase. Nature 331: 360–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid J, Amrhein N (1995) Molecular organisation of the shikimate pathway in higher plants.Phytochemistry 39: 737–749

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert KR, Boland MJ (1990) The ureides. In: Miflin BJ, Lea PJ (eds) The biochemistry of plants, vol 16. Academic Press, New York, pp 197–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz CJ, Hsu M, Miesak B, Coruzzi G (1998) Arabidopsis mutants define an in vivo role for isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in plant nitrogen assimilation. Genetics 149: 491–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaner DL, Singh BK (1992) How does inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis kill plants. In: Singh BK,Flores HE, Shannon HC (eds) Biosynthesis and molecular regulation of amino acids in plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, pp 174–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaul O, Galili G (1992a) Increased lysine synthesis in tobacco plants that express high levels of bacterial dihydrodipicolinate synthase in their chloroplast. Plant J 2: 203–209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaul O, Galili G (1992b) Threonine over production in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a mutant desensitized aspartate kinase of Escherichia coli. Plant Physiol 100: 1157–1163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shyr YYJ, Caretto S, Widholm JM (1993) Characterisation of the glyphosate selection of carrot suspension cultures resulting in gene amplification. Plant Sci 88: 219–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieciechowicz KA, Joy KW, Ireland RJ (1988) The metabolism of asparagine in plants. Phytochemistry 27: 663–671

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siehl DL, (1999) The biosynthesis of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine from chorismate. In:Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids. Biochemistry and biotechnology. Marcel Dekker,New York. pp 171–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh BK, Shaner DL (1995) Biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids: from test tube to field. Plant Cell 7: 935–944

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somerville CR (1986) Analysis of photosynthesis with mutants of higher plants and algae. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 37: 467–507

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins NE, Polacco JC (1995) Urease is not essential for ureide degradation in soybean. Plant Physiol 109: 169–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinrucken HC, Amrhein N (1980) The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase Biochem Biophys Res Commun 94: 1207–1212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strizhov N, Abraham E, Okresz L, Blicking S, Zilberstein L, Schell J, Koncz C, Szabados L (1997) Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during sal-stress requires ABA and is regulated byABA1, ABII and AXR2 in Arabidopsis. Plant J 12: 557–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stulen I, Israelstam GF, Oaks A (1979) Enzymes of asparagine synthesis in maize roots. Planta 146: 237–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szoke A, Miao GH, Hong Z, Verma DPS (1992) Subcellular location oft’- pyroline-5-carboxylate reductase in root/nodule and leaf of soybean. Plant Physiol 99: 1642–1649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ta TC, Macdowall FDH, Faris MA (1988) Metabolism of nitrogen fixed by nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) II. asparagine synthesis. Biochem Cell Biol 66: 1349–1354

    Google Scholar 

  • Tada SD, Hatano M, Nakayama Y, Volrath S, Guyer O, Ward E, Ohta D (1995) Insect cell expression of recombinant imidazole glycerophosphate dehydratase of Arabidopsis and wheat and inhibition by triazole herbicides. Plant Physiol 109: 153–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AA, Stewart GR (1981) Tissue and subcellular localization of enzymes of arginine metabolism in Pisum sativum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 101: 1281–1289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor CB (1996) Proline and water deficit: ups, downs, ins, and outs. Plant Cell 8: 1221–1224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tourneur C, Jouanin L,Vaucheret H (1993) Over-expression of acetolactate syn- thase confers resistance to valine in transgenic tobacco. Plant Sci 88: 159–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyk, TK, Ayers BL, Morgan RW, Larossa RA (1998) Constricted flux through the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase triggers elevated expression of genes regulated by rpoS and internal acidification. J Bacteriol 180: 785–792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vauclare P, Diallo N, Bourguignon J, Macherel D, Douce R (1996) Regulation of the expression of the glycine decarboxylase complex during pea leaf development. Plant Physiol 112: 1523–1530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verbruggen N, Hua X-J, May M, Van Montagu M (1996) Environmental and developmental signals modulate proline homeostasis: evidence for a negative transcriptional regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 8787–8791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verslues PE, Sharp RE (1999) Proline accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) primary roots at low water potentials. II. Metabolic source of increased proline deposition in the elongation zone. Plant Physiol 119: 1349–1360

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma DPS, Zhang C-S (1999) Regulation of proline and arginine biosynthesis in plants. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids. Biochemistry and biotechnolgy. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 249–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Vyazmensky M, Sella C, Barak Z, Chipman DM (1996) Isolation and characterization of subunits of acetohydroxy acid synthase isozyme III and reconstitution of the holoenzyme. Biochemistry 35: 10339–10346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallsgrove RM, Lea PJ, Miflin BJ (1983) Intracellular localisation of aspartate kinase and the enzymes of threonine and methionine biosynthesis in green leaves. Plant Physiol 71: 780–784

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallsgrove RM, Risiott R, King J, Bright SWJ (1986) Biochemical characterization of an auxotroph of Datura innoxia requiring isoleucine and valine. Plant Sci 43: 109–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo KC, Morot-Gaudry JF, Summons RE, Osmond B (1982) Evidence for the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway during the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle in spinach leaves. Plant Physiol 70: 1514–1517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshiba Y, Kiyosue T, Katagiri T, Ueda H, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Wada K, Harada Y, Shinozaki K (1995) Correlation between the induction of a gene for 0’-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and the accumulation of proline in Arabidopsis thaliana under osmotic stress. Plant J 7: 751–760

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zonia L, Stebbins N, Polacco J (1995) Essential rôle of urease in germination of nitrogen-limited Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Plant Physiol 107: 1097–1103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, INRA, route de Saint Cyr, 78026, Versailles, France

    Jean-François Morot-Gaudry

  2. UMR 1932 CNRS/AVENTIS CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre Baizet, 69263, Lyon Cedex 9, France

    Dominique Job

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK

    Peter J. Lea

Authors
  1. Jean-François Morot-Gaudry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dominique Job
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter J. Lea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Science, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, Lancaster, UK

    Peter J. Lea

  2. Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026, Versailles, France

    Jean-François Morot-Gaudry (Directeur Recherche) (Directeur Recherche)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Morot-Gaudry, JF., Job, D., Lea, P.J. (2001). Amino Acid Metabolism. In: Lea, P.J., Morot-Gaudry, JF. (eds) Plant Nitrogen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04064-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04064-5_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08731-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04064-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation